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Guimarães GC, Coelho JBC, Silva JGO, de Sant'Ana ACC, de Sá CAC, Moreno JM, Reis LM, de Oliveira Guimarães CS. Obesity, diabetes and risk of bone fragility: How BMAT behavior is affected by metabolic disturbances and its influence on bone health. Osteoporos Int 2024; 35:575-588. [PMID: 38055051 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone strength and mass, which predisposes patients to fractures and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Like osteoporosis, obesity and diabetes are systemic metabolic diseases associated with modifiable risk factors and lifestyle, and their prevalence is increasing. They are related to decreased quality of life, functional loss and increased mortality, generating high costs for health systems and representing a worldwide public health problem. Growing evidence reinforces the role of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) as an influential factor in the bone microenvironment and systemic metabolism. Given the impact of obesity and diabetes on metabolism and their possible effect on the bone microenvironment, changes in BMAT behavior may explain the risk of developing osteoporosis in the presence of these comorbidities. METHODS This study reviewed the scientific literature on the behavior of BMAT in pathological metabolic conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, and its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of bone fragility. RESULTS Published data strongly suggest a relationship between increased BMAT adiposity and the risk of bone fragility in the context of obesity and diabetes. CONCLUSION By secreting a broad range of factors, BMAT modulates the bone microenvironment and metabolism, ultimately affecting skeletal health. A better understanding of the relationship between BMAT expansion and metabolic disturbances observed in diabetic and obese patients will help to identify regulatory pathways and new targets for the treatment of bone-related diseases, with BMAT as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Bosco Costa Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Júlia Marques Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Marçal Reis
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Souza de Oliveira Guimarães
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Câmpus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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Kaviarasan V, Deka D, Balaji D, Pathak S, Banerjee A. Signaling Pathways in Trans-differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Recent Advances. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2736:207-223. [PMID: 37140811 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2023_478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are a group of multipotent cells that can be induced to differentiate into other cell types. The cells fate is decided by various signaling pathways, growth factors, and transcription factors in differentiation. The proper coordination of these factors will result in cell specification. MSCs are capable of being differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Different conditions induces the MSCs into particular phenotypes. The MSC trans-differentiation ensues as a response to environmental factors or due to circumstances that prove to favor trans-differentiation. Depending on the stage at which they are expressed, and the genetic alterations they undergo prior to their expression, transcription factors can accelerate the process of trans-differentiation. Further research has been conducted on the challenging aspect of MSCs being developed into non-mesenchymal lineage. The cells that are differentiated in this way maintain their stability even after being induced in animals. The recent advancements in the trans-differentiation capacities of MSCs on induction with chemicals, growth inducers, improved differentiation mediums, growth factors from plant extracts, and electrical stimulation are discussed in this paper. Signaling pathways have a great effect on MSCs trans-differentiation and they need to be better understood for their applications in therapeutic techniques. So, this paper tends to review the major signaling pathways that play a vital role in the trans-differentiation of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishak Kaviarasan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Dikshita Deka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Darshini Balaji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India.
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Nakayama M, Okada H, Seki M, Suzuki Y, Chung UI, Ohba S, Hojo H. Single-cell RNA sequencing unravels heterogeneity of skeletal progenitors and cell–cell interactions underlying the bone repair process. Regen Ther 2022; 21:9-18. [PMID: 35619947 PMCID: PMC9127115 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Activation of skeletal progenitors upon tissue injury and the subsequent cell fate specification are tightly coordinated in the bone repair process. Although known osteoimmunological signaling networks play important roles in the microenvironment of the bone defect sites, the molecular mechanism underlying the bone repair process has not been fully understood. Methods To better understand the behavior of the skeletal progenitors and the heterogeneity of the cells during bone repair at the microenvironmental level, we performed a combinatorial analysis consisting of lineage tracing for skeletal progenitors using the Sox9-CreERT2;R26RtdTomato mouse line followed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis using a mouse model of calvarial bone repair. To identify a therapeutic target for bone regeneration, further computational analysis was performed focusing on the identification of the cell–cell interactions, followed by pharmacological assessments with a critical-size calvarial bone defect mouse model. Results Lineage tracing analysis showed that skeletal progenitors marked by Sox9 were activated upon bone injury and contributed to bone repair by differentiating into osteoblasts. The scRNA-seq analysis characterized heterogeneous cell populations at the bone defect sites; the computational analysis predicted a bifurcated lineage from skeletal progenitors toward osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Chemokine C–C motif ligand 9 (Ccl9) was identified as a signaling molecule that regulates bone regeneration in the mouse model, possibly through the regulation of adipogenic differentiation at the bone defect site. Conclusion Multipotential skeletal progenitors and the direction of the cell differentiation were characterized at single cell resolution in a mouse bone repair model. The Ccl9 signaling pathway may be a key factor directing osteogenesis from the progenitors in the model and may be a therapeutic target for bone regeneration. Sox9-positive skeletal progenitors contributed to the calvaria bone repair process. scRNA-seq analysis revealed a heterogeneous cell population at bone defect sites. Skeletal progenitors had a bifurcated lineages of osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Ccl9 was identified as an important signaling molecule regulating bone regeneration.
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Lin T, Pajarinen J, Kohno Y, Nabeshima A, Lu L, Nathan K, Yao Z, Wu JY, Goodman S. Increased NF-kB activity in osteoprogenitor-lineage cells impairs the balance of bone versus fat in the marrow of skeletally mature mice. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 6:69-77. [PMID: 32377560 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
"Senile osteoporosis" is defined as significant aging-associated bone loss, and is accompanied by increased fat in the bone marrow. The proportion of adipocytes in bone marrow is inversely correlated with bone formation, and is associated with increased risk of fracture. NF-κB is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of inflammation and bone remodeling. NF-κB activity increases during aging; furthermore, constitutive activation of NF-κB significantly impairs skeletal development in neonatal mice. However, the effects of NF-κB activation using a skeletally mature animal model have not been examined. In the current study, an osteoprogenitor (OP)-specific, doxycycline-regulated NF-κB activated transgenic mouse model (iNF-κB/OP) was generated to investigate the role of NF-κB in bone remodeling in skeletally mature mice. Reduced osteogenesis in the OP-lineage cells isolated from iNF-κB/OP mice was only observed in the absence of doxycycline in vitro. Bone mineral density in the metaphyseal regions of femurs and tibias was reduced in iNF-κB/OP mice. No significant differences in bone volume fraction and cortical bone thickness were observed. Osmium-stained bone marrow fat was increased in epiphyseal and metaphyseal areas in the tibias of iNF-κB/OP mice. These findings suggest that targeting NF-κB activity as a therapeutic strategy may improve bone healing and prevent aging-associated bone loss in aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzuhua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yusuke Kohno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Akira Nabeshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karthik Nathan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Dvision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Simann M, Le Blanc S, Schneider V, Zehe V, Lüdemann M, Schütze N, Jakob F, Schilling T. Canonical FGFs Prevent Osteogenic Lineage Commitment and Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Via ERK1/2 Signaling. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:263-275. [PMID: 27305863 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the adipo-osteogenic lineage decision of trabecular human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) in favor of osteogenesis represents a promising approach for osteoporosis therapy and prevention. Previously, Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 (FGF1) and its subfamily member FGF2 were scored as leading candidates to exercise control over skeletal precursor commitment and lineage decision albeit literature results are highly inconsistent. We show here that FGF1 and 2 strongly prevent the osteogenic commitment and differentiation of hBMSCs. Mineralization of extracellular matrix (ECM) and mRNA expression of osteogenic marker genes Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Collagen 1A1 (COL1A1), and Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein (IBSP) were significantly reduced. Furthermore, master regulators of osteogenic commitment like Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) were downregulated. When administered under adipogenic culture conditions, canonical FGFs did not support osteogenic marker expression. Moreover despite the presence of osteogenic differentiation factors, FGFs even disabled the pro-osteogenic lineage decision of pre-differentiated adipocytic cells. In contrast to FGF Receptor 2 (FGFR2), FGFR1 was stably expressed throughout osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and FGF addition. Moreover, FGFR1 and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) were found to be responsible for underlying signal transduction using respective inhibitors. Taken together, we present new findings indicating that canonical FGFR-ERK1/2 signaling entrapped hBMSCs in a pre-committed state and arrested further maturation of committed precursors. Our results might aid in unraveling and controlling check points relevant for ageing-associated aberrant adipogenesis with consequences for the treatment of degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and for skeletal tissue engineering strategies. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 263-275, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Simann
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Solange Le Blanc
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Schneider
- Chair Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viola Zehe
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lüdemann
- Orthopedic Department König-Ludwig-Haus, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Schütze
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schilling
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Greco EA, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S. The pathophysiological basis of bone tissue alterations associated with eating disorders. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 28:121-132. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are two major eating disorders present nowadays in Western countries. They are both characterized by striking body composition variations and hormonal alterations, which impact on skeletal metabolism, inducing bone tissue modifications and, thus, often cause an increased risk for fractures. AN and obesity are characterized by a severe reduction in fat mass and a high expression of it, respectively, and in both conditions hormones secreted or modulated by body fat content are important determinants of low bone density, impaired bone structure and reduced bone strength. In addition, in both AN and obesity, increased marrow adiposity, which correlates with low bone density, has been observed. This review will discuss the pathophysiological basis of bone alterations associated with AN and obesity, conditions of extreme energy deficiency and excess, respectively.
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Tencerova M, Kassem M. The Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells: Commitment and Regulation of Adipogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27708616 PMCID: PMC5030474 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment represents an important compartment of bone that regulates bone homeostasis and the balance between bone formation and bone resorption depending on the physiological needs of the organism. Abnormalities of BM microenvironmental dynamics can lead to metabolic bone diseases. BM stromal cells (also known as skeletal or mesenchymal stem cells) [bone marrow stromal stem cell (BMSC)] are multipotent stem cells located within BM stroma and give rise to osteoblasts and adipocytes. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms of BMSC lineage commitment to adipocytic lineage and regulation of BM adipocyte formation are not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss recent findings pertaining to identification and characterization of adipocyte progenitor cells in BM and the regulation of differentiation into mature adipocytes. We have also emphasized the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tencerova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Michaela Tencerova,
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Odense, Denmark
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
During the last decades, obesity and osteoporosis have become important global health problems, and the belief that obesity is protective against osteoporosis has recently come into question. In fact, some recent epidemiologic and clinical studies have shown that a high level of fat mass might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the complex relationship between adipose tissue and bone. Indeed, adipose tissue secretes various molecules, named adipokines, which are thought to have effects on metabolic, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, fat tissue is one of the major sources of aromatase, an enzyme that synthesizes estrogens from androgen precursors, hormones that play a pivotal role in the maintenance of skeletal homeostasis, protecting against osteoporosis. Moreover, bone cells express several specific hormone receptors and recent observations have shown that bone-derived factors, such as osteocalcin and osteopontin, affect body weight control and glucose homeostasis. Thus, the skeleton is considered an endocrine target organ and an endocrine organ itself, likely influencing other organs as well. Finally, adipocytes and osteoblasts originate from a common progenitor, a pluripotential mesenchymal stem cell, which has an equal propensity for differentiation into adipocytes or osteoblasts (or other lines) under the influence of several cell-derived transcription factors. This review will highlight recent insights into the relationship between fat and bone, evaluating both potential positive and negative influences between adipose and bone tissue. It will also focus on the hypothesis that osteoporosis might be considered the obesity of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela A. Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, ‘Foro Italico’ University of Rome, Largo Lauro De Bosis 15, 00195 Rome, Italy
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Le Blanc S, Simann M, Jakob F, Schütze N, Schilling T. Fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 inhibit adipogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells in 3D collagen gels. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:136-48. [PMID: 26384550 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) are the common progenitors of osteoblasts and adipocytes. A shift in hBMSC differentiation in favor of adipogenesis may contribute to the bone loss and marrow fat accumulation observed in aging and osteoporosis. Hence, the identification of factors modulating marrow adipogenesis is of great therapeutic interest. Fibroblast growth factors 1 (FGF1) and 2 (FGF2) play important roles in several cellular processes including differentiation. Their role in adipogenesis is, however, still unclear given the contradictory reports found in the literature. In this work, we investigated the effect of FGF signaling on hBMSC adipogenesis in a 3D collagen gel system to mimic the natural microenvironment. We successfully established adipogenic differentiation of hBMSC embedded in type I collagen gels. We found that exogenous FGF1 and FGF2 exerted an inhibitory effect on lipid droplet accumulation and gene expression of adipogenic markers, which was abolished by pharmacological blocking of FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling. FGF treatment also affected the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), altering the MMP/TIMP balance, which modulates collagen processing and turnover. FGF1- and FGF2-mediated inhibition of differentiation was, however, not restricted to adipogenesis since FGF1 and FGF2 treatment also resulted in the inhibition of the osteogenic differentiation in collagen gels. We conclude that FGFR signaling inhibits the in vitro adipogenic commitment of hBMSCs, downregulating core differentiation markers and altering ECM composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Le Blanc
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Meike Simann
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Norbert Schütze
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Schilling
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Orthopedic Department, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Simann M, Schneider V, Le Blanc S, Dotterweich J, Zehe V, Krug M, Jakob F, Schilling T, Schütze N. Heparin affects human bone marrow stromal cell fate: Promoting osteogenic and reducing adipogenic differentiation and conversion. Bone 2015; 78:102-13. [PMID: 25959412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heparins are broadly used for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis and embolism. Yet, osteoporosis is considered to be a severe side effect in up to one third of all patients on long-term treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying this clinical problem are only partially understood. To investigate if heparin affects differentiation of skeletal precursors, we examined the effects of heparin on the osteogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment and differentiation of primary human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). Due to the known inverse relationship between adipogenesis and osteogenesis and the capacity of pre-differentiated cells to convert into the respective other lineage, we also determined heparin effects on osteogenic conversion and adipogenic differentiation/conversion. Interestingly, heparin did not only significantly increase mRNA expression and enzyme activity of the osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP), but it also promoted mineralization during osteogenic differentiation and conversion. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the osteogenic marker bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) was enhanced. In addition, heparin administration partly prevented adipogenic differentiation and conversion demonstrated by reduced lipid droplet formation along with a decreased expression of adipogenic markers. Moreover, luciferase reporter assays, inhibitor experiments and gene expression analyses revealed that heparin had putative permissive effects on osteogenic signaling via the BMP pathway and reduced the mRNA expression of the Wnt pathway inhibitors dickkopf 1 (DKK1) and sclerostin (SOST). Taken together, our data show a rather supportive than inhibitory effect of heparin on osteogenic hBMSC differentiation and conversion in vitro. Further studies will have to investigate the net effects of heparin administration on bone formation versus bone resorption in vivo to unravel the molecular mechanisms of heparin-associated osteoporosis and reconcile conflicting experimental data with clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Simann
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Verena Schneider
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Solange Le Blanc
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Dotterweich
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viola Zehe
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Krug
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schilling
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Schütze
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Steinert AF, Kunz M, Prager P, Göbel S, Klein-Hitpass L, Ebert R, Nöth U, Jakob F, Gohlke F. Characterization of bursa subacromialis-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:114. [PMID: 26036250 PMCID: PMC4479225 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The bursa subacromialis (BS) provides the gliding mechanism of the shoulder and regenerates itself after surgical removal. Therefore, we explored the presence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within the human adult BS tissue and characterized the BS cells compared to MSCs from bone marrow (BMSCs) on a molecular level. Methods BS cells were isolated by collagenase digest from BS tissues derived from patients with degenerative rotator cuff tears, and BMSCs were recovered by adherent culture from bone-marrow of patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. BS cells and BMSCs were compared upon their potential to proliferate and differentiate along chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages under specific culture conditions. Expression profiles of markers associated with mesenchymal phenotypes were comparatively evaluated by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and whole genome array analyses. Results BS cells and BMSCs appeared mainly fibroblastic and revealed almost similar surface antigen expression profiles, which was CD44+, CD73+, CD90+, CD105+, CD106+, STRO-1+, CD14−, CD31−, CD34−, CD45−, CD144−. Array analyses revealed 1969 genes upregulated and 1184 genes downregulated in BS cells vs. BMSCs, indicating a high level of transcriptome similarity. After 3 weeks of differentiation culture, BS cells and BMSCs showed a similar strong chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic potential, as shown by histological, immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analyses in contrast to the respective negative controls. Conclusions Our in vitro characterizations show that BS cells fulfill all characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells, and therefore merit further attention for the development of improved therapies for various shoulder pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre F Steinert
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Manuela Kunz
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Prager
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Göbel
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Center for Medical Biotechnology, BioChip Laboratory, Essen, Germany.
| | - Regina Ebert
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Nöth
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Franz Jakob
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Frank Gohlke
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Orthopaedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, D - 97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Present address: Klinik für Schulterchirurgie, Rhön Klinikum AG, Bad Neustadt/Saale, Germany.
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Gao B, Huang Q, Lin YS, Wei BY, Guo YS, Sun Z, Wang L, Fan J, Zhang HY, Han YH, Li XJ, Shi J, Liu J, Yang L, Luo ZJ. Dose-dependent effect of estrogen suppresses the osteo-adipogenic transdifferentiation of osteoblasts via canonical Wnt signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99137. [PMID: 24918446 PMCID: PMC4053448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat infiltration within marrow cavity is one of multitudinous features of estrogen deficiency, which leads to a decline in bone formation functionality. The origin of this fat is unclear, but one possibility is that it is derived from osteoblasts, which transdifferentiate into adipocytes that produce bone marrow fat. We examined the dose-dependent effect of 17β-estradiol on the ability of MC3T3-E1 cells and murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC)-derived osteoblasts to undergo osteo-adipogenic transdifferentiation. We found that 17β-estradiol significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity (P<0.05); calcium deposition; and Alp, Col1a1, Runx2, and Ocn expression levels dose-dependently. By contrast, 17β-estradiol significantly decreased the number and size of lipid droplets, and Fabp4 and PPARγ expression levels during osteo-adipogenic transdifferentiation (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of brown adipocyte markers (Myf5, Elovl3, and Cidea) and undifferentiated adipocyte markers (Dlk1, Gata2, and Wnt10b) were also affected by 17β-estradiol during osteo-adipogenic transdifferentiation. Western blotting and immunostaining further showed that canonical Wnt signaling can be activated by estrogen to exert its inhibitory effect of osteo-adipogenesis. This is the first study to demonstrate the dose-dependent effect of 17β-estradiol on the osteo-adipogenic transdifferentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and BMMSCs likely via canonical Wnt signaling. In summary, our results indicate that osteo-adipogenic transdifferentiation modulated by canonical Wnt signaling pathway in bone metabolism may be a new explanation for the gradually increased bone marrow fat in estrogen-inefficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Shui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo-Yuan Wei
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Shan Guo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Hu Han
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Shi
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZJL); (LY); (JL)
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZJL); (LY); (JL)
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZJL); (LY); (JL)
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Dong R, Du J, Wang L, Wang J, Ding G, Wang S, Fan Z. Comparison of long noncoding RNA and mRNA expression profiles in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human periodontal ligament and bone marrow. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:317853. [PMID: 24790996 PMCID: PMC3985196 DOI: 10.1155/2014/317853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different anatomic locations possess diverse biological activities. Maintaining the pluripotent state and differentiation depend on the expression and regulation of thousands of genes, but it remains unclear which molecular mechanisms underlie MSC diversity. Thus, potential MSC applications are restricted. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the complex molecular circuitry of cellular processes. We investigated differences in lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles between bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) with lncRNA microarray assays and bioinformatics analysis. In PDLSCs, numerous lncRNAs were significantly upregulated (n = 457) or downregulated (n = 513) compared to BMSCs. Furthermore, 1,578 mRNAs were differentially expressed. These genes implicated cellular pathways that may be associated with MSC characteristics, including apoptosis, MAPK, cell cycle, and Wnt signaling pathway. Signal-net analysis indicated that phospholipase C beta 4, filamin B beta, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma, and the ionotropic glutamate receptor, AMPA 1, had the highest betweenness centrality among significant genes in the differential gene profile network. A comparison between the coding-noncoding gene coexpression networks of PDLSCs and BMSCs identified chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 as a core regulatory factor in MSC biology. These results provided insight into the mechanisms underlying MSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang Medical University, No. 4138 Linglong Mountain South Road, Qinzhou 262500, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
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Sadkowski T, Ciecierska A, Majewska A, Oprządek J, Dasiewicz K, Ollik M, Wicik Z, Motyl T. Transcriptional background of beef marbling - novel genes implicated in intramuscular fat deposition. Meat Sci 2014; 97:32-41. [PMID: 24491505 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify novel marbling-related genes by comparison of the global gene expression in semitendinosus muscle of 15-month-old Limousin (LIM), Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Hereford (HER) bulls. Muscle of LIM was lean with low intramuscular fat (IMF) content (0.53%) unlike the marbled muscles of HER and HF characterized by higher amounts of IMF (1.10 and 0.81%, respectively). The comparison of muscle transcriptional profile between marbled and lean beef revealed significant differences in expression of 144 genes, presumably involved in consecutive stages of adipose tissue development, such as preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, adipocyte maturation, lipid filling and lipid metabolism leading to increased IMF deposition and marbling development. Correlation coefficients and regression analysis for nine of them (gadd45a, pias3, ccrn4l, diras3, pou5f1, hoxa9, atp2a2 and pim1) validated by real-time qPCR confirmed their moderate-high correlation with IMF% and explained up to 70.5% of the total variability in IMF deposition in the bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sadkowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Ciecierska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Majewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Oprządek
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - K Dasiewicz
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Ollik
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Z Wicik
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Motyl
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Schilling T, Ebert R, Raaijmakers N, Schütze N, Jakob F. Effects of phytoestrogens and other plant-derived compounds on mesenchymal stem cells, bone maintenance and regeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:252-61. [PMID: 23262262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens and other plant-derived compounds and extracts have been developed for the treatment of menopause-related complaints and disorders, e.g. hot flushes and osteoporosis. Since estrogens have been discussed to enhance the risk for hormone-sensitive cancers, research activities try to find alternatives. Phytoestrogens like genistein and resveratrol as well as other plant-derived compounds are capable of substituting for estrogens to some extent. Their effects on mesenchymal stem cells and the tissues derived therefrom have been investigated in vitro and in preclinical settings. Besides their well-known estrogenic, i.e. mainly antiresorptive effects on bone via estrogen receptor (ER) signalling, they also directly or indirectly affect osteogenic and adipogenic pathways. As a novel mechanism, phytoestrogens and plant-derived saponins and flavonoids like kaempferol and xanthohumol have been described to reciprocally affect the osteogenic versus the adipogenic differentiation pathway. Both, ER-mediated and other pathways mediate a shift towards osteogenesis by inhibiting PPARγ and C/EBPα, the key adipogenic transcription factors (TFs), while stimulating the key osteogenic TFs Runx2 and Sp7. Besides ER signalling, the broad spectrum of molecular mechanisms supporting osteogenesis comprises the modulation of PPARγ, Wnt/β-catenin, and Sirt1 signalling, which inversely influence the transcription or transactivation of osteogenic versus adipogenic TFs. Preventing the age- and hormone deficiency-related shift towards adipogenesis without provoking adverse estrogenic effects represents a very promising strategy for treating bone loss and other metabolic diseases beyond bone. Research on plant-derived compounds will have to be pursued in vitro as well as in preclinical studies and controlled clinical trials in humans are urgently needed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Schilling
- University of Würzburg, Orthopaedic Department, Orthopaedic Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Kohler J, Popov C, Klotz B, Alberton P, Prall WC, Haasters F, Müller‐Deubert S, Ebert R, Klein‐Hitpass L, Jakob F, Schieker M, Docheva D. Uncovering the cellular and molecular changes in tendon stem/progenitor cells attributed to tendon aging and degeneration. Aging Cell 2013; 12:988-99. [PMID: 23826660 PMCID: PMC4225469 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the link between altered stem cell properties and tissue aging has been recognized, the molecular and cellular processes of tendon aging have not been elucidated. As tendons contain stem/progenitor cells (TSPC), we investigated whether the molecular and cellular attributes of TSPC alter during tendon aging and degeneration. Comparing TSPC derived from young/healthy (Y-TSPC) and aged/degenerated human Achilles tendon biopsies (A-TSPC), we observed that A-TSPC exhibit a profound self-renewal and clonogenic deficits, while their multipotency was still retained. Senescence analysis showed a premature entry into senescence of the A-TSPC, a finding accompanied by an upregulation of p16INK4A. To identify age-related molecular factors, we performed microarray and gene ontology analyses. These analyses revealed an intriguing transcriptomal shift in A-TSPC, where the most differentially expressed probesets encode for genes regulating cell adhesion, migration, and actin cytoskeleton. Time-lapse analysis showed that A-TSPC exhibit decelerated motion and delayed wound closure concomitant to a higher actin stress fiber content and a slower turnover of actin filaments. Lastly, based on the expression analyses of microarray candidates, we suggest that dysregulated cell–matrix interactions and the ROCK kinase pathway might be key players in TSPC aging. Taken together, we propose that during tendon aging and degeneration, the TSPC pool is becoming exhausted in terms of size and functional fitness. Thus, our study provides the first fundamental basis for further exploration into the molecular mechanisms behind tendon aging and degeneration as well as for the selection of novel tendon-specific therapeutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kohler
- Department of Surgery Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Nussbaumstr. 2080336Munich Germany
| | - Cvetan Popov
- Department of Surgery Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Nussbaumstr. 2080336Munich Germany
| | - Barbara Klotz
- Orthopedic Centre for Musculoskeletal Research Julius Maximilians University Brettreichstr. 11 97074 Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Paolo Alberton
- Department of Surgery Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Nussbaumstr. 2080336Munich Germany
| | - Wolf Christian Prall
- Department of Surgery Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Nussbaumstr. 2080336Munich Germany
| | - Florian Haasters
- Department of Surgery Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Nussbaumstr. 2080336Munich Germany
| | - Sigrid Müller‐Deubert
- Orthopedic Centre for Musculoskeletal Research Julius Maximilians University Brettreichstr. 11 97074 Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Centre for Musculoskeletal Research Julius Maximilians University Brettreichstr. 11 97074 Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Ludger Klein‐Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research) Medical Faculty University of Duisburg‐Essen Virchowstr. 173 45122 Essen Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Centre for Musculoskeletal Research Julius Maximilians University Brettreichstr. 11 97074 Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Schieker
- Department of Surgery Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Nussbaumstr. 2080336Munich Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Department of Surgery Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Nussbaumstr. 2080336Munich Germany
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Ullah M, Stich S, Häupl T, Eucker J, Sittinger M, Ringe J. Reverse differentiation as a gene filtering tool in genome expression profiling of adipogenesis for fat marker gene selection and their analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69754. [PMID: 23922792 PMCID: PMC3724870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) conversion into adipocytes, the adipogenic cocktail consisting of insulin, dexamethasone, indomethacin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine not only induces adipogenic-specific but also genes for non-adipogenic processes. Therefore, not all significantly expressed genes represent adipogenic-specific marker genes. So, our aim was to filter only adipogenic-specific out of all expressed genes. We hypothesize that exclusively adipogenic-specific genes change their expression during adipogenesis, and reverse during dedifferentiation. Thus, MSC were adipogenic differentiated and dedifferentiated. RESULTS Adipogenesis and reverse adipogenesis was verified by Oil Red O staining and expression of PPARG and FABP4. Based on GeneChips, 991 genes were differentially expressed during adipogenesis and grouped in 4 clusters. According to bioinformatic analysis the relevance of genes with adipogenic-linked biological annotations, expression sites, molecular functions, signaling pathways and transcription factor binding sites was high in cluster 1, including all prominent adipogenic genes like ADIPOQ, C/EBPA, LPL, PPARG and FABP4, moderate in clusters 2-3, and negligible in cluster 4. During reversed adipogenesis, only 782 expressed genes (clusters 1-3) were reverted, including 597 genes not reported for adipogenesis before. We identified APCDD1, CHI3L1, RARRES1 and SEMA3G as potential adipogenic-specific genes. CONCLUSION The model system of adipogenesis linked to reverse adipogenesis allowed the filtration of 782 adipogenic-specific genes out of total 991 significantly expressed genes. Database analysis of adipogenic-specific biological annotations, transcription factors and signaling pathways further validated and valued our concept, because most of the filtered 782 genes showed affiliation to adipogenesis. Based on this approach, the selected and filtered genes would be potentially important for characterization of adipogenesis and monitoring of clinical translation for soft-tissue regeneration. Moreover, we report 4 new marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujib Ullah
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Stich
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Eucker
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory & Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Extracellular matrix of adipogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells reveals a network of collagen filaments, mostly interwoven by hexagonal structural units. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:452-65. [PMID: 23851162 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is the non-cellular component of tissues, which not only provides biological shelter but also takes part in the cellular decisions for diverse functions. Every tissue has an ECM with unique composition and topology that governs the process of determination, differentiation, proliferation, migration and regeneration of cells. Little is known about the structural organization of matrix especially of MSC-derived adipogenic ECM. Here, we particularly focus on the composition and architecture of the fat ECM to understand the cellular behavior on functional bases. Thus, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were adipogenically differentiated, then, were transferred to adipogenic propagation medium, whereas they started the release of lipid droplets leaving bare network of ECM. Microarray analysis was performed, to indentify the molecular machinery of matrix. Adipogenesis was verified by Oil Red O staining of lipid droplets and by qPCR of adipogenic marker genes PPARG and FABP4. Antibody staining demonstrated the presence of collagen type I, II and IV filaments, while alkaline phosphatase activity verified the ossified nature of these filaments. In the adipogenic matrix, the hexagonal structures were abundant followed by octagonal structures, whereas they interwoven in a crisscross manner. Regarding molecular machinery of adipogenic ECM, the bioinformatics analysis revealed the upregulated expression of COL4A1, ITGA7, ITGA7, SDC2, ICAM3, ADAMTS9, TIMP4, GPC1, GPC4 and downregulated expression of COL14A1, ADAMTS5, TIMP2, TIMP3, BGN, LAMA3, ITGA2, ITGA4, ITGB1, ITGB8, CLDN11. Moreover, genes associated with integrins, glycoproteins, laminins, fibronectins, cadherins, selectins and linked signaling pathways were found. Knowledge of the interactive-language between cells and matrix could be beneficial for the artificial designing of biomaterials and bioscaffolds.
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19
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Sundelacruz S, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Depolarization alters phenotype, maintains plasticity of predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1889-908. [PMID: 23738690 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0425.rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adult stem cell transplantation has been implemented as a therapy for tissue repair, it is limited by the availability of functional adult stem cells. A potential approach to generate stem and progenitor cells may be to modulate the differentiated status of somatic cells. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of how the differentiated phenotype of mature cells is regulated. We hypothesize that bioelectric signaling plays an important role in the maintenance of the differentiated state, as it is a functional regulator of the differentiation process in various cells and tissues. In this study, we asked whether the mature phenotype of osteoblasts and adipocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) could be altered by modulation of their membrane potential. hMSC-derived osteoblasts and adipocytes were depolarized by treatment with ouabain, a Na(+)/K(+) ATPase inhibitor, or by treatment with high concentrations of extracellular K(+). To characterize the effect of voltage modulation on the differentiated state, the depolarized cells were evaluated for (1) the loss of differentiation markers; (2) the up-regulation of stemness markers and stem properties; and (3) differences in gene expression profiles in response to voltage modulation. hMSC-derived osteoblasts and adipocytes exhibited significant down-regulation of bone and fat tissue markers in response to depolarization, despite the presence of differentiation-inducing soluble factors, suggesting that bioelectric signaling overrides biochemical signaling in the maintenance of cell state. Suppression of the osteoblast or adipocyte phenotype was not accompanied by up-regulation of genes associated with the stem state. Thus, depolarization does not activate the stem cell genetic signature and, therefore, does not induce a full reprogramming event. However, after transdifferentiating the depolarized cells to evaluate for multi-lineage potential, depolarized osteoblasts demonstrated improved ability to achieve correct adipocyte morphology compared with nondepolarized osteoblasts. The present study thus demonstrates that depolarization reduces the differentiated phenotype of hMSC-derived cells and improves their transdifferentiation capacity, but does not restore a stem-like genetic profile. Through global transcript profiling of depolarized osteoblasts, we identified pathways that may mediate the effects of voltage signaling on cell state, which will require a detailed mechanistic inquiry in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sundelacruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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21
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Seo MS, Hwang KG, Kim H, Baek SH. Analysis of gene expression during odontogenic differentiation of cultured human dental pulp cells. Restor Dent Endod 2013; 37:142-8. [PMID: 23431118 PMCID: PMC3569398 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2012.37.3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analyzed gene-expression profiles after 14 day odontogenic induction of human dental pulp cells (DPCs) using a DNA microarray and sought candidate genes possibly associated with mineralization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Induced human dental pulp cells were obtained by culturing DPCs in odontogenic induction medium (OM) for 14 day. Cells exposed to normal culture medium were used as controls. Total RNA was extracted from cells and analyzed by microarray analysis and the key results were confirmed selectively by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We also performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the microarray data. RESULTS Six hundred and five genes among the 47,320 probes on the BeadChip differed by a factor of more than two-fold in the induced cells. Of these, 217 genes were upregulated, and 388 were down-regulated. GSEA revealed that in the induced cells, genes implicated in Apoptosis and Signaling by wingless MMTV integration (Wnt) were significantly upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Genes implicated in Apoptosis and Signaling by Wnt are highly connected to the differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seock Seo
- Department of Dentistry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Seo KW, Roh KH, Bhandari DR, Park SB, Lee SK, Kang KS. ZNF281 knockdown induced osteogenic differentiation of human multipotent stem cells in vivo and in vitro. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:29-40. [PMID: 22963690 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x654948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ZNF281 is one of the core transcription factors in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and has activation and repression roles in the transcription of ESC genes. A known target molecule of Zfp281 (the mouse homologue of ZNF281) is Nanog. However, NANOG is not expressed in most human multipotent stem cells (hMSCs). Here, we investigated the roles of ZNF281 with a gain- and loss-of-function study. The knockdown of ZNF281 in vivo and in vitro resulted in spontaneous osteochondrogenic differentiation and reduced the proliferation of hMSCs, as determined by cell morphology and molecular markers. When ZNF281-knockdown hMSCs were subcutaneously implanted into mice along with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), many cells were converted into osteoblasts within 4 weeks. In contrast, the overexpression of ZNF281 in hMSCs resulted in accelerated proliferation. The expression pattern of ZNF281 correlated well with the expression of β-CATENIN during differentiation and in the gain/loss-of-function study in hMSCs. The binding of ZNF281 to the promoter region of β-CATENIN was observed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. In conclusion, we propose that ZNF281 plays an important role in the maintenance and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells via the transcriptional regulation of genes including β-CATENIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Won Seo
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Berendsen AD, Jia S, Lotinun S, Baron R, Ferrara N, Olsen BR. Intracellular VEGF regulates the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3101-13. [PMID: 22886301 DOI: 10.1172/jci61209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporotic bones have reduced spongy bone mass, altered bone architecture, and increased marrow fat. Bone marrow stem cells from osteoporotic patients are more likely to differentiate into adipocytes than control cells, suggesting that adipocyte differentiation may play a role in osteoporosis. VEGF is highly expressed in osteoblastic precursor cells and is known to stimulate bone formation. Here we tested the hypothesis that VEGF is also an important regulator of cell fate, determining whether differentiation gives rise to osteoblasts or adipocytes. Mice with conditional VEGF deficiency in osteoblastic precursor cells exhibited an osteoporosis-like phenotype characterized by reduced bone mass and increased bone marrow fat. In addition, reduced VEGF expression in mesenchymal stem cells resulted in reduced osteoblast and increased adipocyte differentiation. Osteoblast differentiation was reduced when VEGF receptor 1 or 2 was knocked down but was unaffected by treatment with recombinant VEGF or neutralizing antibodies against VEGF. Our results suggested that VEGF controls differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells by regulating the transcription factors RUNX2 and PPARγ2 as well as through a reciprocal interaction with nuclear envelope proteins lamin A/C. Importantly, our data support a model whereby VEGF regulates differentiation through an intracrine mechanism that is distinct from the role of secreted VEGF and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Jakob F, Ebert R, Rudert M, Nöth U, Walles H, Docheva D, Schieker M, Meinel L, Groll J. In situ guided tissue regeneration in musculoskeletal diseases and aging : Implementing pathology into tailored tissue engineering strategies. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:725-35. [PMID: 22011785 PMCID: PMC3306563 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In situ guided tissue regeneration, also addressed as in situ tissue engineering or endogenous regeneration, has a great potential for population-wide "minimal invasive" applications. During the last two decades, tissue engineering has been developed with remarkable in vitro and preclinical success but still the number of applications in clinical routine is extremely small. Moreover, the vision of population-wide applications of ex vivo tissue engineered constructs based on cells, growth and differentiation factors and scaffolds, must probably be deemed unrealistic for economic and regulation-related issues. Hence, the progress made in this respect will be mostly applicable to a fraction of post-traumatic or post-surgery situations such as big tissue defects due to tumor manifestation. Minimally invasive procedures would probably qualify for a broader application and ideally would only require off the shelf standardized products without cells. Such products should mimic the microenvironment of regenerating tissues and make use of the endogenous tissue regeneration capacities. Functionally, the chemotaxis of regenerative cells, their amplification as a transient amplifying pool and their concerted differentiation and remodeling should be addressed. This is especially important because the main target populations for such applications are the elderly and diseased. The quality of regenerative cells is impaired in such organisms and high levels of inhibitors also interfere with regeneration and healing. In metabolic bone diseases like osteoporosis, it is already known that antagonists for inhibitors such as activin and sclerostin enhance bone formation. Implementing such strategies into applications for in situ guided tissue regeneration should greatly enhance the efficacy of tailored procedures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nöth
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 20, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Matthias Schieker
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 20, D-80336 München, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Chair for Pharmaceutical Technology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department and Chair of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Pleicherwall 2, D-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
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The balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in bone regeneration by platelet-rich plasma for age-related osteoporosis. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6773-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim SH, Kim YS, Lee SY, Kim KH, Lee YM, Kim WK, Lee YK. Gene expression profile in mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues and bone marrow. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2011; 41:192-200. [PMID: 21954424 PMCID: PMC3175499 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2011.41.4.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to compare the gene expression profile in mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues and bone marrow for characterization of dental stem cells. Methods We employed GeneChip analysis to the expression levels of approximately 32,321 kinds of transcripts in 5 samples of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) (n=1), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) (n=2), and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) (n=2). Each cell was sorted by a FACS Vantage Sorter using immunocytochemical staining of the early mesenchymal stem cell surface marker STRO-1 before the microarray analysis. Results We identified 379 up-regulated and 133 down-regulated transcripts in BMSCs, 68 up-regulated and 64 down-regulated transcripts in PDLSCs, and 218 up-regulated and 231 down-regulated transcripts in DPSCs. In addition, anatomical structure development and anatomical structure morphogenesis gene ontology (GO) terms were over-represented in all three different mesenchymal stem cells and GO terms related to blood vessels, and neurons were over-represented only in DPSCs. Conclusions This study demonstrated the genome-wide gene expression patterns of STRO-1+ mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues and bone marrow. The differences among the expression profiles of BMSCs, PDLSCs, and DPSCs were shown, and 999 candidate genes were found to be definitely up- or down-regulated. In addition, GOstat analyses of regulated gene products provided over-represented GO classes. These data provide a first step for discovering molecules key to the characteristics of dental stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kim
- Department of Periodontics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Pevsner-Fischer M, Levin S, Zipori D. The Origins of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Heterogeneity. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:560-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wilson A, Shehadeh LA, Yu H, Webster KA. Age-related molecular genetic changes of murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:229. [PMID: 20374652 PMCID: PMC2873471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are pluripotent cells, present in the bone marrow and other tissues that can differentiate into cells of all germ layers and may be involved in tissue maintenance and repair in adult organisms. Because of their plasticity and accessibility these cells are also prime candidates for regenerative medicine. The contribution of stem cell aging to organismal aging is under debate and one theory is that reparative processes deteriorate as a consequence of stem cell aging and/or decrease in number. Age has been linked with changes in osteogenic and adipogenic potential of MSCs. Results Here we report on changes in global gene expression of cultured MSCs isolated from the bone marrow of mice at ages 2, 8, and 26-months. Microarray analyses revealed significant changes in the expression of more than 8000 genes with stage-specific changes of multiple differentiation, cell cycle and growth factor genes. Key markers of adipogenesis including lipoprotein lipase, FABP4, and Itm2a displayed age-dependent declines. Expression of the master cell cycle regulators p53 and p21 and growth factors HGF and VEGF also declined significantly at 26 months. These changes were evident despite multiple cell divisions in vitro after bone marrow isolation. Conclusions The results suggest that MSCs are subject to molecular genetic changes during aging that are conserved during passage in culture. These changes may affect the physiological functions and the potential of autologous MSCs for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and the Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Raaijmakers MHGP, Mukherjee S, Guo S, Zhang S, Kobayashi T, Schoonmaker JA, Ebert BL, Al-Shahrour F, Hasserjian RP, Scadden EO, Aung Z, Matza M, Merkenschlager M, Lin C, Rommens JM, Scadden DT. Bone progenitor dysfunction induces myelodysplasia and secondary leukaemia. Nature 2010; 464:852-7. [PMID: 20305640 PMCID: PMC3422863 DOI: 10.1038/nature08851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells contribute to the 'stroma' of most normal and malignant tissues, with specific mesenchymal cells participating in the regulatory niches of stem cells. By examining how mesenchymal osteolineage cells modulate haematopoiesis, here we show that deletion of Dicer1 specifically in mouse osteoprogenitors, but not in mature osteoblasts, disrupts the integrity of haematopoiesis. Myelodysplasia resulted and acute myelogenous leukaemia emerged that had acquired several genetic abnormalities while having intact Dicer1. Examining gene expression altered in osteoprogenitors as a result of Dicer1 deletion showed reduced expression of Sbds, the gene mutated in Schwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome-a human bone marrow failure and leukaemia pre-disposition condition. Deletion of Sbds in mouse osteoprogenitors induced bone marrow dysfunction with myelodysplasia. Therefore, perturbation of specific mesenchymal subsets of stromal cells can disorder differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of heterologous cells, and disrupt tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, primary stromal dysfunction can result in secondary neoplastic disease, supporting the concept of niche-induced oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H G P Raaijmakers
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School CPZN, USA.
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Todoerti K, Lisignoli G, Storti P, Agnelli L, Novara F, Manferdini C, Codeluppi K, Colla S, Crugnola M, Abeltino M, Bolzoni M, Sgobba V, Facchini A, Lambertenghi-Deliliers G, Zuffardi O, Rizzoli V, Neri A, Giuliani N. Distinct transcriptional profiles characterize bone microenvironment mesenchymal cells rather than osteoblasts in relationship with multiple myeloma bone disease. Exp Hematol 2009; 38:141-53. [PMID: 19963035 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by a high incidence of osteolytic bone lesions, which have been previously correlated with the gene expression profiles of MM cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional patterns of cells in the bone microenvironment and their relationships with the presence of osteolysis in MM patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both mesenchymal (MSC) and osteoblastic (OB) cells were isolated directly from bone biopsies of MM patients and controls to perform gene expression profiling by microarrays and real-time polymerase chain reaction on selected bone-related genes. RESULTS We identified a series of upregulated and downregulated genes that were differentially expressed in the MSC cells of osteolytic and nonosteolytic patients. Comparison of the osteolytic and nonosteolytic samples also showed that the MSC cells and OB had distinct transcriptional patterns. No significantly modulated genes were found in the OBs of the osteolytic and nonosteolytic patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the gene expression profiles of cells of the bone microenvironment are different in MM patients and controls, and that MSC cells, but not OBs, have a distinct transcriptional pattern associated with the occurrence of bone lesions in MM patients. These data support the idea that alterations in MSC cells may be involved in MM bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Todoerti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Milano e U.O. Ematologia 1, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Ebert R, Zeck S, Krug R, Meissner-Weigl J, Schneider D, Seefried L, Eulert J, Jakob F. Pulse treatment with zoledronic acid causes sustained commitment of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteogenic differentiation. Bone 2009; 44:858-64. [PMID: 19442618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aminobisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA) is a bone seeking specific inhibitor of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, which causes inhibition of osteoclast function and apoptosis. It is widely used as an osteoclast targeted antiresorptive treatment of metastatic bone disease, Paget's disease and osteoporosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and osteoblast precursors can also be targets of bisphosphonates, but the clinical relevance of these effects is under debate. We show here that ZA in vitro causes inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in hMSC, when applied in concentrations of 20 and 50 microM for more than 24 h which can be rescued by treatment with 10 microM geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). However, pulse stimulation for 3 and 6 h with these concentrations and subsequent culture for up to 2 weeks under osteogenic conditions exerts sustained regulation of osteogenic marker genes in hMSC. The effect on gene regulation translates into marked enhancement of mineralization, as shown by alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase staining after 4 weeks of osteogenic culture. ZA, when applied as a pulse stimulus, might therefore also stimulate osteogenic differentiation in vivo, since muM plasma concentrations can be achieved by intravenous application of 5 mg in patients. These data set the stage for the future dissection of the effects of ZA and other aminobisphosphonates on cells beyond osteoclasts, with respect to cell differentiation in benign metabolic and to antitumor efficacy in metastatic bone diseases, as well as adverse events due to putative substance accumulation in bone during long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Department, Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Ponce ML, Koelling S, Kluever A, Heinemann DEH, Miosge N, Wulf G, Frosch KH, Schütze N, Hufner M, Siggelkow H. Coexpression of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation markers in selected subpopulations of primary human mesenchymal progenitor cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1342-55. [PMID: 18286543 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the basic mechanisms controlling osteogenesis and adipogenesis might provide new insights into the prevention of osteoporosis and age-related osteopenia. With the help of magnetic cell sorting and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), osteoblastic subpopulations of mesenchymal progenitor cells were characterized. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) negative cells expressed low levels of osteoblastic and adipocytic markers. AP positive cells expressed adipocytic markers more strongly than the AP negative cell populations, thus suggesting that committed osteoblasts exhibit a greater adipogenic potential. AP negative cells differentiated to the mature osteoblastic phenotype, as demonstrated by increased AP-activity and osteocalcin secretion under standard osteogenic culture conditions. Surprisingly, this was accompanied by increased expression of adipocytic gene markers such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2, lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid binding protein. The induction of adipogenic markers was suppressed by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and promoted by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Osteogenic culture conditions including BMP-2 induced both the formation of mineralized nodules and cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles. Upon immunogold electron microscopic analysis, osteoblastic and adipogenic marker proteins were detectable in the same cell. Our results suggest that osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal progenitor cells might not be exclusively reciprocal, but rather, a parallel event until late during osteoblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ponce
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The fat and bone connection plays an important role in the pathophysiology of age-related bone loss. This review will focus on the age-induced mechanisms regulating the predominant differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes. Additionally, bone marrow fat will be considered as a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to osteoporosis. RECENT FINDINGS There are two types of bone and fat connection. The 'systemic connection', usually seen in obese patients, is hormonally regulated and associated with high bone mass and strength. The 'local connection' happens inside the bone marrow. Increasing amounts of bone marrow fat affect bone turnover through the inhibition of osteoblast function and survival and the promotion of osteoclast differentiation and activation. This interaction is regulated by paracrine secretion of fatty acids and adipokines. Additionally, bone marrow fat could be quantified using noninvasive methods and could be used as a therapeutic approach due to its capacity to transdifferentiate into bone without affecting other types of fat in the body. SUMMARY The bone and fat connection within the bone marrow constitutes a typical example of lipotoxicity. Additionally, bone marrow fat could be used as a new diagnostic and therapeutic approach for osteoporosis in older persons.
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