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Liu C, Barger CJ, Karpf AR. FOXM1: A Multifunctional Oncoprotein and Emerging Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3065. [PMID: 34205406 PMCID: PMC8235333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a member of the conserved forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor family. Over the last two decades, FOXM1 has emerged as a multifunctional oncoprotein and a robust biomarker of poor prognosis in many human malignancies. In this review article, we address the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of regulation and oncogenic functions of FOXM1, particularly in the context of ovarian cancer. FOXM1 and its associated oncogenic transcriptional signature are enriched in >85% of ovarian cancer cases and FOXM1 expression and activity can be enhanced by a plethora of genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms. As a master transcriptional regulator, FOXM1 promotes critical oncogenic phenotypes in ovarian cancer, including: (1) cell proliferation, (2) invasion and metastasis, (3) chemotherapy resistance, (4) cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, (5) genomic instability, and (6) altered cellular metabolism. We additionally discuss the evidence for FOXM1 as a cancer biomarker, describe the rationale for FOXM1 as a cancer therapeutic target, and provide an overview of therapeutic strategies used to target FOXM1 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam R. Karpf
- Eppley Institute and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68918-6805, USA; (C.L.); (C.J.B.)
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2
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Jia J, Cui Y, Tan Z, Liu M, Jiang Y. Transcriptional factor FoxM1-activated microRNA-335-3p maintains the self-renewal of neural stem cells by inhibiting p53 signaling pathway via Fmr1. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:169. [PMID: 33691791 PMCID: PMC7945216 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New mechanistic insights into the self-renewal ability and multipotent properties of neural stem cells (NSCs) are currently under active investigation for potential use in the treatment of neurological diseases. In this study, NSCs were isolated from the forebrain of fetal rats and cultured to induce NSC differentiation, which was associated with low expression of the non-coding RNA microRNA-335-3p (miR-335-3p). Methods Loss- and gain-of-function experiments were performed in NSCs after induction of differentiation. Results Overexpression of miR-335-3p or FoxM1 and inhibition of the Fmr1 or p53 signaling pathways facilitated neurosphere formation, enhanced proliferation and cell cycle entry of NSCs, but restricted NSC differentiation. Mechanistically, FoxM1 positively regulated miR-335-3p by binding to its promoter region, while miR-335-3p targeted and negatively regulated Fmr1. Additionally, the promotive effect of miR-335-3p on NSC self-renewal occurred via p53 signaling pathway inactivation. Conclusion Taken together, miR-335-3p activated by FoxM1 could suppress NSC differentiation and promote NSC self-renewal by inactivating the p53 signaling pathway via Fmr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoying Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Khan AU, Qu R, Ouyang J, Dai J. Role of Nucleoporins and Transport Receptors in Cell Differentiation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:239. [PMID: 32308628 PMCID: PMC7145948 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional molecular movements between the nucleus and cytoplasm take place through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in the nuclear membrane. These macromolecular structures are composed of several nucleoporins, which form seven different subcomplexes based on their biochemical affinity. These nucleoporins are integral components of the complex, not only allowing passive transport but also interacting with importin, exportin, and other molecules that are required for transport of protein in various cellular processes. Transport of different proteins is carried out either dependently or independently on transport receptors. As well as facilitating nucleocytoplasmic transport, nucleoporins also play an important role in cell differentiation, possibly by their direct gene interaction. This review will cover the general role of nucleoporins (whether its dependent or independent) and nucleocytoplasmic transport receptors in cell differentiation.
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Japp AS, Klein-Hitpass L, Denkhaus D, Pietsch T. OTX2 Defines a Subgroup of Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors With Close Relationship to Choroid Plexus Tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:32-38. [PMID: 28025236 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are highly malignant brain tumors of early childhood that have been regarded as a homogenous entity characterized by inactivation of the SMARCB1/INI1 or SMARCA4/BRG1 genes as the only characteristic alteration. Recent studies suggest that similar to other embryonal tumors ATRT can also be divided into subgroups based on their mRNA or methylation profiles. Using microarray-based expression analysis of 12 patient ATRT specimens we demonstrated the existence of 2 subgroups of ATRT. One subgroup is characterized by high expression of OTX2, encoding a transcription factor involved in brain development. OTX2 expression was verified by immunohistochemistry and might function as a novel therapeutic target for this fatal tumor. High expression of OTX2 as well as expression of Kir7.1/KCNJ13, TRPM3 and ENPP2, which have all previously been linked to either choroid plexus epithelium or choroid plexus tumors (CPTs), suggests a close histogenetic relation of this subgroup to CPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophia Japp
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Department of Cell Biology (Tumor Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dorota Denkhaus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Schäfer P, Karl MO. Prospective purification and characterization of Müller glia in the mouse retina regeneration assay. Glia 2017; 65:828-847. [PMID: 28220544 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is an umbrella term for various glia functions in neurodegenerative diseases and upon injury. Specifically, Müller glia (MG) in some species readily regenerate retinal neurons to restore vision loss after insult, whereas mammalian MG respond by reactive gliosis-a heterogeneous response which frequently includes cell hypertrophy and proliferation. Limited regeneration has been stimulated in mammals, with a higher propensity in young MG, and in vitro compared to in vivo, but the underlying processes are unknown. To facilitate studies on the mechanisms regulating and limiting glia functions, we developed a strategy to purify glia and their progeny by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Dual-transgenic nuclear reporter mice, which label neurons and glia with red and green fluorescent proteins, respectively, have enabled MG enrichment up to 93% purity. We applied this approach to MG in a mouse retina regeneration ex vivo assay. Combined cell size and cell cycle analysis indicates that most MG hypertrophy and a subpopulation proliferates which, over time, become even larger in cell size than the ones that do not proliferate. MG undergo timed differential genomic changes in genes controlling stemness and neurogenic competence; and glial markers are downregulated. Genes that are potentially required for, or associated with, regeneration and reactive gliosis are differentially regulated by retina explant culture time, epidermal growth factor stimulation, and animal age. Thus, MG enrichment facilitates cellular and molecular studies which, in combination with the mouse retina regeneration assay, provide an experimental approach for deciphering mechanisms that possibly regulate reactive gliosis and limit regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schäfer
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Mike O Karl
- TU Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Fetscherstr. 107, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Arnoldstr. 13, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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6
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Youn M, Wang N, LaVasseur C, Bibikova E, Kam S, Glader B, Sakamoto KM, Narla A. Loss of Forkhead box M1 promotes erythropoiesis through increased proliferation of erythroid progenitors. Haematologica 2017; 102:826-834. [PMID: 28154085 PMCID: PMC5477601 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.156257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) belongs to the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcription factors and regulates a network of proliferation-associated genes. Its abnormal upregulation has been shown to be a key driver of cancer progression and an initiating factor in oncogenesis. FOXM1 is also highly expressed in stem/progenitor cells and inhibits their differentiation, suggesting that FOXM1 plays a role in the maintenance of multipotency. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which FOXM1 regulates human stem/progenitor cells are still uncharacterized. To understand the role of FOXM1 in normal hematopoiesis, human cord blood CD34+ cells were transduced with FOXM1 short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) lentivirus. Knockdown of FOXM1 resulted in a 2-fold increase in erythroid cells compared to myeloid cells. Additionally, knockdown of FOXM1 increased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in erythroid cells, suggesting greater proliferation of erythroid progenitors. We also observed that the defective phosphorylation of FOXM1 by checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) or cyclin-dependent kinases 1/2 (CDK1/2) increased the erythroid population in a manner similar to knockdown of FOXM1. Finally, we found that an inhibitor of FOXM1, forkhead domain inhibitor-6 (FDI-6), increased red blood cell numbers through increased proliferation of erythroid precursors. Overall, our data suggest a novel function of FOXM1 in normal human hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Corinne LaVasseur
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Elena Bibikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Kam
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Bertil Glader
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | | | - Anupama Narla
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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7
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Chiu WT, Huang YF, Tsai HY, Chen CC, Chang CH, Huang SC, Hsu KF, Chou CY. FOXM1 confers to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness and chemoresistance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:2349-65. [PMID: 25537512 PMCID: PMC4385856 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance to anti-cancer drugs substantially reduces survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. In this study, we showed that chemoresistance to cisplatin and paclitaxel induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a stem cell phenotype in ovarian cancer cells. Chemoresistance was associated with the downregulation of epithelial markers and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers, EMT-related transcription factors, and cancer stem cell markers, which enhanced invasion and sphere formation ability. Overexpression of FOXM1 increased cisplatin-resistance and sphere formation in cisplatin-sensitive and low FOXM1-expressing ovarian cancer cells. Conversely, depletion of FOXM1 via RNA interference reduced cisplatin resistance and sphere formation in cisplatin-resistant and high FOXM1-expressing cells. Overexpression of FOXM1 also increased the expression, nuclear accumulation, and activity of β-CATENIN in chemoresistant cells, whereas downregulation of FOXM1 suppressed these events. The combination of cisplatin and the FOXM1 inhibitor thiostrepton inhibited the expression of stem cell markers in chemoresistant cells and subcutaneous ovarian tumor growth in mouse xenografts. In an analysis of 106 ovarian cancer patients, high FOXM1 levels in tumors were associated with cancer progression and short progression-free intervals. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of FOXM1 in chemoresistance and suggest that FOXM1 inhibitors may be useful for treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Yu Tsai
- Cancer Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hwa Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Soon-Cen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Fu Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yang Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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8
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Hecht PM, Ballesteros-Yanez I, Grepo N, Knowles JA, Campbell DB. Noncoding RNA in the transcriptional landscape of human neural progenitor cell differentiation. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:392. [PMID: 26557050 PMCID: PMC4615820 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs play key roles in cellular processes, particularly in the brain. The present study used RNA sequencing to identify the transcriptional landscape of two human neural progenitor cell lines, SK-N-SH and ReNcell CX, as they differentiate into human cortical projection neurons. Protein coding genes were found to account for 54.8 and 57.0% of expressed genes, respectively, and alignment of RNA sequencing reads revealed that only 25.5-28.1% mapped to exonic regions of the genome. Differential expression analysis in the two cell lines identified altered gene expression in both protein coding and noncoding RNAs as they undergo neural differentiation with 222 differentially expressed genes observed in SK-N-SH cells and 19 differentially expressed genes in ReNcell CX. Interestingly, genes showing differential expression in SK-N-SH cells are enriched in genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder, but not in gene sets related to cancer or Alzheimer's disease. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to detect modules of co-expressed protein coding and noncoding RNAs in SK-N-SH cells and found four modules to be associated with neural differentiation. These modules contain varying levels of noncoding RNAs ranging from 10.7 to 49.7% with gene ontology suggesting roles in numerous cellular processes important for differentiation. These results indicate that noncoding RNAs are highly expressed in human neural progenitor cells and likely hold key regulatory roles in gene networks underlying neural differentiation and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Hecht
- Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Inmaculada Ballesteros-Yanez
- Department of Inorganic, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, CRIB, University of Castile-La Mancha Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nicole Grepo
- Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B Campbell
- Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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9
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High-resolution genomic analysis does not qualify atypical plexus papilloma as a separate entity among choroid plexus tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:110-20. [PMID: 25575132 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus tumors are rare neoplasms that mainly affect children. They include papillomas, atypical papillomas, and carcinomas. Detailed genetic studies are rare, and information about their molecular pathogenesis is limited. Molecular inversion probe analysis is a hybridization-based method that represents a reliable tool for the analysis of highly fragmented formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue-derived DNA. Here, analysis of 62 cases showed frequent hyperdiploidy in papillomas and atypical papillomas that appeared very similar in their cytogenetic profiles. In contrast, carcinomas showed mainly losses of chromosomes. Besides recurrent focal chromosomal gains common to all choroid plexus tumors, including chromosome 14q21-q22 (harboring OTX2), chromosome 7q22 (LAMB1), and chromosome 9q21.12 (TRPM3), Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer analysis uncovered focal alterations specific for papillomas and atypical papillomas (e.g. 7p21.3 [ARL4A]) and for carcinomas (16p13.3 [RBFOX1] and 6p21 [POLH, GTPBP2, RSPH9, and VEGFA]). Additional RNA expression profiling and gene set enrichment analysis revealed greater expression of cell cycle-related genes in atypical papillomas in comparison with that in papillomas. These findings suggest that atypical papillomas represent an immature variant of papillomas characterized by increased proliferative activity, whereas carcinomas seem to represent a genetically distinct tumor group.
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10
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Chen Y, Meng L, Yu Q, Dong D, Tan G, Huang X, Tan Y. The miR-134 attenuates the expression of transcription factor FOXM1 during pluripotent NT2/D1 embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2015; 330:442-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1): proliferation-specific expression, transcription factor function, target genes, mouse models, and normal biological roles. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:97-398. [PMID: 23768511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor, which stimulates cell proliferation and exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Accordingly, both the expression and the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 are increased by proliferation signals, but decreased by antiproliferation signals, including the positive and negative regulation by protooncoproteins or tumor suppressors, respectively. FOXM1 stimulates cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Moreover, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates the expression of genes, whose products control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition, and M-phase progression. Additionally, FOXM1 target genes encode proteins with functions in the execution of DNA replication and mitosis. FOXM1 is a transcriptional activator with a forkhead domain as DNA binding domain and with a very strong acidic transactivation domain. However, wild-type FOXM1 is (almost) inactive because the transactivation domain is repressed by three inhibitory domains. Inactive FOXM1 can be converted into a very potent transactivator by activating signals, which release the transactivation domain from its inhibition by the inhibitory domains. FOXM1 is essential for embryonic development and the foxm1 knockout is embryonically lethal. In adults, FOXM1 is important for tissue repair after injury. FOXM1 prevents premature senescence and interferes with contact inhibition. FOXM1 plays a role for maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and for self-renewal capacity of stem cells. The functions of FOXM1 in prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy and in homologous recombination repair of DNA-double-strand breaks suggest an importance of FOXM1 for the maintenance of genomic stability and chromosomal integrity.
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12
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Fathi A, Hatami M, Hajihosseini V, Fattahi F, Kiani S, Baharvand H, Salekdeh GH. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of human embryonic stem cells during differentiation into neural cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22856. [PMID: 21829537 PMCID: PMC3145766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression analysis of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that differentiate into neural cells would help to further define the molecular mechanisms involved in neurogenesis in humans. We performed a comprehensive transcripteome analysis of hESC differentiation at three different stages: early neural differentiation, neural ectoderm, and differentiated neurons. We identified and validated time-dependent gene expression patterns and showed that the gene expression patterns reflect early ESC differentiation. Sets of genes are induced in primary ectodermal lineages and then in differentiated neurons, constituting consecutive waves of known and novel genes. Pathway analysis revealed dynamic expression patterns of members of several signaling pathways, including NOTCH, mTOR and Toll like receptors (TLR), during neural differentiation. An interaction network analysis revealed that the TGFβ family of genes, including LEFTY1, ID1 and ID2, are possible key players in the proliferation and maintenance of neural ectoderm. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of the molecular dynamics underlying neural commitment and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fathi
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hatami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Hajihosseini
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (GHS); (HB)
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
- * E-mail: (GHS); (HB)
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Xie Z, Tan G, Ding M, Dong D, Chen T, Meng X, Huang X, Tan Y. Foxm1 transcription factor is required for maintenance of pluripotency of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:8027-38. [PMID: 20702419 PMCID: PMC3001083 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Foxm1 plays a critical role during embryonic development and its expression is repressed during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma cells at the early stage, correlated with downregulation of expression of pluripotency markers. To study whether Foxm1 participates in the maintenance of pluripotency of stem cells, we knock down Foxm1 expression in P19 cells and identify that Oct4 are regulated directly by Foxm1. Knockdown of Foxm1 also results in spontaneous differentiation of P19 cells to mesodermal derivatives, such as muscle and adipose tissues. Maintaining Foxm1 expression prevents the downregulation of pluripotency-related transcription factors such as Oct4 and Nanog during P19 cell differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of FOXM1 alone in RA-differentiated P19 cells (4 days) or human newborn fibroblasts restarts the expression of pluripotent genes Oct4, Nanog and Sox2. Together, our results suggest a critical involvement of Foxm1 in maintenance of stem cell pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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15
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Sepulveda DE, Andrews BA, Asenjo JA, Papoutsakis ET. Comparative transcriptional analysis of embryoid body versus two-dimensional differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 14:1603-14. [PMID: 18433312 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the process of ex vivo embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation is important for generating higher yields of desirable cell types or lineages and for understanding fundamental aspects of ES differentiation. We used DNA microarray analysis to investigate the differentiation of mouse ES cells cultured under three differentiation conditions. Embryoid body (EB) formation was compared to differentiation on surfaces coated with either gelatin (GEL) or matrigel (MAT). Based on the transcriptional patterns of a list of literature-based "stemness" genes, ES cell differentiation on the two coated surfaces appeared similar but not identical to EB differentiation. A notable difference was the GEL and MAT upregulation but EB downregulation of nine such stemness genes, which are related to cell adhesion and epithelial differentiation. Further, GEL and MAT differentiation showed higher expression of bone formation-related genes (Spp1, Csf1, Gsn, Bmp8b, Crlf1). Gene ontology analysis shows an increase in the expression of genes related to migration and cell structure in all three conditions. Overall, GEL and MAT conditions resulted in a more similar to each other transcriptional profile than to the EB condition, and such differences are apparently related to higher nutrient and metabolite gradients and limitations in the EB versus the GEL or MAT cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario E Sepulveda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology (ICDB), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Efficient method for generating nuclear fractions from marrow stromal cells. Cytotechnology 2008; 58:77-84. [PMID: 19052892 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-008-9176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have received significant attention for their envisioned potential to treat currently unapproachable diseases. No less important is the utility of stem cells to serve as model systems of differentiation. Analyses at the transcriptome, miRNA and proteome levels have yielded valuable insights into events underlying stem cell differentiation. Proteomic analysis is often cumbersome, detecting changes in hundreds of proteins that require subsequent identification and validation. Targeted analysis of nuclear constituents would simplify proteomic studies, focusing efforts on transcription factor abundance and modification. To facilitate such studies, a simple and efficient methodology to isolate pure nuclear fractions from Marrow Stromal Cells (MSCs), a clinically relevant stem cell population, has been developed. The modified protocol greatly enhances cell disruption, yielding free nuclei without attached cell body remnants. Light and electron microscopic analysis of purified nuclei demonstrated that preparations contained predominantly intact nuclei with minimal cytoplasmic contamination. Western analysis revealed an approximately eightfold enrichment of the transcription factor CREB in the isolated nuclei over that in the starting homogenates. This simple method for isolation of highly purified nuclear fractions from stem cell populations will allow rigorous examination of nuclear proteins critical for differentiation.
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17
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Kim HY, Kim MJ, Han JI, Kim BK, Lee YS, Lee YS, Kim JH. Searching the principal genes for neural differentiation of mouse ES cells by factorizing eigengenes of clusters. Biosystems 2008; 95:17-25. [PMID: 18640237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A time-series microarray experiment is useful to study the changes in the expression of a large number of genes over time. Many methods for clustering genes using gene expression profiles have been suggested, but it is not easy to interpret the biological significance of the results or utilize these methods for understanding the dynamics of gene regulatory systems. In this study, we introduce an algorithm for readjusting the boundaries of clusters by adopting the advantages of both k-means and singular value decomposition (SVD). In addition, we suggest a methodology for searching the principal genes that can be the most crucial genes in regulation of clusters. We found 34 principal genes from 171 clusters having strong concentratedness in their expression patterns and distinct ranges of oscillatory phases, by using a time-series microarray dataset of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells after induction of dopaminergic neural differentiation. The biological significance of the principal genes examined in the literature supports the feasibility of our algorithms in that the hierarchy of clusters may lead the manifestation of the phenotypes, e.g., the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Sepúlveda DE, Andrews BA, Asenjo JA, Papoutsakis ET. Comparative Transcriptional Analysis of Embryoid Body Versus Two-Dimensional Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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19
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Abstract
FOXM1 is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor: it stimulates proliferation by promoting S-phase entry as well as M-phase entry and is involved in proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates genes that control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition and M-phase progression. Consistently, its expression and its activity are antagonistically regulated by many important proliferation and anti-proliferation signals. Furthermore, FOXM1 is implicated in tumorigenesis and contributes to both tumor initiation and progression. In addition to its function as a conventional transcription factor, FOXM1 transactivates the human c-myc P1 and P2 promoters directly via their TATA-boxes by a new transactivation mechanism, which it also employs for transactivation of the human c-fos, hsp70 and histone H2B/a promoters. This review summarizes the current knowledge on FOXM1, in particular its two different transactivation mechanisms, the regulation of its transcriptional activity by proliferation versus anti-proliferation signals and its function in normal cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis.
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20
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Liu H, Lin J, Roy K. Effect of 3D scaffold and dynamic culture condition on the global gene expression profile of mouse embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5978-89. [PMID: 16824594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiated on three-dimensional (3D), highly porous, tantalum-based scaffolds (Cytomatrixtrade mark) have significantly higher hematopoietic differentiation efficiency than those cultured under conventional two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture conditions. In addition, ES cell-seeded scaffolds cultured inside spinner bioreactors showed further enhancement in hematopoiesis compared to static conditions. In the present study, we evaluated how these various biomaterial-based culture conditions, e.g. 2D vs. 3D scaffolds and static vs. dynamic, influence the global gene expression profile of differentiated ES cells. We report that compared to 2D tissue culture plates, cells differentiated on porous, Cytomatrixtrade mark scaffolds possess significantly higher expression levels of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, as well as genes that regulate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, these differences in gene expression were more pronounced in 3D dynamic culture compared to 3D static culture. We report specific genes that are either uniquely expressed under each condition or are quantitatively regulated, i.e. over expressed or inhibited by a specific culture environment. We conclude that that biomaterial-based 3D cultures, especially under dynamic conditions, might favor efficient hematopoietic differentiation of ES cells by stimulating increased expression of specific ECM proteins, growth factors and cell adhesion related genes while significantly down-regulating genes that act to inhibit expression of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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21
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Laoukili J, Stahl M, Medema RH. FoxM1: at the crossroads of ageing and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1775:92-102. [PMID: 17014965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factors are intimately involved in the regulation of organismal development, cell differentiation and proliferation. Here we review the current knowledge of the role played by FoxM1 in these various processes. This particular member of the Forkhead family is broadly expressed in actively dividing cells and is crucial for cell cycle-dependent gene expression in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. FoxM1 plays a crucial role in insuring the fidelity of the cell division process, as inhibition of FoxM1 activity results in serious aberrancies during mitosis, such as frequent chromosome missegregation, defects in cytokinesis and overt aneuploidy. FoxM1 expression also appears to be tightly correlated with the proliferative rate of a cell. For example, FoxM1 is one of the most significantly down-regulated genes in prematurely aged human fibroblasts (Progeria syndrome), while elevated expression of FoxM1 is seen in most human carcinomas. These observations suggest that interference with FoxM1 activity may contribute to the increase in mitotic errors seen in human diseases such as cancer and early onset of ageing diseases. In this review, several aspects of FoxM1 function will be discussed, as well as their implication in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Laoukili
- Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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