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Carretero-Ortega J, Chhangawala Z, Hunt S, Narvaez C, Menéndez-González J, Gay CM, Zygmunt T, Li X, Torres-Vázquez J. GIPC proteins negatively modulate Plexind1 signaling during vascular development. eLife 2019; 8:e30454. [PMID: 31050647 PMCID: PMC6499541 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins (SEMAs) and their Plexin (PLXN) receptors are central regulators of metazoan cellular communication. SEMA-PLXND1 signaling plays important roles in cardiovascular, nervous, and immune system development, and cancer biology. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that modulate SEMA-PLXND1 signaling. As PLXND1 associates with GIPC family endocytic adaptors, we evaluated the requirement for the molecular determinants of their association and PLXND1's vascular role. Zebrafish that endogenously express a Plxnd1 receptor with a predicted impairment in GIPC binding exhibit low penetrance angiogenesis deficits and antiangiogenic drug hypersensitivity. Moreover, gipc mutant fish show angiogenic impairments that are ameliorated by reducing Plxnd1 signaling. Finally, GIPC depletion potentiates SEMA-PLXND1 signaling in cultured endothelial cells. These findings expand the vascular roles of GIPCs beyond those of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-dependent, proangiogenic GIPC1-Neuropilin 1 complex, recasting GIPCs as negative modulators of antiangiogenic PLXND1 signaling and suggest that PLXND1 trafficking shapes vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carretero-Ortega
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zinal Chhangawala
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shane Hunt
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Carlos Narvaez
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Javier Menéndez-González
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Carl M Gay
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tomasz Zygmunt
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Population HealthNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jesús Torres-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
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Verlinden L, Vanderschueren D, Verstuyf A. Semaphorin signaling in bone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:66-74. [PMID: 26365296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin molecules regulate cell adhesion and motility in a wide variety of cell types and are therefore involved in numerous processes including axon guidance, angiogenesis, cardiogenesis, tumor growth, and immune response. Increasing evidence points to a role of transmembrane, membrane-associated and soluble semaphorins during bone development as well as in the control of normal bone homeostasis. Within bone, semaphorins are implicated in the communication between different cell types by relaying signals in an autocrine or paracrine way. Semaphorins are not only involved in bone resorption but also in bone formation. Therefore, targeting semaphorin-induced signaling in bone may constitute an interesting new therapeutic strategy in osteoporosis. However, all the pioneering research on semaphorins is performed in mice and it remains to be established to what extent semaphorin signaling pathways are conserved between mice and men. In addition, knowledge of semaphorin signaling in bone mostly arises from loss/gain of function studies of one single semaphorin and/or receptor. However, different semaphorin molecules are co-expressed in bone and their signaling pathways are likely to interact in a complex and coherent way that needs proper understanding before targeting semaphorin signaling can be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Abstract
Secreted class 3 semaphorins (Sema3), which signal through holoreceptor complexes that are formed by different subunits, such as neuropilins (Nrps), proteoglycans, and plexins, were initially characterized as fundamental regulators of axon guidance during embryogenesis. Subsequently, Sema3A, Sema3C, Sema3D, and Sema3E were discovered to play crucial roles in cardiovascular development, mainly acting through Nrp1 and Plexin D1, which funnels the signal of multiple Sema3 in vascular endothelial cells. Mechanistically, Sema3 proteins control cardiovascular patterning through the enzymatic GTPase-activating-protein activity of the cytodomain of Plexin D1, which negatively regulates the function of Rap1, a small GTPase that is well-known for its ability to drive vascular morphogenesis and to elicit the conformational activation of integrin adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Valdembri
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino School of Medicine , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,b Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Donatella Regano
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Federica Maione
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- c Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,d Department of Science and Drug Technology , University of Torino , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino School of Medicine , Candiolo, Torino , Italy.,b Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) , Candiolo, Torino , Italy
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4
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Tomas-Roca L, Tsaalbi-Shtylik A, Jansen JG, Singh MK, Epstein JA, Altunoglu U, Verzijl H, Soria L, van Beusekom E, Roscioli T, Iqbal Z, Gilissen C, Hoischen A, de Brouwer APM, Erasmus C, Schubert D, Brunner H, Pérez Aytés A, Marin F, Aroca P, Kayserili H, Carta A, de Wind N, Padberg GW, van Bokhoven H. De novo mutations in PLXND1 and REV3L cause Möbius syndrome. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7199. [PMID: 26068067 PMCID: PMC4648025 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Möbius syndrome (MBS) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by paralysis of the facial nerves and variable other congenital anomalies. The aetiology of this syndrome has been enigmatic since the initial descriptions by von Graefe in 1880 and by Möbius in 1888, and it has been debated for decades whether MBS has a genetic or a non-genetic aetiology. Here, we report de novo mutations affecting two genes, PLXND1 and REV3L in MBS patients. PLXND1 and REV3L represent totally unrelated pathways involved in hindbrain development: neural migration and DNA translesion synthesis, essential for the replication of endogenously damaged DNA, respectively. Interestingly, analysis of Plxnd1 and Rev3l mutant mice shows that disruption of these separate pathways converge at the facial branchiomotor nucleus, affecting either motoneuron migration or proliferation. The finding that PLXND1 and REV3L mutations are responsible for a proportion of MBS patients suggests that de novo mutations in other genes might account for other MBS patients. lt has been debated for decades if there is a genetic aetiology underlying Möbius syndrome, a neurological disorder characterized by facial paralysis. Here Tomas-Roca et al. use exome sequencing and identify de novo mutations in PLXND1 and REV3L, representing converging pathways in hindbrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomas-Roca
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Anastasia Tsaalbi-Shtylik
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob G Jansen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 9-105 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 9-105 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Fatih 34093, Turkey
| | - Harriette Verzijl
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Soria
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie Erasmus
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Han Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, Maastricht 6200AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Pérez Aytés
- Dysmorphology and Reproductive Genetics Unit, Moebius Syndrome Foundation of Spain, University Hospital LA FE, Valencia 46540, Spain
| | - Faustino Marin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Pilar Aroca
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Fatih 34093, Turkey
| | - Arturo Carta
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Niels de Wind
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - George W Padberg
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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5
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Choi YI, Duke-Cohan JS, Tan J, Gui J, Singh MK, Epstein JA, Reinherz EL. Plxnd1 expression in thymocytes regulates their intrathymic migration while that in thymic endothelium impacts medullary topology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:392. [PMID: 24312099 PMCID: PMC3832804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An important role for plexinD1 in thymic development is inferred from studies of germline Plxnd1 knockout (KO) mice where mislocalized CD69+ thymocytes as well as ectopic thymic subcapsular medullary structures were observed. Given embryonic lethality of the Plxnd1−/− genotype, fetal liver transplantation was employed in these prior analyses. Such embryonic hematopoietic reconstitution may have transferred Plxnd1 KO endothelial and/or epithelial stem cells in addition to Plxnd1 KO lymphoid progenitors, thereby contributing to that phenotype. Here we use Plxnd1flox/flox mice crossed to pLck-Cre, pKeratin14-Cre, or pTek-Cre transgenic animals to create cell-type specific conditional knockout (CKO) lines involving thymocytes (D1ThyCKO), thymic epithelium (D1EpCKO), and thymic endothelium (D1EnCKO), respectively. These CKOs allowed us to directly assess the role of plexinD1 in each lineage. Loss of plexinD1 expression on double positive (DP) thymocytes leads to their aberrant migration and cortical retention after TCR-mediated positive selection. In contrast, ectopic medulla formation is a consequence of loss of plexinD1 expression on endothelial cells, in turn linked to dysregulation of thymic angiogenesis. D1EpCKO thymi manifest neither abnormality. Collectively, our findings underscore the non-redundant roles for plexinD1 on thymocytes and endothelium, including the dynamic nature of medulla formation resulting from crosstalk between these thymic cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young I Choi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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6
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Verlinden L, Kriebitzsch C, Beullens I, Tan BK, Carmeliet G, Verstuyf A. Nrp2 deficiency leads to trabecular bone loss and is accompanied by enhanced osteoclast and reduced osteoblast numbers. Bone 2013; 55:465-75. [PMID: 23598046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and Nrp2 are transmembrane receptors that can bind class 3 semaphorins (Sema3A-G) in addition to VEGF family members to play important roles in axonal guidance, vascularization and angiogenesis, as well as immune responses. Moreover, recent evidence implicates Sema3A/Nrp-mediated signaling in bone regulation. However, to date the expression of Nrp2 in bone has not been investigated and a possible role for Nrp2 in the maintenance of bone homeostasis in vivo remains unexplored. Here we show that Nrp2, together with its possible coreceptors (Plexin A family members and Plexin D1) and class 3 semaphorin ligands, were expressed during in vitro osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Moreover, Nrp2 transcript and protein levels were highly induced in hematopoietic bone marrow cell-derived osteoclast cultures. Osteoblastic as well as osteoclastic Nrp2 expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of the long bones of mice. Interestingly, Nrp2 knockout mice were characterized by a low bone mass phenotype which was accompanied by an increased number of osteoclasts and a decreased osteoblast count. Collectively, these data point to a physiological role for Nrp2 in bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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The role and mechanism-of-action of Sema3E and Plexin-D1 in vascular and neural development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:156-62. [PMID: 23270617 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Class 3 secreted semaphorins (Sema3A-3G) participate in many aspects of axon guidance through holoreceptor complexes that include Neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) or Neuropilin-2 and one of the four class A plexin proteins. However, unlike other Sema3 family proteins, Sema3E directly binds to Plexin-D1 without neuropilins. Its biological function was first explored in intersomitic vessel formation and since its initial discovery, Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling has been found to participate in the many biological systems in addition to vascular development, via seemingly different mode of actions. For example, temporal and spatial control of ligand vs. receptor results in two different mechanisms governing vascular patterning. Interactions with other transmembrane proteins such as neuropilin and VEGFR2 result in different axonal behaviors. Ligand receptor localization on pre- vs. post-synaptic neurons is used to control different types of synapse formation. Perhaps different downstream effectors will also result in different functional outcomes. Given the limited number of ligands and receptors in the genome and their multifunctional nature, we expect that more modes of action will be discovered in the future. In this review, we highlight current advances on the mechanisms of how Sema3E-Plexin-D1 interaction shapes the networks of multiple biological systems, in particular the vascular and nervous systems.
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8
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Hota PK, Buck M. Plexin structures are coming: opportunities for multilevel investigations of semaphorin guidance receptors, their cell signaling mechanisms, and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3765-805. [PMID: 22744749 PMCID: PMC11115013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexin transmembrane receptors and their semaphorin ligands, as well as their co-receptors (Neuropilin, Integrin, VEGFR2, ErbB2, and Met kinase) are emerging as key regulatory proteins in a wide variety of developmental, regenerative, but also pathological processes. The diverse arenas of plexin function are surveyed, including roles in the nervous, cardiovascular, bone and skeletal, and immune systems. Such different settings require considerable specificity among the plexin and semaphorin family members which in turn are accompanied by a variety of cell signaling networks. Underlying the latter are the mechanistic details of the interactions and catalytic events at the molecular level. Very recently, dramatic progress has been made in solving the structures of plexins and of their complexes with associated proteins. This molecular level information is now suggesting detailed mechanisms for the function of both the extracellular as well as the intracellular plexin regions. Specifically, several groups have solved structures for extracellular domains for plexin-A2, -B1, and -C1, many in complex with semaphorin ligands. On the intracellular side, the role of small Rho GTPases has been of particular interest. These directly associate with plexin and stimulate a GTPase activating (GAP) function in the plexin catalytic domain to downregulate Ras GTPases. Structures for the Rho GTPase binding domains have been presented for several plexins, some with Rnd1 bound. The entire intracellular domain structure of plexin-A1, -A3, and -B1 have also been solved alone and in complex with Rac1. However, key aspects of the interplay between GTPases and plexins remain far from clear. The structural information is helping the plexin field to focus on key questions at the protein structural, cellular, as well as organism level that collaboratoria of investigations are likely to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K. Hota
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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9
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The dynamics of developmental and tumor angiogenesis-a comparison. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:400-19. [PMID: 24213317 PMCID: PMC3712694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood vasculature in cancers has been the subject of intense interest during the past four decades. Since the original ideas of targeting angiogenesis to treat cancer were proposed in the 1970s, it has become evident that more knowledge about the role of vessels in tumor biology is needed to fully take advantage of such strategies. The vasculature serves the surrounding tissue in a multitude of ways that all must be taken into consideration in therapeutic manipulation. Aspects of delivery of conventional cytostatic drugs, induction of hypoxia affecting treatment by radiotherapy, changes in tumor cell metabolism, vascular leak and trafficking of leukocytes are affected by interventions on vascular function. Many tumors constitute a highly interchangeable milieu undergoing proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis with abundance of growth factors, enzymes and metabolites. These aspects are reflected by the abnormal tortuous, leaky vascular bed with detached mural cells (pericytes). The vascular bed of tumors is known to be unstable and undergoing remodeling, but it is not until recently that this has been dynamically demonstrated at high resolution, facilitated by technical advances in intravital microscopy. In this review we discuss developmental genetic loss-of-function experiments in the light of tumor angiogenesis. We find this a valid comparison since many studies phenocopy the vasculature in development and tumors.
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Oh JE, Kim HJ, Kim WS, Lee ZH, Ryoo HM, Hwang SJ, Lee Y, Kim HH. PlexinA2 mediates osteoblast differentiation via regulation of Runx2. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:552-62. [PMID: 22095611 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The imbalance between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts often leads to bone destructive diseases such as osteoporosis. In contrast to the development of several antiresorptive agents for osteoporosis therapy, discovery of anabolic drugs has been difficult because of an insufficient understanding of the complex mechanism of bone formation. In a microarray analysis with mouse preosteoblast cells, we found that PlexinA2 (PlxnA2), a molecule previously known to mediate axon guidance in neural development, was upregulated by the osteogenic factor BMP2. PlxnA2-specific siRNA decreased Runx2 expression, osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization. Runx2 overexpression restored osteoblastic differentiation of PlxnA2-knockdown cells. PlxnA2 was associated with both type 1 and 2 BMP receptors, and BMP2 increased the interaction between PlxnA2 and type 1 receptors. PlxnA2 also affected Smad and Akt signaling pathways downstream of BMP2. Taken together, the results of our study reveal that PlxnA2 has a pro-osteogenic function by modulating BMP2 signaling. Therefore, PlxnA2 may be a useful target for development of bone anabolic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Oh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 and DRI, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Willems B, Büttner A, Huysseune A, Renn J, Witten PE, Winkler C. Conditional ablation of osteoblasts in medaka. Dev Biol 2012; 364:128-37. [PMID: 22326228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Different from tetrapods, teleost vertebral centra form without prior establishment of a cartilaginous scaffold, in two steps: First, mineralization of the notochord sheath establishes the vertebral centra. Second, sclerotome derived mesenchymal cells migrate around the notochord sheath. These cells differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit bone onto the mineralized notochord sheath in a process of intramembranous bone formation. In contrast, most skeletal elements of the cranial skeleton arise by chondral bone formation, with remarkably similar mechanisms in fish and tetrapods. To further investigate the role of osteoblasts during formation of the cranial and axial skeleton, we generated a transgenic osx:CFP-NTR medaka line which enables conditional ablation of osterix expressing osteoblasts. By expressing a bacterial nitroreductase (NTR) fused to Cyan Fluorescent Protein (CFP) under control of the osterix promoter these cells become sensitive towards Metronidazole (Mtz). Mtz treatment of stable osx:CFP-NTR transgenic medaka for several consecutive days led to significant loss of osteoblasts by apoptosis. Live staining of mineralized bone matrix revealed reduced ossification in head skeletal elements such as cleithrum and operculum, as well as in the vertebral arches. Interestingly in Mtz treated larvae, intervertebral spaces were missing and the notochord sheath was often continuously mineralized resulting in the fusion of centra. We therefore propose a dual role for osx-positive osteoblasts in fish. Besides a role in bone deposition, we suggest an additional border function during mineralization of the chordal centra. After termination of Mtz treatment, osteoblasts gradually reappeared, indicating regenerative properties in this cell lineage. Taken together, the osx:CFP-NTR medaka line represents a valuable tool to study osteoblast function and regeneration at different stages of development in whole vertebrate specimens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Willems
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Hughes A, Kleine-Albers J, Helfrich MH, Ralston SH, Rogers MJ. A class III semaphorin (Sema3e) inhibits mouse osteoblast migration and decreases osteoclast formation in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 90:151-62. [PMID: 22227882 PMCID: PMC3271215 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as axonal guidance cues, semaphorins are expressed throughout many different tissues and regulate numerous non-neuronal processes. We demonstrate that most class III semaphorins are expressed in mouse osteoblasts and are differentially regulated by cell growth and differentiation: Sema3d expression is increased and Sema3e expression decreased during proliferation in culture, while expression of Sema3a is unaffected by cell density but increases in cultures of mineralizing osteoblasts. Expression of Sema3a, -3e, and -3d is also differentially regulated by osteogenic stimuli; inhibition of GSK3β decreased expression of Sema3a and -3e, while 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) increased expression of Sema3e. Parathyroid hormone had no effect on expression of Sema3a, -3b, or -3d. Osteoblasts, macrophages, and osteoclasts express the Sema3e receptor PlexinD1, suggesting an autocrine and paracrine role for Sema3e. No effects of recombinant Sema3e on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, or mineralization were observed; but Sema3e did inhibit the migration of osteoblasts in a wound-healing assay. The formation of multinucleated, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was decreased by 81% in cultures of mouse bone marrow macrophages incubated with 200 ng/mL Sema3e. Correspondingly, decreased expression of osteoclast markers (Itgb3, Acp5, Cd51, Nfatc1, CalcR, and Ctsk) was observed by qPCR in macrophage cultures differentiated in the presence of Sema3e. Our results demonstrate that class III semaphorins are expressed by osteoblasts and differentially regulated by differentiation, mineralization, and osteogenic stimuli. Sema3e is a novel inhibitor of osteoclast formation in vitro and may play a role in maintaining local bone homeostasis, potentially acting as a coupling factor between osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alun Hughes
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD UK
| | - Jennifer Kleine-Albers
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD UK
| | - Miep H. Helfrich
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD UK
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH42XU UK
| | - Michael J. Rogers
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB252ZD UK
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Perälä N, Sariola H, Immonen T. More than nervous: the emerging roles of plexins. Differentiation 2011; 83:77-91. [PMID: 22099179 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plexins are the receptors for semaphorins, a large family of axon guidance cues. Accordingly, the role of plexins in the development of the nervous system was the first to be acknowledged. However, the expression of plexins is not restricted to neuronal cells, and recent research has been increasingly focused on the roles of plexin-semaphorin signalling outside of the nervous system. During embryogenesis, plexins regulate the development of many organs, including the cardiovascular system, skeleton and kidney. They have also been shown to be involved in immune system functions and tumour progression. Analyses of the plexin signalling in different tissues and cell types have provided new insight to the versatility of plexin interactions with semaphorins and other cell-surface receptors. In this review we try to summarise the current understanding of the roles of plexins in non-neural development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Perälä
- Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Gay CM, Zygmunt T, Torres-Vázquez J. Diverse functions for the semaphorin receptor PlexinD1 in development and disease. Dev Biol 2011; 349:1-19. [PMID: 20880496 PMCID: PMC2993764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexins are a family of single-pass transmembrane proteins that serve as cell surface receptors for Semaphorins during the embryonic development of animals. Semaphorin-Plexin signaling is critical for many cellular aspects of organogenesis, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. Until recently, little was known about the function of PlexinD1, the sole member of the vertebrate-specific PlexinD (PlxnD1) subfamily. Here we review novel findings about PlxnD1's roles in the development of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems and salivary gland branching morphogenesis and discuss new insights concerning the molecular mechanisms of PlxnD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Gay
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, 4th floor, lab 14, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Melani M, Weinstein BM. Common factors regulating patterning of the nervous and vascular systems. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 26:639-65. [PMID: 19575651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.093008.093324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and the nervous systems of vertebrates share many features with similar and often overlapping anatomy. The parallels between these two systems extend to the molecular level, where recent work has identified ever-increasing similarities between the molecular mechanisms employed in the specification, differentiation, and patterning of both systems. This review discusses some of the most recent literature on this subject, with particular emphasis on the roles that the Ephrin, Semaphorin, Netrin, and Slit signaling pathways play in vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Melani
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Fujihara C, Yamada S, Ozaki N, Takeshita N, Kawaki H, Takano-Yamamoto T, Murakami S. Role of mechanical stress-induced glutamate signaling-associated molecules in cytodifferentiation of periodontal ligament cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28286-97. [PMID: 20576613 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the effects of tensile mechanical stress on the gene expression profile of in vitro-maintained human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. A DNA chip analysis identified 17 up-regulated genes in human PDL cells under the mechanical stress, including HOMER1 (homer homolog 1) and GRIN3A (glutamate receptor ionotropic N-methyl-d-aspartate 3A), which are related to glutamate signaling. RT-PCR and real-time PCR analyses revealed that human PDL cells constitutively expressed glutamate signaling-associated genes and that mechanical stress increased the expression of these mRNAs, leading to release of glutamate from human PDL cells and intracellular glutamate signal transduction. Interestingly, exogenous glutamate increased the mRNAs of cytodifferentiation and mineralization-related genes as well as the ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activities during the cytodifferentiation of the PDL cells. On the other hand, the glutamate signaling inhibitors riluzole and (+)-MK801 maleate suppressed the alkaline phosphatase activities and mineralized nodule formation during the cytodifferentiation and mineralization. Riluzole inhibited the mechanical stress-induced glutamate signaling-associated gene expressions in human PDL cells. Moreover, in situ hybridization analyses showed up-regulation of glutamate signaling-associated gene expressions at tension sites in the PDL under orthodontic tooth movement in a mouse model. The present data demonstrate that the glutamate signaling induced by mechanical stress positively regulates the cytodifferentiation and mineralization of PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Semaphorins belong to a large family of proteins well-conserved along evolution from viruses to mammalians. Secreted and membrane-bound semaphorins participate in a wide range of biological phenomena including development and regeneration of nervous system, cardiovascular development, and immune system activities. Different classes of semaphorins are bifunctional and often exert opposite effects (i.e., repellent or attractive) by acting through the plexin receptor family. However, some classes use other membrane receptors and the same plexin-mediated signals may be modulated by co-receptors, in particular neuropilins or some tyrosine kinase receptors. In cancer, semaphorins have both tumor-suppressor and tumor-promoting functions, by acting on both tumor and stromal components. Here, we review the role of semaphorins in tumor angiogenesis and propose that an unbalance between autocrine loops respectively involving angiogenic inducers and class 3 semaphorin is instrumental for structural and functional abnormalities observed in tumor vasculature.
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Zhang Y, Singh MK, Degenhardt KR, Lu MM, Bennett J, Yoshida Y, Epstein JA. Tie2Cre-mediated inactivation of plexinD1 results in congenital heart, vascular and skeletal defects. Dev Biol 2008; 325:82-93. [PMID: 18992737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PlexinD1 is a membrane-bound receptor that mediates signals derived from class 3 secreted semaphorins. Although semaphorin signaling in axon guidance in the nervous system has been extensively studied, functions outside the nervous system including important roles in vascular patterning have also been demonstrated. Inactivation of plexinD1 leads to neo-natal lethality, structural defects of the cardiac outflow tract, peripheral vascular abnormalities, and axial skeletal morphogenesis defects. PlexinD1 is expressed by vascular endothelial cells, but additional domains of expression have also been demonstrated including in lymphocytes, osteoblasts, neural crest and the central nervous system. Hence, the cell-type specific functions of plexinD1 have remained unclear. Here, we describe the results of tissue-specific gene inactivation of plexinD1 in Tie2 expressing precursors, which recapitulates the null phenotype with respect to congenital heart, vascular, and skeletal abnormalities resulting in neonatal lethality. Interestingly, these mutants also have myocardial defects not previously reported. In addition, we demonstrate functions for plexinD1 in post-natal retinal vasculogenesis and adult angiogenesis through the use of inducible cre-mediated deletion. These results demonstrate an important role for PlexinD1 in embryonic and adult vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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