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Xiong D, Xu Y, Wang H, Ye Y. Amino-truncated NOV expression and its correlation with clinicopathologic features, prognosis, metastasis, and chemoresistance in bladder cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2386753. [PMID: 39097778 PMCID: PMC11299625 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2386753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nephroblastoma, an overexpressed gene (NOV) protein, plays an important role in proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, adhesion, invasion and tumorigenesis, but the function of amino-truncated NOV is different. This study is to investigate the role of amino-truncated NOV in the progression of bladder cancer. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, we detected the amino-truncated NOV in bladder cancer, and statistical analysis was performed to estimate the association between the expression of amino-truncated NOV and the patient's prognosis by SPSS 19.0. With transduction of amino-truncated NOV, we evaluated alteration for proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance in bladder cancer cells, as well as some proteins related to Wnt/β-catenin pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The truncated variant of the NOV protein was located in a nucleus other than the cytoplasm and highly expressed in bladder cancer, which was also linked to higher pathological grade and positive lymph node metastasis as well as recurrence. The exact sequence of this truncated protein was confirmed, and it was a 26-kDa splicing. The truncated NOV protein found in bladder cancer was cut at the 187th amino acid of the full-length protein. It was also involved in bladder cancer progression and chemoresistance through a mechanism involving epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our findings provide experimental evidence that the nuclear NOV protein expression is a potential biomarker in the prognostic evaluation of bladder cancer and enhanced amino-truncated NOV expression is potentially important for bladder cancer cell invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance during progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yafei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunlin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Yin H, Liu N, Zhou X, Chen J, Duan L. The advance of CCN3 in fibrosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00778-3. [PMID: 37378812 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is comprised of various extracellular macromolecules, including collagen, enzymes, and glycoproteins, which offer structural and biochemical support to neighboring cells. After tissue injury, extracellular matrix proteins deposit in the damaged tissue to promote tissue healing. However, an imbalance between ECM production and degradation can result in excessive deposition, leading to fibrosis and subsequent organ dysfunction. Acting as a regulatory protein within the extracellular matrix, CCN3 plays a crucial role in numerous biological processes, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and wound healing. Many studies have demonstrated that CCN3 can reduce the production of ECM in tissues through diverse mechanisms thereby exerting an inhibitory effect on fibrosis. Consequently, CCN3 emerges as a promising therapeutic target for ameliorating fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- JXHC Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianming Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lihua Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China.
- JXHC Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanchang, China.
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3
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Perbal B, Perbal M, Perbal A. Cooperation is the key: the CCN biological system as a gate to high complex protein superfamilies' signaling. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00749-8. [PMID: 37166690 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling is generally understood as the support of communication between contiguous cells belonging to the same tissue or cells being far apart of each other, at a molecular scale, when the message emitted by the transmitters is traveling in liquid or solid matter to reach recipient targets. Subcellular signaling is also important to ensure the proper cell constitution and functioning. However cell signaling is mostly used in the first understanding, to describe how the message sent from one point to another one, will reach a target where it will be interpreted. The Cellular Communication Network (CCN) factors (Perbal et al. 2018) constitute a family of biological regulators thought to be responsible for signaling pathways coordination (Perbal 2018). Indeed, these proteins interact with a diverse group of cell receptors, such as integrins, low density lipoprotein receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors (HSPG), and the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed exclusively in the nervous system, or with soluble factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPS) and other growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblastic growth factor, and transforming growth factor (TGFbeta). Starting from the recapitulation of basic concepts in enzymology and protein-ligands interactions, we consider, in this manuscript, interpretations of the mechanistic interactions that have been put forward to explain the diversity of CCN proteins biological activities. We suggest that the cross-talks between superfamilies of proteins under the control of CCNs might play a central role in the coordination of developmental signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Perbal
- M2 Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Perbal B. Time has come to address the spatiotemporal combinatorial model for CCN proteins biological activitites by spatial transcriptomics and genome wide association studies. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1-3. [PMID: 36752900 PMCID: PMC9906571 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a renewed pleasure to wish our authors, editorial board members, and readership an excellent new year, full of professional and personal satisfactions. According to the Chinese Horoscope, 2023, the Year of Water Rabbit, is predicted to be quiet; a year to step back, assess the situation and make plans. It will be the time to carefully appraise, with the patience of the Water Rabbit, the future and scientific wealth of our Journal. Based on a few aspects of the CCN3 biology status that remain open questions, I am presenting below a short summary of a few CCN research directions that in my eyes, become necessary to undertake through wide-angle collaborative approaches.
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Kubota S, Kawaki H, Perbal B, Takigawa M, Kawata K, Hattori T, Nishida T. Do not overwork: cellular communication network factor 3 for life in cartilage. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00723-4. [PMID: 36745317 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 3, which is one of the founding members of the CCN family, displays diverse functions. However, this protein generally represses the proliferation of a variety of cells. Along with skeletal development, CCN3 is produced in cartilaginous anlagen, growth plate cartilage and epiphysial cartilage. Interestingly, CCN3 is drastically induced in the growth plates of mice lacking CCN2, which promotes endochondral ossification. Notably, chondrocytes in these mutant mice with elevated CCN3 production also suffer from impaired glycolysis and energy metabolism, suggesting a critical role of CCN3 in cartilage metabolism. Recently, CCN3 was found to be strongly induced by impaired glycolysis, and in our study, we located an enhancer that mediated CCN3 regulation via starvation. Subsequent investigations specified regulatory factor binding to the X-box 1 (RFX1) as a transcription factor mediating this CCN3 regulation. Impaired glycolysis is a serious problem, resulting in an energy shortage in cartilage without vasculature. CCN3 produced under such starved conditions restricts energy consumption by repressing cell proliferation, leading chondrocytes to quiescence and survival. This CCN3 regulatory system is indicated to play an important role in articular cartilage maintenance, as well as in skeletal development. Furthermore, CCN3 continues to regulate cartilage metabolism even during the aging process, probably utilizing this regulatory system. Altogether, CCN3 seems to prevent "overwork" by chondrocytes to ensure their sustainable life in cartilage by sensing energy metabolism. Similar roles are suspected to exist in relation to systemic metabolism, since CCN3 is found in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | | | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences/Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences/Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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Son S, Kim H, Lim H, Lee JH, Lee KM, Shin I. CCN3/NOV promotes metastasis and tumor progression via GPNMB-induced EGFR activation in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:81. [PMID: 36737605 PMCID: PMC9898537 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. TNBC patients typically exhibit unfavorable outcomes due to its rapid growth and metastatic potential. Here, we found overexpression of CCN3 in TNBC patients. We identified that CCN3 knockdown diminished cancer stem cell formation, metastasis, and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ablation of CCN3 reduced activity of the EGFR/MAPK pathway. Transcriptome profiling revealed that CCN3 induces glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) expression, which in turn activates the EGFR pathway. An interrogation of the TCGA dataset further supported the transcriptional regulation of GPNMB by CCN3. Finally, we showed that CCN3 activates Wnt signaling through a ligand-dependent or -independent mechanism, which increases microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein, a transcription factor inducing GPNMB expression. Together, our findings demonstrate the oncogenic role of CCN3 in TNBC, and we propose CCN3 as a putative therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogho Son
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Hyungjoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Hogeun Lim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
- Natural Science Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Incheol Shin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
- Natural Science Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
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7
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Yan X, Yan W, Fu X, Xu Y, Zhu N, Qiu C, Bu M, Shen Y, Chen M. Single nucleotide mutation changes the capability of CCN3 in osteosarcoma cell invasion and differentiation. Transl Oncol 2022; 24:101485. [PMID: 35858494 PMCID: PMC9294644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of G-to-A mutation in CCN3 is higher than para-carcinoma tissue. Mutation in CCN3 change its capacity of osteosarcoma invasion and differentiation. Mutant CCN3 decrease nuclear ratio of glycosylated/non-glycosylated isoforms.
This study aimed to identify significant mutations in CCN3 gene in osteosarcoma, and to explore the influence of this gene on cell invasion and differentiation and the underlying mechanism. Sanger sequencing was used to identify CCN3 gene sequence in human osteosarcoma cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and osteosarcoma tissues. Wild-type and mutant CCN3 (mCCN3) were ectopically expressed by lentivirus in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Tumor cell invasion was measured by trans-well assay. Osteogenic differentiation was induced by osteogenic differentiating medium and evaluated based on alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen type I alpha 1 chain and osteocalcin expression. Western blotting was used to detect protein levels of CCN3 and mCCN3 in cytoplasmic, nuclear and secreted fractions of cells. A G-to-A single nucleotide mutation in the coding region of CCN3 was found in both osteosarcoma cells and tissues. The frequency of this mutation in osteosarcoma tissue was much higher than that in para-carcinoma tissue and PBMC of healthy people. This nucleotide mutation decreased nuclear glycosylated full length protein level of CCN3 and affected osteosarcoma cell invasion and differentiation. A lower nuclear ratio of glycosylated/non-glycosylated isoforms accounted for the different behavior of mCCN3 compared with CCN3. The G-to-A mutation identified in CCN3 resulted in differential glycosylated full-length protein levels and altered the functional role of CCN3 in osteosarcoma cell invasion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan, MI, USA.
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqiao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Mengmeng Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Meihong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, China.
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8
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Kubota S, Kawata K, Hattori T, Nishida T. Molecular and Genetic Interactions between CCN2 and CCN3 behind Their Yin-Yang Collaboration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115887. [PMID: 35682564 PMCID: PMC9180607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 2 and 3 are the members of the CCN family that conduct the harmonized development of a variety of tissues and organs under interaction with multiple biomolecules in the microenvironment. Despite their striking structural similarities, these two members show contrastive molecular functions as well as temporospatial emergence in living tissues. Typically, CCN2 promotes cell growth, whereas CCN3 restrains it. Where CCN2 is produced, CCN3 disappears. Nevertheless, these two proteins collaborate together to execute their mission in a yin–yang fashion. The apparent functional counteractions of CCN2 and CCN3 can be ascribed to their direct molecular interaction and interference over the cofactors that are shared by the two. Recent studies have revealed the mutual negative regulation systems between CCN2 and CCN3. Moreover, the simultaneous and bidirectional regulatory system of CCN2 and CCN3 is also being clarified. It is of particular note that these regulations were found to be closely associated with glycolysis, a fundamental procedure of energy metabolism. Here, the molecular interplay and metabolic gene regulation that enable the yin–yang collaboration of CCN2 and CCN3 typically found in cartilage development/regeneration and fibrosis are described.
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Kubota S, Kawaki H, Perbal B, Kawata K, Hattori T, Nishida T. Cellular communication network factor 3 in cartilage development and maintenance. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:533-543. [PMID: 34125392 PMCID: PMC8642582 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 3 is one of the classical members of the CCN family, which are characterized by common molecular structures and multiple functionalities. Although this protein was discovered as a gene product overexpressed in a truncated form in nephroblastoma, recent studies have revealed its physiological roles in the development and homeostasis of mammalian species, in addition to its pathological association with a number of diseases. Cartilage is a tissue that creates most of the bony parts and cartilaginous tissues that constitute the human skeleton, in which CCN3 is also differentially produced to exert its molecular missions therein. In this review article, after the summary of the molecular structure and function of CCN3, recent findings on the regulation of ccn3 expression and the roles of CCN3 in endochondral ossification, cartilage development, maintenance and disorders are introduced with an emphasis on the metabolic regulation and function of this matricellular multifunctional molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | | | - Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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10
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The Emerging Roles of CCN3 Protein in Immune-Related Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5576059. [PMID: 34393649 PMCID: PMC8356028 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5576059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN proteins are a family of extracellular matrix- (ECM-) associated proteins which currently consist of six secreted proteins (CCN1-6). CCN3 protein, also known as nephroblastoma overexpressed protein (NOV), is a member of the CCN family with multiple biological functions, implicated in major cellular processes such as cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Recently, CCN3 has emerged as a critical regulator in a variety of diseases, including immune-related diseases, including rheumatology arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic sclerosis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the structure and function of the CCN3 protein and summarize the roles of CCN3 in immune-related diseases, which is essential to understand the functions of the CCN3 in immune-related diseases.
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11
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Jia Q, Xu B, Zhang Y, Ali A, Liao X. CCN Family Proteins in Cancer: Insight Into Their Structures and Coordination Role in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Genet 2021; 12:649387. [PMID: 33833779 PMCID: PMC8021874 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), triggers a variety of critical signaling pathways and promotes the malignant progression of cancer. The success rate of cancer therapy through targeting single molecule of this crosstalk may be extremely low, whereas co-targeting multiple components could be complicated design and likely to have more side effects. The six members of cellular communication network (CCN) family proteins are scaffolding proteins that may govern the TME, and several studies have shown targeted therapy of CCN family proteins may be effective for the treatment of cancer. CCN protein family shares similar structures, and they mutually reinforce and neutralize each other to serve various roles that are tightly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by the TME. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structures and roles of CCN proteins in different types of cancer. We also analyze CCN mRNA expression, and reasons for its diverse relationship to prognosis in different cancers. In this review, we conclude that the discrepant functions of CCN proteins in different types of cancer are attributed to diverse TME and CCN truncated isoforms, and speculate that targeting CCN proteins to rebalance the TME could be a potent anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingan Jia
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Binghui Xu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Liao
- Department of Nutrition, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Silva JM, Wippel HH, Santos MDM, Verissimo DCA, Santos RM, Nogueira FCS, Passos GAR, Sprengel SL, Borba LAB, Carvalho PC, Fischer JDSDG. Proteomics pinpoints alterations in grade I meningiomas of male versus female patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10335. [PMID: 32587372 PMCID: PMC7316823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are among the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and originate from the arachnoid or meningothelial cells of the meninges. Surgery is the first option of treatment, but depending on the location and invasion patterns, complete removal of the tumor is not always feasible. Reports indicate many differences in meningiomas from male versus female patients; for example, incidence is higher in females, whereas males usually develop the malignant and more aggressive type. With this as motivation, we used shotgun proteomics to compare the proteomic profile of grade I meningioma biopsies of male and female patients. Our results listed several differentially abundant proteins between the two groups; some examples are S100-A4 and proteins involved in RNA splicing events. For males, we identified enriched pathways for cell-matrix organization and for females, pathways related to RNA transporting and processing. We believe our findings contribute to the understanding of the molecular differences between grade I meningiomas of female and male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína M Silva
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Helisa H Wippel
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marlon D M Santos
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Denildo C A Verissimo
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata M Santos
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomic Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomic Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio L Sprengel
- Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luis A B Borba
- Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Juliana de S da G Fischer
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
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13
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Leask A. Conjunction junction, what's the function? CCN proteins as targets in fibrosis and cancers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1046-C1054. [PMID: 32130070 PMCID: PMC7311738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular communication network (CCN) proteins are matricellular proteins that coordinate signaling among extracellular matrix, secreted proteins, and cell surface receptors. Their specific in vivo function is context-dependent, but they play profound roles in pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and cancers. Anti-CCN therapies are in clinical consideration. Only recently, however, has the function of these complex molecules begun to emerge. This review summarizes and interprets our current knowledge regarding these fascinating molecules and provides experimental evidence for their utility as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- School of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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14
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Gupta R, Turati V, Brian D, Thrussel C, Wilbourn B, May G, Enver T. Nov/CCN3 Enhances Cord Blood Engraftment by Rapidly Recruiting Latent Human Stem Cell Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:527-541.e8. [PMID: 32197066 PMCID: PMC7118368 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has had considerable impact in pediatric stem cell transplantation, but its wider use is limited in part by unit size. Long-term ex vivo culture offers one approach to increase engraftment capacity by seeking to expand stem and progenitor cells. Here, we show brief incubation (8 h) of UCB CD34+ cells with the matricellular regulator Nov (CCN3) increases the frequency of serially transplantable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 6-fold. This rapid response suggests recruitment rather than expansion of stem cells; accordingly, in single-cell assays, Nov increases the clonogenicity of phenotypic HSCs without increasing their number through cell division. Recruitment is associated with both metabolic and transcriptional changes, and tracing of cell divisions demonstrates that the increased clonogenic activity resides within the undivided fraction of cells. Harnessing latent stem cell potential through recruitment-based approaches will inform understanding of stem cell state transitions with implications for translation to the clinic. NOV rapidly increases the number of functional HSCs in a single cord blood unit This is by direct recruitment without expansion or self-renewal ex vivo NOV reduces C-MYC and ROS but increases glycolytic enzymes in HSCs Manipulating non-dividing stem cells can alter their state and functional potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gupta
- Stem Cell Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Manual Blood Sciences, Health Services Laboratories, The Halo Building, 1 Mabledon Place, London WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - Virginia Turati
- Stem Cell Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Duncan Brian
- Stem Cell Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Craig Thrussel
- Stem Cell Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Barry Wilbourn
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gillian May
- Stem Cell Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tariq Enver
- Stem Cell Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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15
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A Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Origin and Evolution of the CCN Gene Family. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8620878. [PMID: 31321242 PMCID: PMC6610741 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8620878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CCN gene family members have recently been identified as multifunctional regulators involved in diverse biological functions, especially in vascular and skeletal development. In the present study, a comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis was performed to show the similarities and differences in structure and function of CCNs from different organisms and to reveal their potential evolutionary relationship. First, CCN homologs of metazoans from different species were identified. Then we made multiple sequence alignments, MEME analysis, and functional sites prediction, which show the highly conserved structural features among CCN metazoans. The phylogenetic tree was further established, and thus CCNs were found undergoing extensive lineage-specific duplication events and lineage-specific expansion during the evolutionary process. Besides, comparative analysis about the genomic organization and chromosomal CCN gene surrounding indicated a clear orthologous relationship among these species counterparts. At last, based on these research results above, a potential evolutionary scenario was generated to overview the origin and evolution of the CCN gene family.
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16
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Dankner M, Ouellet V, Communal L, Schmitt E, Perkins D, Annis MG, Barrès V, Caron C, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F, Siegel PM. CCN3/Nephroblastoma Overexpressed Is a Functional Mediator of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis That Is Associated with Poor Patient Prognosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1451-1461. [PMID: 31202437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) commonly metastasizes to the bone, resulting in pathologic fractures and poor prognosis. CCN3/nephroblastoma overexpressed is a secreted protein with a known role in promoting breast cancer metastasis to bone. However, in PC, CCN3 has been ascribed conflicting roles; some studies suggest that CCN3 promotes PC metastasis, whereas others argue a tumor suppressor role for CCN3 in this disease. Indeed, in the latter context, CCN3 has been shown to sequester the androgen receptor (AR) and suppress AR signaling. In the present study, we demonstrate that CCN3 functions as a bone-metastatic mediator, which is dependent on its C-terminal domain for this function. Analysis of tissue microarrays comprising >1500 primary PC patient radical prostatectomy specimens reveals that CCN3 expression correlates with aggressive disease and is negatively correlated with the expression of prostate-specific antigen, a marker of AR signaling. Together, these findings point to CCN3 as a biomarker to predict PC aggressiveness while providing clarity on its role as a functional mediator of PC bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dankner
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laudine Communal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Estelle Schmitt
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dru Perkins
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew G Annis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Barrès
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Caron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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17
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Kolb AD, Shupp AB, Mukhopadhyay D, Marini FC, Bussard KM. Osteoblasts are "educated" by crosstalk with metastatic breast cancer cells in the bone tumor microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:31. [PMID: 30813947 PMCID: PMC6391840 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In a cancer-free environment in the adult, the skeleton continuously undergoes remodeling. Bone-resorbing osteoclasts excavate erosion cavities, and bone-depositing osteoblasts synthesize osteoid matrix that forms new bone, with no net bone gain or loss. When metastatic breast cancer cells invade the bone, this balance is disrupted. Patients with bone metastatic breast cancer frequently suffer from osteolytic bone lesions that elicit severe bone pain and fractures. Bisphosphonate treatments are not curative. Under ideal circumstances, osteoblasts would synthesize new matrix to fill in erosion cavities caused by osteoclasts, but this is not what occurs. Our prior evidence demonstrated that osteoblasts are diverted from laying down bone matrix to producing cytokines that facilitate breast cancer cell maintenance in late-stage disease. Here, we have new evidence to suggest that there are subpopulations of osteoblasts in the tumor niche as evidenced by their protein marker expression that have distinct roles in tumor progression in the bone. METHODS Tumor-bearing tibia of mice was interrogated by immunofluorescent staining for the presence of osteoblasts and alterations in niche protein expression. De-identified tissue from patients with bone metastatic breast cancer was analyzed for osteoblast subpopulations via multi-plex immunofluorescent staining. Effects of breast cancer cells on osteoblasts were recapitulated in vitro by osteoblast exposure to breast cancer-conditioned medium. Triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer proliferation, cell cycle, and p21 expression were assessed upon contact with "educated" osteoblasts. RESULTS A subpopulation of osteoblasts was identified in the bone tumor microenvironment in vivo of both humans and mice with bone metastatic breast cancer that express RUNX2/OCN/OPN but is negative for IL-6 and alpha-smooth muscle actin. These tumor "educated" osteoblasts (EOs) have altered properties compared to "uneducated" osteoblasts and suppress both triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell proliferation and increase cancer cell p21 expression. EO effects on breast cancer proliferation were mediated by NOV and decorin. Importantly, the presence of EO cells in the tibia of mice bearing tumors led to increased amounts of alkaline phosphatase and suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our work reveals that there is a subpopulation of osteoblasts in the bone tumor microenvironment that demonstrate a functional role in retarding breast cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexus D. Kolb
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Alison B. Shupp
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Dimpi Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Frank C. Marini
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Wake Forest University and Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Karen M. Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
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18
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Abstract
The CCN protein family is composed of six matricellular proteins, which serve regulatory roles rather than structural roles in the extracellular matrix. First identified as secreted proteins which are induced by oncogenes, the acronym CCN came from the names of the first three members: CYR61, CTGF, and NOV. All six members of the CCN family consist of four cysteine-rich modular domains. CCN proteins are known to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition, CCN proteins are associated with cardiovascular and skeletal development, injury repair, inflammation, and cancer. They function either through binding to integrin receptors or by regulating the expression and activity of growth factors and cytokines. Given their diverse roles related to the pathology of certain diseases such as fibrosis, arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and cancer, there are many emerging studies targeting CCN protein signaling pathways in attempts to elucidate their potentials as therapeutic targets. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(10): 486-493].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seogho Son
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Incheol Shin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, and Natural Science Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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19
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Perbal B. The concept of the CCN protein family revisited: a centralized coordination network. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:3-12. [PMID: 29470822 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-12018-10455-12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide array of biological properties attributed to the CCN family of proteins (Perbal in Lancet 363(9402):62-64, 2004) led me to reconsider the possible relationship and roles that these proteins may play as a team, instead of acting on their own as individual regulators in various signaling pathways. The dynamic model which I present in this review stems from the contribution of the biological properties that we established for CCN3, one of the three founding members of the CCN family, which was identified by our group as the first CCN protein showing growth inhibitory properties (1992), expressed mainly in quiescent cells (1996), and showing anti-tumor activities in several cellular models both ex vivo and in vivo. At the present time CCN3 is the only member of the family that has been reported to negatively act on the progression of the cell cycle. The unique dual localisation of CCN3 in the nucleus and outside cells, either at the membrane or in the extracellular matrix, that I first established in 1999, and that now appears to be shared by several other CCN proteins, is a unique essential feature which can no longer be ignored. Based on the structural and functional properties of CCN3, shared by most of the CCN family members, I propose an « all in one » concept in which CCN proteins are team members with specific functions that are aimed at the same goal. This model accounts both for the functional specificity of the various CCN proteins, their sequential and opposite or complementary effects in various biological context, and for the biological consequences of their physical interaction and biological cross-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Perbal
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, International CCN Society, Nice, France.
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20
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Perbal B. The concept of the CCN protein family revisited: a centralized coordination network. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:3-12. [PMID: 29470822 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide array of biological properties attributed to the CCN family of proteins (Perbal in Lancet 363(9402):62-64, 2004) led me to reconsider the possible relationship and roles that these proteins may play as a team, instead of acting on their own as individual regulators in various signaling pathways. The dynamic model which I present in this review stems from the contribution of the biological properties that we established for CCN3, one of the three founding members of the CCN family, which was identified by our group as the first CCN protein showing growth inhibitory properties (1992), expressed mainly in quiescent cells (1996), and showing anti-tumor activities in several cellular models both ex vivo and in vivo. At the present time CCN3 is the only member of the family that has been reported to negatively act on the progression of the cell cycle. The unique dual localisation of CCN3 in the nucleus and outside cells, either at the membrane or in the extracellular matrix, that I first established in 1999, and that now appears to be shared by several other CCN proteins, is a unique essential feature which can no longer be ignored. Based on the structural and functional properties of CCN3, shared by most of the CCN family members, I propose an « all in one » concept in which CCN proteins are team members with specific functions that are aimed at the same goal. This model accounts both for the functional specificity of the various CCN proteins, their sequential and opposite or complementary effects in various biological context, and for the biological consequences of their physical interaction and biological cross-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Perbal
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, International CCN Society, Nice, France.
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21
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Traboulsi W, Sergent F, Boufettal H, Brouillet S, Slim R, Hoffmann P, Benlahfid M, Zhou QY, Balboni G, Onnis V, Bolze PA, Salomon A, Sauthier P, Mallet F, Aboussaouira T, Feige JJ, Benharouga M, Alfaidy N. Antagonism of EG-VEGF Receptors as Targeted Therapy for Choriocarcinoma Progression In Vitro and In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7130-7140. [PMID: 28899975 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Choriocarcinoma (CC) is the most malignant gestational trophoblastic disease that often develops from complete hydatidiform moles (CHM). Neither the mechanism of CC development nor its progression is yet characterized. We recently identified endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) as a novel key placental growth factor that controls trophoblast proliferation and invasion. EG-VEGF acts via two receptors, PROKR1 and PROKR2. Here, we demonstrate that EG-VEGF receptors can be targeted for CC therapy.Experimental Design: Three approaches were used: (i) a clinical investigation comparing circulating EG-VEGF in control (n = 20) and in distinctive CHM (n = 38) and CC (n = 9) cohorts, (ii) an in vitro study investigating EG-VEGF effects on the CC cell line JEG3, and (iii) an in vivo study including the development of a novel CC mouse model, through a direct injection of JEG3-luciferase into the placenta of gravid SCID-mice.Results: Both placental and circulating EG-VEGF levels were increased in CHM and CC (×5) patients. EG-VEGF increased JEG3 proliferation, migration, and invasion in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. JEG3 injection in the placenta caused CC development with large metastases compared with their injection into the uterine horn. Treatment of the animal model with EG-VEGF receptor's antagonists significantly reduced tumor development and progression and preserved pregnancy. Antibody-array and immunohistological analyses further deciphered the mechanism of the antagonist's actions.Conclusions: Our work describes a novel preclinical animal model of CC and presents evidence that EG-VEGF receptors can be targeted for CC therapy. This may provide safe and less toxic therapeutic options compared with the currently used multi-agent chemotherapies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 7130-40. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Traboulsi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Sergent
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Houssine Boufettal
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II Casablanca and Ibn Rochd Hospital of Casablanca, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Hospital of Grenoble, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Laboratoire d'Aide à la Procréation-CECOS, La Tronche, France
| | - Rima Slim
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascale Hoffmann
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Hospital of Grenoble, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Laboratoire d'Aide à la Procréation-CECOS, La Tronche, France
| | - Mohammed Benlahfid
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II Casablanca and Ibn Rochd Hospital of Casablanca, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Qun Y Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierre A Bolze
- University of Lyon 1, University Hospital Lyon Sud, Department of Gynecological Surgery and Oncology, Obstetrics, Lyon, France.,French Reference Center for Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases, University Hospital Lyon Sud, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, Pierre Bénite, Lyon, France.,Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, University Hospital Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Aude Salomon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Sauthier
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Mallet
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMerieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, University Hospital Lyon Sud, Lyon, France.,EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-induced Immunosuppression, University of Lyon 1 Hospices Civils de Lyon bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Touria Aboussaouira
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II Casablanca and Ibn Rochd Hospital of Casablanca, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Jean J Feige
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Grenoble, Grenoble, France. .,University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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22
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Xu ER, Blythe EE, Fischer G, Hyvönen M. Structural analyses of von Willebrand factor C domains of collagen 2A and CCN3 reveal an alternative mode of binding to bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12516-12527. [PMID: 28584056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted growth factors that promote differentiation processes in embryogenesis and tissue development. Regulation of BMP signaling involves binding to a variety of extracellular proteins, among which are many von Willebrand factor C (vWC) domain-containing proteins. Although the crystal structure of the complex of crossveinless-2 (CV-2) vWC1 and BMP-2 previously revealed one mode of the vWC/BMP-binding mechanism, other vWC domains may bind to BMP differently. Here, using X-ray crystallography, we present for the first time structures of the vWC domains of two proteins thought to interact with BMP-2: collagen IIA and matricellular protein CCN3. We found that these two vWC domains share a similar N-terminal fold that differs greatly from that in CV-2 vWC, which comprises its BMP-2-binding site. We analyzed the ability of these vWC domains to directly bind to BMP-2 and detected an interaction only between the collagen IIa vWC and BMP-2. Guided by the collagen IIa vWC domain crystal structure and conservation of surface residues among orthologous domains, we mapped the BMP-binding epitope on the subdomain 1 of the vWC domain. This binding site is different from that previously observed in the complex between CV-2 vWC and BMP-2, revealing an alternative mode of interaction between vWC domains and BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Ruoqi Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Emily E Blythe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
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23
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Emre Y, Imhof BA. Aortic aneurysm, CCN3 may solve the problem. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E1025-E1027. [PMID: 27747053 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.08.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Emre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Li J, Gao X, Ji K, Sanders AJ, Zhang Z, Jiang WG, Ji J, Ye L. Differential expression of CCN family members CYR611, CTGF and NOV in gastric cancer and their association with disease progression. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2517-2525. [PMID: 27633176 PMCID: PMC5055206 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN is an acronym for cysteine-rich protein 61 (CYR61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV). Aberrations of certain CCN members including CYR61, CTGF, Wnt1-inducible signalling pathway protein (WISP)-1 and -3 have been reported in gastric cancer. The present study aimed to examine the clinical relevance of NOV along with CYR61 and CTGF in gastric cancer by analysing their transcript levels. CYR61, CTGF and NOV transcript expression in 324 gastric cancer samples with paired adjacent normal gastric tissues were determined using real-time quantitative PCR and the results were statistically analysed against patient clinicopathological data using SPSS software. NOV mRNA levels in gastric cancer tissues were significantly elevated when compared with levels in their paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Local advanced tumours with invasive expansion (T3 and T4) expressed higher levels of NOV (p=0.013) compared with the less invasive tumours (T1 and T2). CYR61 transcript levels were also significantly increased in gastric cancers compared with levels in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that patients with CYR61-low transcript levels had longer overall survival (OS) (p=0.018) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.015). NOV overexpression promoted the in vitro proliferation of AGS cells while the knockdown resulted in a reduced proliferation of HGC27 cells. A similar effect was observed for the invasion of these two gastric cancer cell lines. NOV expression was increased in gastric cancer which was associated with local invasion and distant metastases. Taken together, the expression of NOV and CYR61 was increased in gastric cancer. The elevated expression of CYR61 was associated with poorer survival. NOV promoted proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Further investigations may highlight their predictive and therapeutic potential in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xi-Cheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ke Ji
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xi-Cheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of GI Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Butler GS, Connor AR, Sounni NE, Eckhard U, Morrison CJ, Noël A, Overall CM. Degradomic and yeast 2-hybrid inactive catalytic domain substrate trapping identifies new membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP14) substrates: CCN3 (Nov) and CCN5 (WISP2). Matrix Biol 2016; 59:23-38. [PMID: 27471094 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins are cytokines linking cells to the extracellular matrix. We report that CCN3 (Nov) and CCN5 (WISP2) are novel substrates of MMP14 (membrane-type 1-matrix metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP) that we identified using MMP14 "inactive catalytic domain capture" (ICDC) as a yeast two-hybrid protease substrate trapping platform in parallel with degradomics mass spectrometry screens for MMP14 substrates. CCN3 and CCN5, previously unknown substrates of MMPs, were biochemically validated as substrates of MMP14 and other MMPs in vitro-CCN5 was processed in the variable region by MMP14 and MMP2, as well as by MMP1, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 15. CCN1, 2 and 3 are proangiogenic factors yet we found novel opposing activity of CCN5 that was potently antiangiogenic in an aortic ring vessel outgrowth model. MMP14, a known regulator of angiogenesis, cleaved CCN5 and abrogated the angiostatic activity. CCN3 was also processed in the variable region by MMP14 and MMP2, and by MMP1, 8 and 9. In addition to the previously reported cleavages of CCN1 and CCN2 by several MMPs we found that MMPs 8, 9, and 1 process CCN1, and MMP8 and MMP9 also process CCN2. Thus, our study reveals additional and pervasive family-wide processing of CCN matricellular proteins/cytokines by MMPs. Furthermore, CCN5 cleavage by proangiogenic MMPs results in removal of an angiogenic brake held by CCN5. This highlights the importance of thorough dissection of MMP substrates that is needed to reveal higher-level control mechanisms beyond type IV collagen and other extracellular matrix protein remodelling in angiogenesis. SUMMARY We find CCN family member cleavage by MMPs is more pervasive than previously reported and includes CCN3 (Nov) and CCN5 (WISP2). CCN5 is a novel antiangiogenic factor, whose function is abrogated by proangiogenic MMP cleavage. By processing CCN proteins, MMPs regulate cell responses angiogenesis in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina S Butler
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea R Connor
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nor Eddine Sounni
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charlotte J Morrison
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Agnès Noël
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Departments of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Sawyer AJ, Kyriakides TR. Matricellular proteins in drug delivery: Therapeutic targets, active agents, and therapeutic localization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:56-68. [PMID: 26763408 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is composed of a complex array of molecules that together provide structural and functional support to cells. These properties are mainly mediated by the activity of collagenous and elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and proteins such as fibronectin and laminin. ECM composition is tissue-specific and could include matricellular proteins whose primary role is to modulate cell-matrix interactions. In adults, matricellular proteins are primarily expressed during injury, inflammation and disease. Particularly, they are closely associated with the progression and prognosis of cardiovascular and fibrotic diseases, and cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential use of matricellular proteins in drug delivery including the generation of therapeutic agents based on the properties and structures of these proteins as well as their utility as biomarkers for specific diseases.
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Li J, Ye L, Owen S, Weeks HP, Zhang Z, Jiang WG. Emerging role of CCN family proteins in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1451-63. [PMID: 26498181 PMCID: PMC4678164 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins comprises the members CCN1, CCN2, CCN3, CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6. They share four evolutionarily conserved functional domains, and usually interact with various cytokines to elicit different biological functions including cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis and inflammation through a variety of signalling pathways. In the past two decades, emerging functions for the CCN proteins (CCNs) have been identified in various types of cancer. Perturbed expression of CCNs has been observed in a variety of malignancies. The aberrant expression of certain CCNs is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Insight into the detailed mechanisms involved in CCN-mediated regulation may be useful in understanding their roles and functions in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we briefly introduced the functions of CCNs, especially in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sioned Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Weeks
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Krupska I, Bruford EA, Chaqour B. Eyeing the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) group of genes in development and diseases: highlights of their structural likenesses and functional dissimilarities. Hum Genomics 2015; 9:24. [PMID: 26395334 PMCID: PMC4579636 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
“CCN” is an acronym referring to the first letter of each of the first three members of this original group of mammalian functionally and phylogenetically distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins [i.e., cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and nephroblastoma-overexpressed (NOV)]. Although “CCN” genes are unlikely to have arisen from a common ancestral gene, their encoded proteins share multimodular structures in which most cysteine residues are strictly conserved in their positions within several structural motifs. The CCN genes can be subdivided into members developmentally indispensable for embryonic viability (e.g., CCN1, 2 and 5), each assuming unique tissue-specific functions, and members not essential for embryonic development (e.g., CCN3, 4 and 6), probably due to a balance of functional redundancy and specialization during evolution. The temporo-spatial regulation of the CCN genes and the structural information contained within the sequences of their encoded proteins reflect diversity in their context and tissue-specific functions. Genetic association studies and experimental anomalies, replicated in various animal models, have shown that altered CCN gene structure or expression is associated with “injury” stimuli—whether mechanical (e.g., trauma, shear stress) or chemical (e.g., ischemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation). Consequently, increased organ-specific susceptibility to structural damages ensues. These data underscore the critical functions of CCN proteins in the dynamics of tissue repair and regeneration and in the compensatory responses preceding organ failure. A better understanding of the regulation and mode of action of each CCN member will be useful in developing specific gain- or loss-of-function strategies for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Krupska
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,State University of New York (SUNY) Eye Institute Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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Takigawa M. Terminology of CCN1-6 should not be applicable for their fragments and be limited to only full length CCN1-6. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:81-3. [PMID: 25698662 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan,
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Paradis R, Lazar N, Antinozzi P, Perbal B, Buteau J. Nov/Ccn3, a novel transcriptional target of FoxO1, impairs pancreatic β-cell function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64957. [PMID: 23705021 PMCID: PMC3660386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by both insulin resistance and progressive deterioration of β-cell function. The forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 is a prominent mediator of insulin signaling in β-cells. We reasoned that identification of FoxO1 target genes in β-cells could reveal mechanisms linking β-cell dysfunction to insulin resistance. In this study, we report the characterization of Nov/Ccn3 as a novel transcriptional target of FoxO1 in pancreatic β-cells. FoxO1 binds to an evolutionarily conserved response element in the Ccn3 promoter to regulate its expression. Accordingly, CCN3 levels are elevated in pancreatic islets of mice with overexpression of a constitutively active form of FoxO1 or insulin resistance. Our functional studies reveal that CCN3 impairs β-cell proliferation concomitantly with a reduction in cAMP levels. Moreover, CCN3 decreases glucose oxidation, which translates into inhibition of glucose-stimulated Ca2+ entry and insulin secretion. Our results identify CCN3, a novel transcriptional target of FoxO1 in pancreatic β-cells, as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Paradis
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noureddine Lazar
- Unité de formation et de recherche en Biochimie, Université de Paris 7-D Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Peter Antinozzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bernard Perbal
- Unité de formation et de recherche en Biochimie, Université de Paris 7-D Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean Buteau
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Perbal B. CCN proteins: A centralized communication network. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 7:169-77. [PMID: 23420091 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins includes six members presently known as CCN1, CCN2, CCN3, CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6. These proteins were originally designated CYR61, CTGF, NOV, and WISP-1, WISP-2, WISP-3. Although these proteins share a significant amount of structural features and a partial identity with other large families of regulatory proteins, they exhibit different biological functions. A critical examination of the progress made over the past two decades, since the first CCN proteins were discovered brings me to the conclusion that most of our present knowledge regarding the functions of these proteins was predicted very early after their discovery. In an effort to point out some of the gaps that prevent us to reach a comprehensive view of the functional interactions between CCN proteins, it is necessary to reconsider carefully data that was already published and put aside, either because the scientific community was not ready to accept them, or because they were not fitting with the « consensus » when they were published. This review article points to avenues that were not attracting the attention that they deserved. However, it is quite obvious that the six members of this unique family of tetra-modular proteins must act in concert, either simultaneously or sequentially, on the same sites or at different times in the life of living organisms. A better understanding of the spatio-temporal regulation of CCN proteins expression requires considering the family as such, not as a set of single proteins related only by their name. As proposed in this review, there is enough convincing pieces of evidence, at the present time, in favor of these proteins playing a role in the coordination of multiple signaling pathways, and constituting a Centralized Communication Network. Deciphering the hierarchy of regulatory circuits involved in this complex system is an important challenge for the near future. In this article, I would like to briefly review the concept of a CCN family of proteins and critically examine the progress made over the past 10 years in the understanding of their biological functions and involvement in both normal and pathological processes.
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Tran CM, Smith HE, Symes A, Rittié L, Perbal B, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Transforming growth factor β controls CCN3 expression in nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:3022-31. [PMID: 21618206 DOI: 10.1002/art.30468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) regulation of CCN3 expression in cells of the nucleus pulposus. METHODS Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to measure CCN3 expression in the nucleus pulposus. Transfections were used to measure the effect of Smad3, MAPKs, and activator protein 1 (AP-1) on TGFβ-mediated CCN3 promoter activity. Lentiviral knockdown of Smad3 was performed to assess the role of Smad3 in CCN3 expression. RESULTS CCN3 was expressed in embryonic and adult intervertebral discs. TGFβ decreased the expression of CCN3 and suppressed its promoter activity in nucleus pulposus cells. DN-Smad3, Smad3 small interfering RNA, or DN-AP-1 had little effect on TGFβ suppression of CCN3 promoter activity. However, p38 and ERK inhibitors blocked suppression of CCN3 by TGFβ, suggesting involvement of these signaling pathways in the regulation of CCN3. Interestingly, overexpression of Smad3 in the absence of TGFβ increased CCN3 promoter activity. We validated the role of Smad3 in controlling CCN3 expression in Smad3-null mice and in nucleus pulposus cells transduced with lentiviral short hairpin Smad3. In terms of function, treatment with recombinant CCN3 showed a dose-dependent decrease in the proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells. Moreover, CCN3-treated cells showed a decrease in aggrecan, versican, CCN2, and type I collagen expression. CONCLUSION The opposing effect of TGFβ on CCN2 and CCN3 expression and the suppression of CCN2 by CCN3 in nucleus pulposus cells further the paradigm that these CCN proteins form an interacting triad, which is possibly important in maintaining extracellular matrix homeostasis and cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Tran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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van Roeyen CRC, Boor P, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Rong S, Kunter U, Martin IV, Kaitovic A, Fleckenstein S, Perbal B, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R, Ostendorf T, Floege J. A novel, dual role of CCN3 in experimental glomerulonephritis: pro-angiogenic and antimesangioproliferative effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1979-90. [PMID: 22538190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to factors that promote mesangial cell proliferation, little is known about their endogenous inhibitors. During experimental mesangioproliferative nephritis, expression of the glomerular CCN3 (nephroblastoma overexpressed gene [NOV]) gene is reduced before the proliferative phase and increased in glomeruli and serum when mesangial cell proliferation subsides. To further elucidate its role in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, CCN3 systemically was overexpressed by muscle electroporation in healthy or nephritic rats. This increased CCN3 serum concentrations more than threefold for up to 56 days. At day 5 after disease induction, CCN3-transfected rats showed an increase in glomerular endothelial area and in mRNA levels of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and PDGF-C. At day 7, CCN3 overexpression decreased mesangial cell proliferation, including expression of α-smooth muscle actin and matrix accumulation of fibronectin and type IV collagen. In progressive nephritis (day 56), overexpression of CCN3 resulted in decreased albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and reduced cortical collagen type I accumulation. In healthy rat kidneys, overexpression of CCN3 induced no morphologic changes but regulated glomerular gene transcripts (reduced transcription of PDGF-B, PDGF-D, PDGF-receptor-β, and fibronectin, and increased PDGF-receptor-α and PDGF-C mRNA). These data identify a dual role for CCN3 in experimental glomerulonephritis with pro-angiogenic and antimesangioproliferative effects. Manipulation of CCN3 may represent a novel approach to help repair glomerular endothelial damage and mesangioproliferative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R C van Roeyen
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Taking aim at the extracellular matrix: CCN proteins as emerging therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:945-63. [PMID: 22129992 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins are crucial for embryonic development and have important roles in inflammation, wound healing and injury repair in adulthood. Deregulation of CCN protein expression or activities contributes to the pathobiology of various diseases - many of which may arise when inflammation or tissue injury becomes chronic - including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis and cancer, as well as diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Emerging studies indicate that targeting CCN protein expression or signalling pathways holds promise in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for such diseases. This Review summarizes the biology of CCN proteins, their roles in various pathologies and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Dmitrenko VV, Kavsan VM, Boyko OI, Rymar VI, Stepanenko AA, Balynska OV, Mausheva TA, Rozumenko VD, Zozulya YP. Expression of genes belonging to the IGF-system in glial tumors. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Janune D, Kubota S, Nishida T, Kawaki H, Perbal B, Iida S, Takigawa M. Novel effects of CCN3 that may direct the differentiation of chondrocytes. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3033-40. [PMID: 21871891 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of local molecules directing the differentiation of chondrocytes to either transient or permanent cartilage are major issues in cartilage biology. Here, we found CCN family protein 3 (CCN3) was abundantly produced in rat developing epiphyseal cartilage. Evaluations in vitro showed that CCN3 repressed epiphyseal chondrocyte proliferation, while promoting matrix production in multiple assays performed. Furthermore, CCN3 enhanced the articular chondrocytic phenotype; whereas it repressed the one representing endochondral ossification. Additionally, the phenotype of growth plate chondrocytes and chondrogenic progenitors also appeared to be affected by CCN3 in a similar manner. These findings suggest a significant role of CCN3 in inducing chondrocytes to articular ones during joint formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Janune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Janune D, Kubota S, Lazar N, Perbal B, Iida S, Takigawa M. CCN3-mediated promotion of sulfated proteoglycan synthesis in rat chondrocytes from developing joint heads. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:167-71. [PMID: 21557039 PMCID: PMC3145868 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes forming articular cartilage are embedded in a vast amount of extracellular matrix having physical stiffness and elasticity, properties that support the mechanical load from bones and enable the flexible movement of synovial joints. Unlike chondrocytes that conduct the growth of long bones by forming the growth plate, articular chondrocytes show suppressed cell proliferation, unless these cells are exposed to pathological conditions such as mechanical overload. In the present study, we found that one of the members of the CCN family, CCN3, was significantly expressed in chondrocytes isolated from the epiphyseal head in developing rat synovial joints. Evaluation of the effect of recombinant CCN3 on those chondrocytes revealed that CCN3 promoted proteoglycan synthesis, whereas this factor repressed the proliferation of the same cells. These results suggest a critical role for CCN3 in the regulation of the biological properties of articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Janune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700–8525 Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700–8525 Japan
| | - Noureddine Lazar
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale et Moleculaire, Universite Paris 7 D. Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Perbal
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Virale et Moleculaire, Universite Paris 7 D. Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Seiji Iida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700–8525 Japan
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, van Roeyen CR, Van de Leur E, Floege J, Weiskirchen R. CCN3/NOV small interfering RNA enhances fibrogenic gene expression in primary hepatic stellate cells and cirrhotic fat storing cell line CFSC. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 6:11-25. [PMID: 21748432 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephroblastoma overexpressed gene encodes a matricellular protein (CCN3/NOV) of the CCN family, comprising CCN1 (CYR61), CCN2 (CTGF), CCN4 (WISP-1), CCN5 (WISP-2), and CCN6 (WISP-3). CCN proteins are involved in the regulation of mitosis, adhesion, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, growth arrest and migration in multiple cell types. Compared to CCN2/CTGF, known as a profibrotic protein, the biological role of CCN3/NOV in liver fibrosis remains obscure. In this study we showed ccn3/nov mRNA to increase dramatically following hepatic stellate cell activation, reaching peak levels in fully transdifferentiated myofibroblasts. In models of experimental hepatic fibrosis, CCN3/NOV increased significantly at the mRNA and protein levels. CCN3/NOV was found mainly in non-parenchymal cells along the areas of tissue damage and repair. In the bile-duct ligation model, CCN3/NOV was localized mainly along portal tracts, while the repeated application of carbon tetrachloride resulted in CCN3/NOV expression mainly in the centrilobular areas. In contrast to CCN2/CTGF, the profibrotic cytokines platelet-derived growth factor-B and -D as well as transforming growth factor-β suppressed CCN3/NOV expression. In vitro, CCN3/NOV siRNA attenuated migration in the cirrhotic fat storing cell line CFSC well in line with in vivo findings that various types of cells expressing CCN3/NOV migrate into the area of tissue damage and regeneration. The suppression of CCN3/NOV enhanced expression of profibrotic marker proteins, such as α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, fibronectin, CCN2/CTGF and TIMP-1 in primary rat hepatic stellate cells and in CFSC. We further found that adenoviral overexpression of CCN2/CTGF suppressed CCN3/NOV expression, while the overexpression of CCN3/NOV as well as the suppression of CCN3/NOV by targeting siRNAs both resulted in enhanced CCN2/CTGF expression. These results indicate the complexity of CCN actions that are far beyond the classic Yin/Yang interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH-University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Guillon-Munos A, Oikonomopoulou K, Michel N, Smith CR, Petit-Courty A, Canepa S, Reverdiau P, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Diamandis EP, Courty Y. Kallikrein-related peptidase 12 hydrolyzes matricellular proteins of the CCN family and modifies interactions of CCN1 and CCN5 with growth factors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25505-18. [PMID: 21628462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.213231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are an emerging group of secreted serine proteases involved in several physiological and pathological processes. We used a degradomic approach to identify potential substrates of KLK12. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated either with KLK12 or vehicle control, and the proteome of the overlying medium was analyzed by mass spectrometry. CCN1 (cyr61, ctgf, nov) was among the proteins released by the KLK12-treated cells, suggesting that KLK12 might be responsible for the shedding of this protein from the cell surface. Fragmentation of CCN1 by KLK12 was further confirmed in vitro, and the main cleavage site was localized in the hinge region between the first and second half of the recombinant protein. KLK12 can target all six members of the CCN family at different proteolytic sites. Limited proteolysis of CCNs (cyr61, ctgf, nov) was also observed in the presence of other members of the KLK family, such as KLK1, KLK5, and KLK14, whereas KLK6, KLK11, and KLK13 were unable to fragment CCNs. Because KLK12 seems to have a role in angiogenesis, we investigated the relations between KLK12, CCNs, and several factors known to be involved in angiogenesis. Solid phase binding assays showed that fragmentation of CCN1 or CCN5 by KLK12 prevents VEGF(165) binding, whereas it also triggers the release of intact VEGF and BMP2 from the CCN complexes. The KLK12-mediated release of TGF-β1 and FGF-2, either as intact or truncated forms, was found to be concentration-dependent. These findings suggest that KLK12 may indirectly regulate the bioavailability and activity of several growth factors through processing of their CCN binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Guillon-Munos
- INSERM U618-Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 2 bis bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
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Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in breast cancer cells is associated with increased migration and angiogenesis. Int J Oncol 2011; 38:1741-7. [PMID: 21455569 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) belongs to the CCN family of matricellular proteins, comprising Cyr61, CTGF, NovH and WISP1-3. The CCN proteins contain an N-terminal signal peptide followed by four conserved domains sharing sequence similarities with the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, von Willebrand factor type C repeat, thrombospondin type 1 repeat, and a C-terminal growth factor cysteine knot domain. To investigate the role of CCN2 in breast cancer, we transfected MCF-7 cells with full-length CCN2, and with four mutant constructs in which one of the domains had been deleted. MCF-7 cells stably expressing full-length CCN2 demonstrated reduced cell proliferation, increased migration in Boyden chamber assays and promoted angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membrane assays compared to control cells. Deletion of the C-terminal cysteine knot domain, but not of any other domain-deleted mutants, abolished activities mediated by full-length CCN2. We have dissected the role of CCN2 in breast tumorigenesis on a structural basis.
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Lin Z, Natesan V, Shi H, Hamik A, Kawanami D, Hao C, Mahabaleshwar GH, Wang W, Jin ZG, Atkins GB, Firth SM, Rittié L, Perbal B, Jain MK. A novel role of CCN3 in regulating endothelial inflammation. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 4:141-53. [PMID: 21063504 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium plays a fundamental role in the health and disease of the cardiovascular system. The molecular mechanisms regulating endothelial homeostasis, however, remain incompletely understood. CCN3, a member of the CCN (Cyr61, Ctgf, Nov) family of cell growth and differentiation regulators, has been shown to play an important role in numerous cell types. The function of CCN3 in endothelial cells has yet to be elucidated. Immunohistochemical analysis of CCN3 expression in mouse tissues revealed robust immunoreactivity in the endothelium of large arteries, small resistance vessels, and veins. We found that CCN3 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is transcriptionally induced by laminar shear stress (LSS) and HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins). Promoter analyses identified the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) as a direct regulator of CCN3 expression. In contrast to LSS, proinflammatory cytokines reduced CCN3 expression. Adenoviral overexpression of CCN3 in HUVEC markedly inhibited the cytokine-mediated induction of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Consistent with this observation, CCN3 significantly reduced monocyte adhesion. Conversely, CCN3 knockdown in HUVECs resulted in enhancement of cytokine-induced VCAM-1 expression. Concordant effects were observed on monocyte adhesion. Gain and loss-of-function mechanistic studies demonstrated that CCN3 negatively regulates nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) activity by reducing its translocation into the nucleus and subsequent binding to the VCAM-1 promoter, suggesting that CCN3's anti-inflammatory effects occur secondary to inhibition of NF-κB nuclear accumulation. This study identifies CCN3 as a novel regulator of endothelial proinflammatory activation.
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Differential expression of CCN1/CYR61, CCN3/NOV, CCN4/WISP1, and CCN5/WISP2 in neurofibromatosis type 1 tumorigenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:60-9. [PMID: 20010302 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181c79bff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of neurofibromatosis type 1 is the development of dermal and plexiform neurofibromas. Neurofibromatosis type 1 patients with plexiform neurofibromas are at risk of developing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. We applied a 22,000-oligonucleotide microarray transcriptomic approach to a series of plexiform neurofibromas in comparison with dermal neurofibromas, and results were confirmed with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Thirteen genes were upregulated and 10 were downregulated in plexiform neurofibromas. The upregulated genes mainly encode molecules involved in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, fibrogenesis, and angiogenesis. Several CCN gene family members were dysregulated in neurofibromatosis type 1 tumorigenesis; the angiogenic gene CCN1/CYR61 was specifically upregulated in the plexiform neurofibromas; CCN4/WISP1 was upregulated, and CCN3/NOV and CCN5/WISP2 were downregulated in paired comparisons of plexiform neurofibroma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor from the same patients. CCN1 and CCN3 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in neurofibromatosis type 1-associated tumors. Upregulation of S100A8, S100A9, and CD36 was also observed and suggests a role of this pathway in inflammation-associated genesis of plexiform neurofibromas. In summary, a limited number of pathways are potentially involved in plexiform neurofibroma development. Some of the genes identified, particularly CCN1, might be useful diagnostic or prognostic markers or form the basis for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Sin WC, Tse M, Planque N, Perbal B, Lampe PD, Naus CC. Matricellular protein CCN3 (NOV) regulates actin cytoskeleton reorganization. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29935-44. [PMID: 19706598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.042630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN3 (NOV), a putative ligand for integrin receptors, is tightly associated with the extracellular matrix and mediates diverse cellular functions, including cell adhesion and proliferation. CCN3 has been shown to negatively regulate growth although it promotes migration in a cell type-specific manner. In this study, overexpression of CCN3 reduces growth and increases intercellular adhesion of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, CCN3 overexpression also led to the formation of multiple pseudopodia that are enriched in actin, CCN3, and vinculin. Breast cancer cells preincubated with exogenous CCN3 protein also induced the same phenotype, indicating that secreted CCN3 is sufficient to induce changes in cell morphology. Surprisingly, extracellular CCN3 is internalized to the early endosomes but not to the membrane protrusions, suggesting pseudopodia-enriched CCN3 may derive from a different source. The presence of an intracellular variant of CCN3 will be consistent with our finding that the cytoplasmic tail of the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) associates with CCN3. Cx43 is a channel protein permitting intercellular communication to occur. However, neither the channel properties nor the protein levels of Cx43 are affected by the CCN3 protein. In contrast, CCN3 proteins are down-regulated in the absence of Cx43. Finally, we showed that overexpression of CCN3 increases the activity of the small GTPase Rac1, thereby revealing a pathway that links Cx43 directly to actin reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Chey Sin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and The Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada.
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Perbal B, Lazar N, Zambelli D, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Llombart-Bosch A, Scotlandi K, Picci P. Prognostic relevance of CCN3 in Ewing sarcoma. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1479-86. [PMID: 19695675 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a highly aggressive malignant bone tumor occurring preferentially in children and young adults. At present, only clinical features, such as patient age, presence of clinically evident metastases at diagnosis, and poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, are widely accepted as prognostic indicators in Ewing sarcoma. In this study, we assessed the prognostic value of CCN3 (Nov), a matricellular protein that play crucial roles in bone formation. Polyclonal antibodies directed against each of the different CCN3 modules were used to identify variant CCN3 proteins in tumors and to draw potential relationships between the expression of these variants and the outcome of patients with Ewing sarcoma. Our results confirmed that expression of the full-length CCN3 in Ewing sarcoma is associated to a worse prognostic. Furthermore, we report a possible relationship between the expression of a CCN3 protein lacking an internal module (von Willebrand factor type C) and sensitivity to radiotherapy. We hypothesize that the increased level of variant CCN3 in the tumor cells reduces their tumorigenic potential and results in better outcome.
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Proteins on the catwalk: modelling the structural domains of the CCN family of proteins. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:25-41. [PMID: 19424823 PMCID: PMC2686754 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins (CCN1, CCN2, CCN3, CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6) are multifunctional mosaic proteins that play keys roles in crucial areas of physiology such as angiogenesis, skeletal development tumourigenesis, cell proliferation, adhesion and survival. This expansive repertoire of functions comes through a modular structure of 4 discrete domains that act both independently and in concert. How these interactions with ligands and with neighbouring domains lead to the biological effects is still to be explored but the molecular structure of the domains is likely to play an important role in this. In this review we have highlighted some of the key features of the individual domains of CCN family of proteins based on their biological effects using a homology modelling approach.
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Alternative splicing of CCN mRNAs .... it has been upon us. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:153-7. [PMID: 19399643 PMCID: PMC2721083 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variant CCN proteins have been identified over the past decade in several normal and pathological situations. The production of CCN truncated proteins have been reported in the case of CCN2(ctgf), CCN3(nov), CCN4(wisp-1) and CCN6(wisp-3). Furthermore, the natural CCN5 is known to miss the C-terminal domain that is present in all other members of the CCN family of proteins. In spite of compelling evidence that assign important biological activities to these truncated CCN variants, their potential regulatory functions have only recently begun to be widely accepted. The report of CCN1(cyr61) intron 3 retention in breast cancer cells now confirms that, in addition to well documented post-translational processing of full length CCN proteins, alternative splicing is to be regarded as another effective way to generate CCN variants. These observations add to a previous bulk of evidence that support the existence of alternative splicing for other CCN genes. It has become clearly evident that we need to recognize these mechanisms as a means to increase the biological diversity of CCN proteins.
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Quan T, Shin S, Qin Z, Fisher GJ. Expression of CCN family of genes in human skin in vivo and alterations by solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:19-23. [PMID: 19319669 PMCID: PMC2686751 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins is involved in diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, and regulation of extracellular matrix. We have investigated expression of CCN family genes and alternations induced by solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation in human skin in vivo. Transcripts of all six CCN genes were expressed in human skin in vivo. CCN5 was most abundantly expressed followed by CCN2>CCN3>CCN1>CCN4>CCN6. Solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation increased mRNA expression of CCN1 and CCN2. In contrast, mRNA levels of CCN3, CCN4, CCN5, and CCN6, were reduced. Knowledge gained from this study provides the foundation to explore the functional roles of CCN gene products in cutaneous biology and responses to solar ultraviolet irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihao Quan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Med Sci 1, Room 6447, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5609, USA,
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Vallacchi V, Rodolfo M. Regulatory role of CCN3 in melanoma cell interaction with the extracellular matrix. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:7-10. [PMID: 19372759 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.6836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that melanoma cells modify their environment not only through the release of growth factors (GFs) and cytokines that have autocrine or paracrine effects and strongly modulate the immune response, but also by secreting proteins that become structural or transient components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Melanoma cell secreted proteins play a significant role in cell-ECM interactions, helping tumor cells to invade neighbouring stroma, disseminate and survive in other tissue contexts. CCN3/NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) is a matricellular protein that belongs to the CCN family of proteins containing six members in humans. Its structure consists of modules related to functional domains previously identified in major regulatory proteins: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP), von Willebrand factor type C repeats (VWC), thrombospondin type 1 repeats, and secreted regulatory factors containing cysteine knot motifs. Extensive studies have indicated that the biological properties of CCN3 are dependent upon the cellular context, and its role in melanoma seems to recapitulate cell context functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vallacchi
- Melanoma Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Cooperative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by CCN2 and CCN3 shown by a comprehensive analysis of the CCN family proteins in cartilage. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:1751-64. [PMID: 18597638 PMCID: PMC6956620 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CCN2 is best known as a promoter of chondrocyte differentiation among the CCN family members, and its null mice display skeletal dysmorphisms. However, little is known concerning roles of the other CCN members in chondrocytes. Using both in vivo and in vitro approaches, we conducted a comparative analysis of CCN2-null and wildtype mice to study the roles of CCN2 and the other CCN proteins in cartilage development. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the localization of CCN proteins and other chondrocyte-associated molecules in the two types of mice. Moreover, gene expression levels and the effects of exogenous CCN proteins on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and the expression of chondrocyte-associated genes in their primary chondrocytes were evaluated. Ccn3 was dramatically upregulated in CCN2-null cartilage and chondrocytes. This upregulation was associated with diminished cell proliferation and delayed differentiation. Consistent with the in vivo findings, CCN2 deletion entirely retarded chondrocyte terminal differentiation and decreased the expression of several chondrocyte-associated genes in vitro, whereas Ccn3 expression drastically increased. In contrast, the addition of exogenous CCN2 promoted differentiation strongly and induced the expression of the associated genes, whereas decreasing the Ccn3 expression. These findings collectively indicate that CCN2 induces chondrocyte differentiation by regulating the expression of chondrocyte-associated genes but that these effects are counteracted by CCN3. The lack of CCN2 caused upregulation of CCN3 in CCN2-null mice, which resulted in the observed phenotypes, such as the resultant delay of terminal differentiation. The involvement of the PTHrP-Ihh loop in the regulation of CCN3 expression is also suggested.
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