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Singh H, Jakhar R, Kirar M, Sehrawat N. A systematic evaluation of sample preparation and 2-D gel electrophoresis protocol for mosquito proteomic profiling. MethodsX 2024; 12:102677. [PMID: 38660035 PMCID: PMC11041838 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
-Mosquito act as the carrier insect to transfer pathogens into hosts for various vector-borne diseases.To identify the pathogenesis causing determinant, comprehensive knowledge of the protein expression in different tissues and physiological conditions is very important. The most widely used technique is 2-D gel electrophoresis to study the protein expression in mosquitoes. 2-D gel electrophoresis is the multistep process to resolve intact protein with similar molecular weight. It is also useful to separate post-translational modified protein, which are not distinguished through shotgun proteomic analysis. Here, we optimized the protocol for 2-D gel electrophoresis that can effectively resolve the protein in mosquitoes and some other insects, to target immunogenic protein to fight against the vector borne disease. The optimized 2-D protocol helps to resolve complex proteomic data which is very difficult to analyze in mosquitoes.The updated protocol improved the protein solubility, resolution and visualization that help in comparative analysis of protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Singh
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Renu Jakhar
- Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Kirar
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sehrawat
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Yi J, Jeong JH, Won J, Chung S, Pak JH. The crosstalk between cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells promotes the progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and periductal fibrosis during Clonorchis sinensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:151. [PMID: 38519993 PMCID: PMC10958959 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Clonorchis sinensis infection is one of the risk factors that provokes chronic inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis and even cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Disrupted or aberrant intercellular communication among liver-constituting cells leads to pathological states that cause various hepatic diseases. This study was designed to investigate the pathological changes caused by C. sinensis excretory-secretory products (ESPs) in non-cancerous human cell lines (cholangiocytes [H69 cell line] and human hepatic stellate cells [LX2 cell line]) and their intercellular crosstalk, as well the pathological changes in infected mouse liver tissues. METHODS The cells were treated with ESPs, following which transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion levels and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)- and fibrosis-related protein expression were measured. The ESP-mediated cellular motility (migration/invasion) between two cells was assessed using the Transwell and three-dimensional microfluidic assay models. The livers of C. sinensis-infected mice were stained using EMT and fibrotic marker proteins. RESULTS Treatment of cells with ESPs increased TGF-β1 and IL-6 secretion and the expression of EMT- and fibrosis-related proteins. The ESP-mediated mutual cell interaction further affected the cytokine secretion and protein expression levels and promoted cellular motility. N-cadherin overexpression and collagen fiber deposition were observed in the livers of C. sinensis-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that EMT and biliary fibrosis occur through intercellular communication between cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells during C. sinensis infection, promoting malignant transformation and advanced hepatobiliary abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeong Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center (AMC), 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center (AMC), 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Biochemistry, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center (AMC), 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Chu Y, Shi D, Wang N, Ren L, Liu N, Hu F, Meng W, Hong SJ, Bai X. Clonorchis sinensis legumain promotes migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells via regulating tumor-related molecules. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:71. [PMID: 36797792 PMCID: PMC9933405 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis infection causes serious pathological changes in the bile duct and is highly correlated with cholangiocarcinoma. The excretory-secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis play a critical role in the oncogenesis and progression of cholangiocarcinoma, while the components and precise mechanism remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the function of C. sinensis legumain (Cslegumain) in promoting the invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells and the mechanism involved. METHODS The structural and molecular characteristics of Cslegumain were predicted and analyzed using the online program Phyre2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining were performed to test the transcriptional level of Cslegumain and its localization in the adult. Native Cslegumain was detected by western blotting assay. The effects of Cslegumain on the proliferation, invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells were checked using CCK-8 assay, Matrigel transwell assay and scratch wound healing assay. Expression levels of tumor-related molecules regulated by Cslegumain were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting assay. RESULTS Cslegumain showed high similarity with human legumain in the secondary and tertiary structures and displayed higher transcriptional levels in the adult worm than in the metacercariae. Native Cslegumain was detected in a catalytic form and was localized mainly in the intestine of the C. sinensis adult and epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile duct. After transfection into RBE cells, Cslegumain showed high ability in promoting the invasion and migration but not the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma RBE cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of some molecules including E-cadherin and N-cadherin were downregulated, while the levels of α-actinin 4, β-catenin and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that Cslegumain showed very similar structures as those of human legumain and could promote the invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells by regulating some tumor-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Chu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Doufei Shi
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Department of Geriatric Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lebin Ren
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Naiguo Liu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengai Hu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Meng
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Xuelian Bai
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Wu Y, Duffey M, Alex SE, Suarez-Reyes C, Clark EH, Weatherhead JE. The role of helminths in the development of non-communicable diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941977. [PMID: 36119098 PMCID: PMC9473640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, diabetes, and neuropsychiatric diseases cause significant global morbidity and mortality which disproportionately affect those living in low resource regions including low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In order to reduce NCD morbidity and mortality in LMIC it is imperative to understand risk factors associated with the development of NCDs. Certain infections are known risk factors for many NCDs. Several parasitic helminth infections, which occur most commonly in LMICs, have been identified as potential drivers of NCDs in parasite-endemic regions. Though understudied, the impact of helminth infections on the development of NCDs is likely related to helminth-specific factors, including species, developmental stage and disease burden. Mechanical and chemical damage induced by the helminth in combination with pathologic host immune responses contribute to the long-term inflammation that increases risk for NCD development. Robust studies from animal models and human clinical trials are needed to understand the immunologic mechanisms of helminth-induced NCDs. Understanding the complex connection between helminths and NCDs will aid in targeted public health programs to reduce helminth-induced NCDs and reduce the high rates of morbidity that affects millions of people living in parasite-endemic, LMICs globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Megan Duffey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Saira Elizabeth Alex
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charlie Suarez-Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eva H. Clark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jill E. Weatherhead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Jill E. Weatherhead,
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Ma XX, Qiu YY, Chang ZG, Gao JF, Jiang RR, Li CL, Wang CR, Chang QC. Identification of Myoferlin, a Potential Serodiagnostic Antigen of Clonorchiasis, via Immunoproteomic Analysis of Sera From Different Infection Periods and Excretory-Secretory Products of Clonorchis sinensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:779259. [PMID: 34733798 PMCID: PMC8558468 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.779259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis, which is caused by Clonorchis sinensis, is an important foodborne disease worldwide. The excretory-secretory products (ESPs) of C. sinensis play important roles in host-parasite interactions by acting as causative agents. In the present study, the ESPs and sera positive for C. sinensis were collected to identify proteins specific to the sera of C. sinensis (i.e., proteins that do not cross-react with Fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma japonicum) at different infection periods. Briefly, white Japanese rabbits were artificially infected with C. sinensis, and their sera were collected at 7 days post-infection (dpi), 14 dpi, 35 dpi, and 77 dpi. To identify the specific proteins in C. sinensis, a co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was conducted using shotgun liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to pull down the sera roots of C. sinensis, F. hepatica, and S. japonicum. For the annotated proteins, 32, 18, 39, and 35 proteins specific to C. sinensis were pulled down by the infected sera at 7, 14, 35, and 77 dpi, respectively. Three proteins, Dynein light chain-1, Dynein light chain-2 and Myoferlin were detected in all infection periods. Of these proteins, myoferlin is known to be overexpressed in several human cancers and could be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer cases. Accordingly, this protein was selected for further studies. To achieve a better expression, myoferlin was truncated into two parts, Myof1 and Myof2 (1,500 bp and 810 bp), based on the antigenic epitopes provided by bioinformatics. The estimated molecular weight of the recombinant proteins was 57.3 ku (Myof1) and 31.3 ku (Myof2). Further, both Myof1 and Myof2 could be probed by the sera from rabbits infected with C. sinensis. No cross-reaction occurred with the positive sera of S. japonica, F. hepatica, and negative controls. Such findings indicate that myoferlin may be an important diagnostic antigen present in the ESPs. Overall, the present study provides new insights into proteomic changes between ESPs and hosts in different infection periods by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, myoferlin, as a biomarker, may be used to develop an objective method for future diagnosis of clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Ma
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang-Yuan Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Chang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | | | - Chun-Lin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chun-Ren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qiao-Cheng Chang
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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6
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Kim JW, Yi J, Park J, Jeong JH, Kim J, Won J, Chung S, Kim TS, Pak JH. Transcriptomic profiling of three-dimensional cholangiocyte spheroids long term exposed to repetitive Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:213. [PMID: 33879231 PMCID: PMC8056535 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biliary tract infection with the carcinogenic human liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, provokes chronic inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. Complications are proportional to the intensity and duration of the infection. In addition to mechanical irritation of the biliary epithelia from worms, their excretory-secretory products (ESPs) cause chemical irritation, which leads to inflammation, proliferation, and free radical generation. Methods A three-dimensional in vitro cholangiocyte spheroid culture model was established, followed by ESP treatment. This allowed us to examine the intrinsic pathological mechanisms of clonorchiasis via the imitation of prolonged and repetitive in vivo infection. Results Microarray and RNA-Seq analysis revealed that ESP-treated cholangiocyte H69 spheroids displayed global changes in gene expression compared to untreated spheroids. In ESP-treated H69 spheroids, 185 and 63 probes were found to be significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, corresponding to 209 genes (p < 0.01, fold change > 2). RNA-Seq was performed for the validation of the microarray results, and the gene expression patterns in both transcriptome platforms were well matched for 209 significant genes. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were mainly classified into immune system processes, the extracellular region, and the extracellular matrix. Among the upregulated genes, four genes (XAF1, TRIM22, CXCL10, and BST2) were selected for confirmation using quantitative RT-PCR, resulting in 100% similar expression patterns in microarray and RNA-Seq. Conclusions These findings broaden our understanding of the pathological pathways of liver fluke-associated hepatobiliary disorders and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for this infectious cancer. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04717-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeong Yi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Shi Y, Yu K, Liang A, Huang Y, Ou F, Wei H, Wan X, Yang Y, Zhang W, Jiang Z. Identification and Analysis of the Tegument Protein and Excretory-Secretory Products of the Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Clonorchis sinensis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:555730. [PMID: 33072014 PMCID: PMC7538622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.555730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fluke proteins, including excretory-secretory products (ESPs) and tegument proteins, are critical for the pathogenesis, nutrient metabolism, etiology and immune response of liver cancer. To understand the functions of various proteins in Clonorchis sinensis physiology and human clonorchiasis, the ESPs and tegument proteins of C. sinensis were identified. Supernatants containing ESPs from adult C. sinensis after culture for 6 h were harvested and concentrated. The tegument was detached using a freeze/thaw method and successively extracted using various extraction buffers. The outer surface proteins of C. sinensis were labeled with biotin, and the biotinylated proteins were purified. The ESP, tegument and labeled outer surface proteins were identified and analyzed by high-resolution LC-MS/MS. The identified proteins were compared with those of other flukes, and the protein functions associated with pathogenesis, carcinogenesis and potential vaccine antigens and drug targets were predicted and analyzed. A total of 175 proteins were identified after the 6-h culture of C. sinensis ESPs. A total of 352 tegument proteins were identified through sequential solubilization of the isolated teguments, and a subset of these proteins were localized to the surface membrane of the tegument by labeling with biotin. Thirty identified proteins, including annexins, actin and tetraspanins, were identified as potential immunomodulators and promising vaccine antigens. Interestingly, among the 352 tegument proteins, as many as 155 were enzymes, and most were oxidoreductases, hydrolases or transferases. A comparison of the outer surface proteins of C. sinensis with those of other flukes indicated that flukes have some common outer surface proteins, such as actin, tetraspanin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and annexin. Granulin, thioredoxin peroxiredoxin, carbonyl reductase 1 and cystatin were identified in the C. sinensis proteome and predicted to be related to liver disease and cancer. The analysis of the C. sinensis proteome could contribute to a more in-depth understanding of complex parasite-host relationships, improve the diagnosis of clonorchiasis and benefit research on the pathogenesis and development of novel interventions, drugs and vaccines to control C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Shi
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Anli Liang
- Xiangsihu College of Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Fangqi Ou
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yichao Yang
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
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Li S, Chen X, Zhou J, Xie Z, Shang M, He L, Liang P, Chen T, Mao Q, Liang C, Li X, Huang Y, Yu X. Amino acids serve as an important energy source for adult flukes of Clonorchis sinensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008287. [PMID: 32352979 PMCID: PMC7217481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis, caused by chronic infection with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is an important food-borne parasitic disease that seriously afflicts more than 35 million people globally, resulting in a socioeconomic burden in endemic regions. C. sinensis adults long-term inhabit the microaerobic and limited-glucose environment of the bile ducts. Energy metabolism plays a key role in facilitating the adaptation of adult flukes to crowded habitat and hostile environment. To understand energy source for adult flukes, we compared the component and content of free amino acids between C. sinensis-infected and uninfected bile. The results showed that the concentrations of free amino acids, including aspartic acid, serine, glycine, alanine, histidine, asparagine, threonine, lysine, hydroxylysine, and urea, were significantly higher in C. sinensis-infected bile than those in uninfected bile. Furthermore, exogenous amino acids could be utilized by adult flukes via the gluconeogenesis pathway regardless of the absence or presence of exogenous glucose, and the rate-limiting enzymes, such as C. sinensis glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate carboxylase, exhibited high expression levels by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Interestingly, no matter whether exogenous glucose was present, inhibition of gluconeogenesis reduced the glucose and glycogen levels as well as the viability and survival time of adult flukes. These results suggest that gluconeogenesis might play a vital role in energy metabolism of C. sinensis and exogenous amino acids probably serve as an important energy source that benefits the continued survival of adult flukes in the host. Our study will be a cornerstone for illuminating the biological characteristics of C. sinensis and the host-parasite interactions. Clonorchiasis, closely related to cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, has led to a negative socioeconomic impact in global areas especially some Asian endemic regions. Owing to the emergence of drug resistance and hypersensitivity reactions after the massive and repeated use of praziquantel as well as the lack of effective vaccines, searching for new strategies that prevent and treat clonorchiasis has become an urgent matter. Clonorchis sinensis, the causative agent of clonorchiasis, long-term inhabits the microaerobic and limited-glucose environment of the bile ducts. Adequate nutrients are essential for adult flukes to resist the adverse condition and survive in the crowed habitat. Studies on energy metabolism of adult flukes are beneficial for further exploring host-parasite interactions and developing novel anti-parasitic drugs. Our results suggest that gluconeogenesis probably plays a vital role in energy metabolism of Clonorchis sinensis and exogenous amino acids might be an essential energy source for adult flukes to successfully survive in the host. Our foundational study opens a new avenue for explaining energy metabolism of Clonorchis sinensis and provides a valuable strategy that the gluconeogenesis pathway will be a potential and novel target for the prevention and treatment of clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhou
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Children’s Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhizhi Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Shang
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingjin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Mao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YH); (XY)
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YH); (XY)
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Na BK, Pak JH, Hong SJ. Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105309. [PMID: 31862466 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is a fish-borne trematode that inhabits the bile duct of mammals including humans. Clonorchiasis is prevalent in China, Korea, and Vietnam, and 15-20 million people are estimated to be infected by this fluke. Freshwater snails act as the first intermediate host for the proliferation of C. sinensis larvae and shed the cercariae into water. The cercariae penetrate the skin of freshwater fish and transform to metacercariae. Humans are infected by eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish as dishes of filet, "sashimi," or congee, which contain C. sinensis metacercariae. In humans, the C. sinensis metacercariae excyst in the duodenum, and juvenile flukes migrate up via bile chemotaxis into bile ducts. Once there, C. sinensis provokes hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium, obstructive jaundice, ascites, liver enlargement and cirrhosis, and infrequent cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Although the association between C. sinensis infection and CCA has been firmly established in past decades, the underlying mechanisms are not elucidated in detail. In the context of chronic clonorchiasis-associated hepatobiliary aberrations, the constitutive disruption of redox homeostasis and dysregulation of physiological signaling pathways may promote the malignant transformation of cholangiocytes, thus leading to substantial acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype by these cells: CCA. With advances of genomic and molecular biological approaches, diverse C. sinensis proteins that are essential for parasite physiology and pathogenicity have been identified and characterized. Some of the proteins have been considered as attractive targets for development of vaccines and chemotherapeutics. Candidate antigens for reliable serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis have been studied.
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Pak JH, Lee JY, Jeon BY, Dai F, Yoo WG, Hong SJ. Cytokine Production in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells in Response to Clonorchis sinensis Excretory-Secretory Products and Their Putative Protein Components. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:379-387. [PMID: 31533404 PMCID: PMC6753296 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke that promotes hepatic inflammatory environments via direct contact or through their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), subsequently leading to cholangitis, periductal fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). This study was conducted to examine the host inflammatory responses to C. sinensis ESPs and their putative protein components selected from C. sinensis expressed sequenced tag (EST) pool databases, including TGF-β receptor interacting protein 1(CsTRIP1), legumain (CsLeg), and growth factor binding protein 2 (CsGrb2). Treatment of CCA cells (HuCCT1) with the ESPs or bacterial recombinant C. sinensis proteins differentially promoted the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2) in a time-dependent manner. In particular, recombinant C. sinensis protein treatment resulted in increase (at maximum) of ~7-fold in TGF-β1, ~30-fold in TGF-β2, and ~3-fold in TNF-α compared with the increase produced by ESPs, indicating that CsTrip1, CsLeg, and CsGrb2 function as strong inducers for secretion of these cytokines in host cells. These results suggest that C. sinensis ESPs contribute to the immunopathological response in host cells, leading to clonorchiasis-associated hepatobiliary abnormalities of greater severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06987, Korea
| | - Bo Young Jeon
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Fuhong Dai
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06987, Korea.,Department of Parasitology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06987, Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06987, Korea
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Feucherolles M, Poppert S, Utzinger J, Becker SL. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool in human and veterinary helminthology: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:245. [PMID: 31101120 PMCID: PMC6525464 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a widely used technique for the rapid and accurate identification of bacteria, mycobacteria and certain fungal pathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Thus far, only few attempts have been made to apply the technique in clinical parasitology, particularly regarding helminth identification. METHODS We systematically reviewed the scientific literature on studies pertaining to MALDI-TOF MS as a diagnostic technique for helminths (cestodes, nematodes and trematodes) of medical and veterinary importance. Readily available electronic databases (i.e. PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to 10 October 2018, without restriction on year of publication or language. The titles and abstracts of studies were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. Relevant articles were read in full and included in the systematic review. RESULTS A total of 84 peer-reviewed articles were considered for the final analysis. Most papers reported on the application of MALDI-TOF for the study of Caenorhabditis elegans, and the technique was primarily used for identification of specific proteins rather than entire pathogens. Since 2015, a small number of studies documented the successful use of MALDI-TOF MS for species-specific identification of nematodes of human and veterinary importance, such as Trichinella spp. and Dirofilaria spp. However, the quality of available data and the number of examined helminth samples was low. CONCLUSIONS Data on the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the diagnosis of helminths are scarce, but recent evidence suggests a potential role for a reliable identification of nematodes. Future research should explore the diagnostic accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of (i) adult helminths, larvae and eggs shed in faecal samples; and (ii) helminth-related proteins that are detectable in serum or body fluids of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Feucherolles
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sven Poppert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sören L Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Nagorny SA, Aleshukina AV, Aleshukina IS, Ermakova LA, Pshenichnaya NY. The application of proteomic methods (MALDI-toff MS) for studying protein profiles of some nematodes (dirofilaria and ascaris) for differentiating species. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 82:61-65. [PMID: 30849497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-toff MS) is a reliable method for diagnosing a number of bacterial and fungal infections. It is also effective as a method of rapid diagnosis of several parasitic agents. We used MALDI-toff MS to study the protein profiles of four nematodes: Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria. immitis, Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides. METHODS We studied the protein profiles of dirofilaria (five of each species: D. repens and D. immitis) and ascaris (five of each species: A. suum and A. lumbricoides), using a proteomic analysis based on MALDI-toff MS. RESULTS Analysis of protein extracts of dirofilaria and ascaris showed spectra with high-intensity peaks in the range of 2-20 kDa. The quality of the spectra (clear graphical reflection of mass/charge to luminous intensity, consistent in repeated analyzes) and the intensity of the spectral peaks were consistent in all samples of the same species. The spectra profiles of D. repens and D. immitis differed in eight major peaks which makes it possible to differentiate species according to the protein profile. The spectra profiles obtained from A. suum and A. lumbricoides proteins differed slightly in 3 major peaks in both species and were discovered in m/z 13000; 13400 and 14400. The protein peaks in diapason 3000 kD-7300 kD specific for all genus ascaris are constant. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-toff MS-based proteomic analysis can serve as an effective taxonomic tool for parasitological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larisa Alexandrovna Ermakova
- Rostov Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; Rostov State Medical University
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Research progress of cholangiocarcinoma induced by liver fluke infection. INFECTION INTERNATIONAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/ii-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA liver fluke is a digenetic trematode parasitizing in the hepatic ducts of human beings or animals. Patients with liver fluke infection suffer from a series of hepatobiliary diseases. The prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma is significantly high in areas with a high incidence of clonorchiasis. A liver fluke is an important biocarcinogenic factor in the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma. The secretory products of the body of this parasite and long-term mechanical stimulation induce continuous inflammation of the bile duct. Gene expression of the bile duct cells is imbalanced, leading to carcinogenesis of the bile duct. This article provides a summary of recent studies on the epidemiology, clinicopathology, and molecular biology of cholangiocarcinoma induced by liver fluke infection.
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Kim TS, Pak JH, Kim JB, Bahk YY. Clonorchis sinensis, an oriental liver fluke, as a human biological agent of cholangiocarcinoma: a brief review. BMB Rep 2017; 49:590-597. [PMID: 27418285 PMCID: PMC5346318 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases remain an unarguable public health problem worldwide. Liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis is a high risk pathogenic parasitic helminth which is endemic predominantly in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the far eastern parts of Russia, and is still actively transmitted. According to the earlier 8th National Survey on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in 2012, C. sinensis was revealed as the parasite with highest prevalence of 1.86% in general population among all parasite species surveyed in Korea. This fluke is now classified under one of the definite Group 1 human biological agents (carcinogens) by International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC) along with two other parasites, Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma haematobium. C. sinensis infestation is mainly linked to liver and biliary disorders, especially cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). For the purposes of this mini-review, we will only focus on C. sinensis and review pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of clonorchiasis, disease condition by C. sinensis infestation, and association between C. sinensis infestation and CCA. In this presentation, we briefly consider the current scientific status for progression of CCA by heavy C. sinensis infestation from the food-borne trematode and development of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jong-Bo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
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Pak JH, Shin J, Song IS, Shim S, Jang SW. Clonorchis sinensis excretory–secretory products regulate migration and invasion in cholangiocarcinoma cells via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/nuclear factor-κB-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bahk YY, Pak JH. Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Free Radical Generation in Clonorchis sinensis Excretory-Secretory Product-Treated Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:679-684. [PMID: 27853127 PMCID: PMC5127530 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis, caused by direct contact with Clonorchis sinensis worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), is associated with chronic inflammation, malignant changes in bile ducts, and even cholangiocarcinogenesis. Our previous report revealed that intracellular free radicals enzymatically generated by C. sinensis ESPs cause NF-κB-mediated inflammation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCCT1). Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the role of upstream Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the initial host innate immune responses to infection. We found that treatment of HuCCT1 cells with native ESPs induced changes in TLR mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner, concomitant with the generation of free radicals. ESP-mediated free radical generation was markedly attenuated by preincubation of the cells with TLR1-4-neutralizing antibodies, indicating that at least TLR1 through 4 participate in stimulation of the host innate immune responses. These findings indicate that free radicals triggered by ESPs are critically involved in TLR signal transduction. Continuous signaling by this pathway may function in initiating C. sinensis infection-associated inflammation cascades, a detrimental event leading to progression to more severe hepatobiliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Pak JH, Son WC, Seo SB, Hong SJ, Sohn WM, Na BK, Kim TS. Peroxiredoxin 6 expression is inversely correlated with nuclear factor-κB activation during Clonorchis sinensis infestation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:273-285. [PMID: 27554973 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke. Its infection promotes persistent oxidative stress and chronic inflammation environments in the bile duct and surrounding liver tissues owing to direct contact with worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), provoking epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and cholangiocarcinogenesis. We examined the reciprocal regulation of two ESP-induced redox-active proteins, NF-κB and peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), during C. sinensis infection. Prdx6 overexpression suppressed intracellular free-radical generation by inhibiting NADPH oxidase2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase activation in the ESP-treated cholangiocarcinoma cells, substantially attenuating NF-κB-mediated inflammation. NF-κB overexpression decreased Prdx6 transcription levels by binding to two κB sites within the promoter. This transcriptional repression was compensated for by other ESP-induced redox-active transcription factors, including erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Distribution of immunoreactive Prdx6 and NF-κB was distinct in the early stages of infection in mouse livers but shared concomitant localization in the later stages. The intensity and extent of their immunoreactive staining in infected mouse livers are proportional to lesion severity and infection duration. The constitutive elevations of Prdx6 and NF-κB during C. sinensis infection may be associated with more severe persistent hepatobiliary abnormalities mediated by clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap-2 dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Beom Seo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-103, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
On Aug 21, 1875, James McConnell published in The Lancet his findings from a post-mortem examination of a 20-year-old Chinese man--undertaken at the Medical College Hospital in Calcutta, India--in whom he found Clonorchis sinensis in the bile ducts. Now, exactly 140 years later, we have a sound understanding of the lifecycle of this liver fluke, including key clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological features. Developments in the so-called -omics sciences have not only advanced our knowledge of the biology and pathology of the parasite, but also led to the discovery of new diagnostic, drug, and vaccine targets. C sinensis infection is primarily related to liver and biliary disorders, especially cholangiocarcinoma. Clonorchiasis mainly occurs in east Asia, as a result of the region's social-ecological systems and deeply rooted cultural habit of consuming raw freshwater fish. The Kato-Katz technique, applied on fresh stool samples, is the most widely used diagnostic approach. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice and has been considered for preventive chemotherapy. Tribendimidine showed good safety and therapeutic profiles in phase 2 trials and warrants further investigation. Still today, the precise distribution, the exact number of infected people, subtle morbidities and pathogenesis, and the global burden of clonorchiasis are unknown. Integrated control strategies, consisting of preventive chemotherapy; information, education, and communication; environmental management; and capacity building through intersectoral collaboration should be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Yang QL, Shen JQ, Xue Y, Cheng XB, Jiang ZH, Yang YC, Chen YD, Zhou XN. Pathological Lesions and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expressions in the Liver of Mice Experimentally Infected with Clonorchis sinensis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:777-83. [PMID: 26797449 PMCID: PMC4725231 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO) formation and intrinsic nitrosation may be involved in the possible mechanisms of liver fluke-associated carcinogenesis. We still do not know much about the responses of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induced by Clonorchis sinensis infection. This study was conducted to explore the pathological lesions and iNOS expressions in the liver of mice with different infection intensity levels of C. sinensis. Extensive periductal inflammatory cell infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis were commonly observed during the infection. The different pathological responses in liver tissues strongly correlated with the infection intensity of C. sinensis. Massive acute spotty necrosis occurred in the liver parenchyma after a severe infection. The iNOS activity in liver tissues increased, and iNOS-expressing cells with morphological differences were observed after a moderate or severe infection. The iNOS-expressing cells in liver tissues had multiple origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Li Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning 530028, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Qing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hua Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning 530028, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Chao Yang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning 530028, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Dan Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
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Bian M, Xu Q, Xu Y, Li S, Wang X, Sheng J, Wu Z, Huang Y, Yu X. Investigation on oxidative stress of nitric oxide synthase interacting protein from Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:77-83. [PMID: 26391171 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous evidences indicate that excretory-secretory products (ESPs) from liver flukes trigger the generation of free radicals that are associated with the initial pathophysiological responses in host cells. In this study, we first constructed a Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis, Cs)-infected BALB/c mouse model and examined relative results respectively at 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks postinfection (p.i.). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR indicated that the transcriptional level of both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) gradually decreased with lastingness of infection, while the transcriptional level of inducible NOS (iNOS) significantly increased. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in sera of infected mouse significantly increased versus the healthy control group. These results showed that the liver of C. sinensis-infected mouse was in a state with elevated levels of oxidation stress. Previously, C. sinensis NOS interacting protein coding gene (named CsNOSIP) has been isolated and recombinant CsNOSIP (rCsNOSIP) has been expressed in Escherichia coli, which has been confirmed to be a component present in CsESPs and confirmed to play important roles in immune regulation of the host. In the present paper, we investigated the effects of rCsNOSIP on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activated RAW264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. We found that endotoxin-free rCsNOSIP significantly promoted the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) after pretreated with rCsNOSIP, while the level of SOD decreased. Furthermore, rCsNOSIP could also increase the level of lipid peroxidation MDA. Taken together, these results suggested that CsNOSIP was a key molecule which was involved in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and its reactive intermediates, and played an important role in oxidative stress during C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Bian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanquan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahe Sheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Shen JQ, Yang QL, Xue Y, Cheng XB, Jiang ZH, Yang YC, Chen YD, Zhou XN. Inducible nitric oxide synthase response and associated cytokine gene expression in the spleen of mice infected with Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1661-70. [PMID: 25687522 PMCID: PMC4412385 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne parasite that induces a permanent increase of nitrosation in the body upon infection. The spleen is an important secondary lymphoid organ for the regulation of immune responses locally and in the whole body. However, the functions and mechanisms of the spleen in nitric oxide (NO) responses after C. sinensis infection remain unknown. In this study, BALB/c mice were infected with 20, 40, and 80 C. sinensis metacercariae to simulate mild, moderate, and severe infections, respectively. We examined the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the spleen and the relevant cytokine transcription in splenocytes from the mice infected with different amounts of metacercariae. The iNOS of the mice infected with 80 metacercariae was expressed in the spleen as early as 10 days post-infection (dpi) and gradually increased until 90 dpi. The iNOS expression in the mice infected with 40 metacercariae was detected only at 45 and 90 dpi, but not in the mice infected with 20 metacercariae. The level of interferon (IFN)-γ messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription in splenocytes significantly increased at 10 and 20 dpi (P < 0.05) in response to mild/moderate infection but gradually decreased to normal levels after 45 dpi. The level of IL-12p35 mRNA transcription did not change at 10 and 20 dpi but significantly decreased after 45 dpi under moderate/severe infection (P < 0.05/0.01/0.001). The level of IL-18 mRNA transcription significantly increased at 10 dpi (P < 0.05/0.01) but significantly decreased after 20 dpi (P < 0.05/0.01/0.001). These results suggest that spleen is an important organ for iNOS/NO responses, which correspond to the severity of C. sinensis infection, but cannot be attributed to the expression of the Th1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Li Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, 530028 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, 530028 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chao Yang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, 530028 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Dan Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
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Clonorchis sinensis infestation promotes three-dimensional aggregation and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110705. [PMID: 25340585 PMCID: PMC4207741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated a correlation between Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infestation and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the role of C. sinensis in the increased invasiveness and proliferation involved in the malignancy of CCA has not been addressed yet. Here, we investigated the possibility that C. sinensis infestation promotes expression of focal and cell-cell adhesion proteins in CCA cells and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Adhesion proteins help maintain cell aggregates, and MMPs promote the three-dimensional invasion of cells into the neighboring extracellular matrix (ECM). Using a novel microfluidic assay, we quantitatively addressed the role of excretory-secretory products (ESPs) gradients from C. sinensis in promoting the invasion of cells into the neighboring ECM.
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Induction of cancer-related microRNA expression profiling using excretory-secretory products of Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4447-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Wang X, Hu F, Hu X, Chen W, Huang Y, Yu X. Proteomic identification of potential Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products capable of binding and activating human hepatic stellate cells. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3063-71. [PMID: 24894083 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence demonstrated that Clonorchis sinensis is an important risk factor of hepatic fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. C. sinensis excretory/secretory products (CsESPs) are protein complex including proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and metabolic enzymes, which may contribute to pathogenesis of liver fluke-associated hepatobiliary diseases. However, potential CsESP candidates involved into hepatic fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma still remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we performed proteomic identification of CsESP candidates capable of binding and activating human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the interaction of CsESPs with LX-2 cell membrane. LX-2 cells could be stimulated by CsESPs from 24 h post incubation (p < 0.05). Specifically, 50 μg/ml of CsESPs showed the strongest effect on cell proliferation in methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay which could also be demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis (p < 0.01). Furthermore, expression level of human type III collagen in LX-2 cells treated with CsESPs was significantly higher than that in control cells measured by molecular beacon and semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR approaches (p < 0.01). Finally, CsESPs before and after incubation with LX-2 cells were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis and matrix associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis. Nine proteins with abundance change above threefold were Rho GTPase-activating protein, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va, α-enolase, phospholipase C, interleukin-15, insect-derived growth factor, cytochrome c oxidase subunit VI, DNAH1 protein, and kinesin light chain. Taken together, we identified potential CsESP candidates capable of binding and activating human hepatic stellate cells, providing more direct evidences that are previously unknown to accelerate strategies for C. sinensis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Ren M, He L, Huang Y, Mao Q, Li S, Qu H, Bian M, Liang P, Chen X, Ling J, Chen T, Liang C, Wang X, Li X, Yu X. Molecular characterization of Clonorchis sinensis secretory myoglobin: delineating its role in anti-oxidative survival. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:250. [PMID: 24885788 PMCID: PMC4057808 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchiasis is a globally important, neglected food-borne disease caused by Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), and it is highly related to cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Increased molecular evidence has strongly suggested that the adult worm of C. sinensis continuously releases excretory-secretory proteins (ESPs), which play important roles in the parasite-host interactions, to establish successful infection and ensure its own survival. Myoglobin, a hemoprotein, is present in high concentrations in trematodes and ESPs. To further understand the biological function of CsMb and its putative roles in the interactions of C. sinensis with its host, we explored the molecular characterization of CsMb in this paper. Methods We expressed CsMb and its mutants in E. coli BL21 and identified its molecular characteristics using bioinformatics analysis and experimental approaches. Reverse transcription PCR analysis was used to measure myoglobin transcripts of C. sinensis with different culture conditions. The peroxidase activity of CsMb was confirmed by spectrophotometry. We co-cultured RAW264.7 cells with recombinant CsMb (rCsMb), and we then measured the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in addition to the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in activated RAW264.7 cells. Results In the in vitro culture of adult worms, the transcripts of CsMb increased with the increase of oxygen content. Oxidative stress conditions induced by H2O2 increased the levels of CsMb transcripts in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CsMb catalyzed oxidation reactions in the presence of H2O2, and amino acid 34 of CsMb played an essential role in its reaction with H2O2. In addition, CsMb significantly reduced H2O2 and NO levels in LPS-activated macrophages, and CsMb downregulated iNOS and SOD expression in activated macrophages. Conclusion The present study is the first to investigate the peroxidase activity of CsMb. This investigation suggested that C. sinensis may decrease the redox activation of macrophages by CsMb expression to evade host immune responses. These studies contribute to a better understanding of the role of CsMb in the molecular mechanisms involved in ROS detoxification by C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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Yang Y, Hu D, Wang L, Liang C, Hu X, Xu J, Huang Y, Yu X. Comparison of two serpins of Clonorchis sinensis by bioinformatics, expression, and localization in metacercaria. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 108:179-85. [PMID: 24831344 DOI: 10.1179/2047773214y.0000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis, which has been an important public health problem in China, is caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked fish contaminated by live metacercaria. Therefore, preventing fish from infecting is of great significance for controlling the disease. SERPINs (serine protease inhibitors) are well known as negative regulators of hemostasis, thrombolysis, and innate immune responses. In the present study, two full-length sequences encoding SERPIN were identified from metacercaria cDNA library of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) and were denominated as CsSERPIN and CsSERPIN3, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the two sequences shares 35.9% identity to each other. Both of the sequences have SERPIN domain and the greatest difference between the two domains is the reactive centre loop. Transmembrane region was found in CsSERPIN3 while not in CsSERPIN. The expression of the two CsSERPINs was significantly higher at the life stage of metacercaria than that of adult. The transcription levels of CsSERPIN and CsSERPIN3 at metacercaria stage were 3.249- and 11.314-fold of that at adult stage, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of CsSERPIN was 4.32-fold of that of CsSERPIN3 at metacercaria stage. Immunobiochemistry revealed that CsERPIN was dispersed at subtegument and oral sucker of metacercaria, while CsSERPIN3 localized intensely in the tegument of metacercaria of C. sinensis inside of the cyst wall. All these indicated that the CsSERPINs play important roles at metacercaria stage of the parasite. CsSERPIN may take part in regulation of endogenous serine proteinase and CsSERPIN3 may be involved in immune evasion and be a potential candidate for vaccine and drug target for clonorchiasis.
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Chen CP, Haas-Kogan D. Neoplasms of the hepatobiliary system: clinical presentation, molecular pathways and diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:883-95. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang J, Zhang X, Ma D, Lee WNP, Xiao J, Zhao Y, Go VL, Wang Q, Yen Y, Recker R, Xiao GG. Inhibition of transketolase by oxythiamine altered dynamics of protein signals in pancreatic cancer cells. Exp Hematol Oncol 2013; 2:18. [PMID: 23890079 PMCID: PMC3733980 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxythiamine (OT), an analogue of anti-metabolite, can suppress the nonoxidative synthesis of ribose and induce cell apoptosis by causing a G1 phase arrest in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear yet. In the present study, a quantitative proteomic analysis using the modified SILAC method (mSILAC) was performed to determine the effect of metabolic inhibition on dynamic changes of protein expression in MIA PaCa-2 cancer cells treated with OT at various doses (0 μM, 5 μM, 50 μM and 500 μM) and time points (0 h, 12 h and 48 h). A total of 52 differential proteins in MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with OT were identified, including 14 phosphorylated proteins. Based on the dynamic expression pattern, these proteins were categorized in three clusters, straight down-regulation (cluster 1, 37% of total proteins), upright "V" shape expression pattern (cluster 2, 47.8% total), and downright "V" shape pattern (cluster 3, 15.2% total). Among them, Annexin A1 expression was significantly down-regulated by OT treatment in time-dependent manner, while no change of this protein was observed in OT dose-dependent fashion. Pathway analysis suggested that inhibition of transketolase resulted in changes of multiple cellular signaling pathways associated with cell apoptosis. The temporal expression patterns of proteins revealed that OT altered dynamics of protein expression in time-dependent fashion by suppressing phosphor kinase expression, resulting in cancer cell apoptosis. Results from this study suggest that interference of single metabolic enzyme activity altered multiple cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wang
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Hospital of Dalian, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- The Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Danjun Ma
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Wai-Nang Paul Lee
- Metabolomics Core, UCLA Center of Excellence in Pancreatic Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Jing Xiao
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Vay Liang Go
- Metabolomics Core, UCLA Center of Excellence in Pancreatic Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Yun Yen
- Molecular Clinical Pharmacology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 90101, USA
| | - Robert Recker
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- Genomics & Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th ST, Suite 6730, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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Differential activation of diverse glutathione transferases of Clonorchis sinensis in response to the host bile and oxidative stressors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2211. [PMID: 23696907 PMCID: PMC3656158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis causes chronic cumulative infections in the human hepatobiliary tract and is intimately associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Approximately 35 million people are infected and 600 million people are at risk of infections worldwide. C. sinensis excretory-secretory products (ESP) constitute the first-line effector system affecting the host-parasite interrelationship by interacting with bile fluids and ductal epithelium. However, the secretory behavior of C. sinensis in an environment close to natural host conditions is unclear. C. sinensis differs from Fasciola hepatica in migration to, and maturation in, the hepatic bile duct, implying that protein profile of the ESP of these two trematodes might be different from each other. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted systemic approaches to analyze the C. sinensis ESP proteome and the biological reactivity of C. sinensis glutathione transferases (GSTs), such as global expression patterns and induction profiles under oxidative stress and host bile. When we observed ex host excretion behavior of C. sinensis in the presence of 10% host bile, the global proteome pattern was not significantly altered, but the amount of secretory proteins was increased by approximately 3.5-fold. Bioactive molecules secreted by C. sinensis revealed universal/unique features in relation to its intraluminal hydrophobic residing niche. A total of 38 protein spots identified abundantly included enzymes involved in glucose metabolism (11 spots, 28.9%) and diverse-classes of glutathione transferases (GSTs; 10 spots, 26.3%). Cathepsin L/F (four spots, 10.5%) and transporter molecules (three spots, 7.9%) were also recognized. The universal secretory proteins found in other parasites, such as several enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and oxygen transporters, were commonly detected. C. sinensis secreted less cysteine proteases and fatty acid binding proteins compared to other tissue-invading or intravascular trematodes. Interestingly, secretion of a 28 kDa σ-class GST (Cs28σGST3) was significantly affected by the host bile, involving reduced secretion of the 28 kDa species and augmented secretion of Cs28σGST3-related high-molecular-weight 85 kDa protein. Oxidative stressors induced upregulated secretion of 28 kDa Cs28σGST3, but not an 85 kDa species. A secretory 26 kDa μ-class GST (Cs26μGST2) was increased upon treatment with oxidative stressors and bile juice, while another 28 kDa σ-class GST (Cs28σGST1) showed negligible responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results represent the first analysis of the genuine nature of the C. sinensis ESP proteome in the presence of host bile mimicking the natural host environments. The behavioral patterns of migration and maturation of C. sinensis in the bile ducts might contribute to the secretion of copious amounts of diverse GSTs, but a smaller quantity and fewer kinds of cysteine proteases. The Cs28σGST1 and its paralog(s) detoxify endogenous oxidative molecules, while Cs28σGST3 and Cs26μGST2 conjugate xenobiotics/hydrophobic substances in the extracellular environments, which imply that diverse C. sinensis GSTs might have evolved for each of the multiple specialized functions.
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Proteomic analysis of different period excretory secretory products from Clonorchis sinensis adult worms: molecular characterization, immunolocalization, and serological reactivity of two excretory secretory antigens-methionine aminopeptidase 2 and acid phosphatase. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:1287-97. [PMID: 23274491 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The excretory secretory products (ESP) of Clonorchis sinensis are the causative agents of clonorchiasis and biliary diseases. The parasites' ESP play important roles in host-parasite interactions. The protein compositions of ESP at different secretory times are different and have not been systemically investigated so far. In this study, we collected ESP from six different periods (0-3 h, 3-6 h, 6-12 h, 12-24 h, 24-36 h, and 36-48 h) from C. sinensis adults. Using a shotgun LC-MS/MS analysis, we found 187, 80, 103, 58, 248, and 383 proteins, respectively. Among these proteins, we selected methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MAP-2, presented in 24-36 h and 36-48 h ESP) and acid phosphatase (AP, presented in 3-6 h, 12-24 h, 24-36 h, and 36-48 h ESP) for further study. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CsMAP-2 has metallopeptidase family M24, unique lysine residue-rich and acidic residue-rich domain, SGTS motif, and auto-cleavage point; and that CsAP has possible signal sequence cleavage site, acid phosphate domain, and two histidine acid phosphatases active regions. CsMAP-2 and CsAP's cDNA have 1,425 bp and1,410 bp ORF, encoding 475 and 470 amino acid proteins and weighing 55.3840 kDa and 55.2875 kDa, respectively. MAP-2 and AP were identified as antigens present in the ESP and circulating antigens by immunoblot analysis, which were also found expressing in the eggs, metacercaria, and adult stages of C. sinensis. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that they were located in tegument and intestinal cecum of adult. MTT assay showed that they could inhibit hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) proliferation. These findings presented the compositions of different period excretory secretary products from C. sinensis adults.
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Molecular cloning, expression, and immunolocalization of protein disulfide isomerase in excretory-secretory products from Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:983-9. [PMID: 22538482 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an essential catalyst of the endoplasmic reticulum with folding and chaperone activities in different biological systems. Here, PDI of Clonorchis sinensis (CsPDI) was isolated from the cDNA library of adult C. sinensis. The open reading frame contains 1,317 bp encoding 438 amino acids and shares 53 %, 49 %, and 43 % identity with PDI from Bos taurus, Homo sapiens, and Schistosoma mansoni, respectively. Two catalytic thioredoxin motifs CxxC were found in this sequence, which were characteristic domains of thioredoxin superfamily. The CsPDI protein was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). According to western blotting analysis, the recombinant CsPDI could be recognized by anti-CsPDI rat serum, anti-excretory/secretory products rat serum, and serum of rat infected with C. sinensis, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that transcription level of CsPDI in the metacercaria stage was six and four times higher than that in the adult worm and egg stage, respectively. Immunolocalization analysis showed CsPDI could be detected in the intestine, vitellarium, and intrauterine eggs of adult worm, as well as in the cyst wall and vitellarium of metacercaria. In addition, the strong fluorescence signal was observed both on the wall of bile duct and in the lumen of liver tissue of C. sinensis-infected cat. Those results demonstrated that CsPDI was a component of C. sinensis excretory-secretory products. The present study will enhance our understanding of biological functions of CsPDI and pave the way for further studies on host-parasite interaction during C. sinensis infection.
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Yonglitthipagon P, Pairojkul C, Bhudhisawasdi V, Mulvenna J, Loukas A, Sripa B. Proteomics-based identification of α-enolase as a potential prognostic marker in cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:827-34. [PMID: 22552009 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of expression status of α-enolase (ENO1) and clinicopathological outcomes of CCA patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to compare differential expressed protein profiles of four human CCA cell lines and H69, a non-malignant biliary cell line, as a control. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out in tissue-microarray of human CCA tissues (n=301). RESULTS We identified ENO1 in all CCA cell lines but not H69 by proteomics based. About 75% of patients with CCA showed over-expression of ENO1 in hyperplastic bile duct and the tumors compared with that in tumor-adjacent normal tissue counterparts. Moreover, over-expression of ENO1 is significantly associated with poor prognosis and tumor invasion of CCA patients. CONCLUSIONS ENO1 may serve as a prognostic marker to monitor the disease progression of these patients.
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Huang L, Hu Y, Huang Y, Fang H, Li R, Hu D, Li W, Li X, Liang C, Yu X. Gene/protein expression level, immunolocalization and binding characteristics of fatty acid binding protein from Clonorchis sinensis (CsFABP). Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:367-76. [PMID: 22189506 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis fatty acid-binding protein (CsFABP) belongs to a multigene family of lipid-binding proteins and is considered to be a promising vaccine candidate for human clonorchiasis. In this study, binding characteristics of CsFABP have been examined for the first time. The recombinant CsFABP (rCsFABP) was found to bind 11-(dansylamino) undecanoic acid (DAUDA), causing a blue shift in the fluorescence emission from 543 to 531 nm with an excitation wavelength of 345 nm and a substantial increase in fluorescence intensity. Fluorimetric titration of rCsFABP with DAUDA exhibited an apparent dissociation constant (K (d)) of 1.58 ± 0.14 μM. In the competitive experiment, the rCsFABP efficiently bound saturated C(10)-C(18) fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid), and the latter presented the higher affinity. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting analysis revealed that CsFABP mRNA and protein were differentially expressed throughout the developmental cycle stages of the parasite, which occur in the definitive host (metacercariae, adult worms, and eggs). In addition, immunolocalization assay showed that CsFABP was localized on the vitelline gland, tegument, intestine, seminal vesicle, eggs in uterus, ovary, and testicle of C. sinensis adult worm, as well as on the vitelline gland of metacercaria. Intriguingly, the surface tissue of the bile duct where C. sinensis resided in the infected Sprague-Dawley rat was also strongly labeled, implying that CsFABP may possibly mediate direct interactions with host cells as a component of excretory/secretory products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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Nam JH, Moon JH, Kim IK, Lee MR, Hong SJ, Ahn JH, Chung JW, Pak JH. Free radicals enzymatically triggered by Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products cause NF-κB-mediated inflammation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Int J Parasitol 2011; 42:103-13. [PMID: 22138019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic clonorchiasis, caused by direct and continuous contact with Clonorchis sinensis worms and their excretory-secretory products, is associated with hepatobiliary damage, inflammation, periductal fibrosis and even development of cholangiocarcinoma. Our previous report revealed that intracellular reactive oxygen species were generated in C. sinensis excretory-secretory product-treated human cholangiocarcinoma cells; however, their endogenous sources and pathophysiological roles in host cells were not determined. In the present study, we found that treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma cells with excretory-secretory products triggered increases in free radicals via a time-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase. This increase in free radicals substantially promoted the degradation of cytosolic IκB-α, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB subunits (RelA and p50), and increased κB consensus DNA-binding activity. Excretory-secretory product-induced nuclear factor-κB activation was markedly attenuated by preincubation with specific inhibitors of each free radical-producing enzyme or the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. Moreover, excretory-secretory products induced an increase in the mRNA and protein expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6, in an nuclear factor-κB-dependent manner, indicating that enzymatic production of free radicals in ESP-treated cells participates in nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammation. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological role of C. sinensis excretory-secretory products in host chronic inflammatory processes, which are initial events in hepatobiliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Chen W, Huang Y, Sun J, Men J, Liu H, Luo F, Guo L, Lv X, Deng C, Zhou C, Fan Y, Li X, Huang L, Hu Y, Liang C, Hu X, Xu J, Yu X. The draft genome of the carcinogenic human liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R107. [PMID: 22023798 PMCID: PMC3333777 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke that is widespread in Asian countries. Increasing infection rates of this neglected tropical disease are leading to negative economic and public health consequences in affected regions. Experimental and epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma and the infection rate of C. sinensis. To aid research into this organism, we have sequenced its genome. Results We combined de novo sequencing with computational techniques to provide new information about the biology of this liver fluke. The assembled genome has a total size of 516 Mb with a scaffold N50 length of 42 kb. Approximately 16,000 reliable protein-coding gene models were predicted. Genes for the complete pathways for glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and fatty acid metabolism were found, but key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis are missing from the genome, reflecting the parasitic lifestyle of a liver fluke that receives lipids from the bile of its host. We also identified pathogenic molecules that may contribute to liver fluke-induced hepatobiliary diseases. Large proteins such as multifunctional secreted proteases and tegumental proteins were identified as potential targets for the development of drugs and vaccines. Conclusions This study provides valuable genomic information about the human liver fluke C. sinensis and adds to our knowledge on the biology of the parasite. The draft genome will serve as a platform to develop new strategies for parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
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Toledo R, Bernal MD, Marcilla A. Proteomics of foodborne trematodes. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1485-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hong ST, Fang Y. Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update. Parasitol Int 2011; 61:17-24. [PMID: 21741496 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is the most common human liver fluke in East Asia. Several studies proved its carcinogenesis in humans and it was reclassified as a group 1 biological carcinogen in 2009. It is still actively transmitted in endemic areas of Korea, China, Russia, and Vietnam. Currently it is estimated that more than 200 million people are at risk of infection, 15-20 million people are infected and 1.5-2 million show symptoms or complications. Several molecules and genes of the fluke have been identified and characterized. Studies on its oncogenesis and omics-based findings have been especially encouraging. Diagnosis of its infection depends mainly on detection of eggs in feces but other methods have been developed. ELISA using crude extract antigen is now popular for its diagnosis. Diagnosis by detecting DNAs from eggs in feces has been developed using PCR, real-time PCR, and LAMP, which have been found sensitive and specific. Imaging diagnosis has been studied in depth and is widely used. Any evidence of clonorchiasis, such as eggs, DNAs, or images, may lead to recommendations of chemotherapy in endemic areas. Praziquantel is the major chemotherapeutic agent for clonorchiasis and recently tribendimidine was found effective and is now under investigation as a promising chemotherapeutic alternative. Sustainable control programs which include mass chemotherapy with praziquantel and education for prevention of re-infection may reduce its morbidity and eliminate its infections in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Sequences and gene organization of the mitochondrial genomes of the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis (Trematoda). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:235-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang X, Chen W, Hu F, Deng C, Zhou C, Lv X, Fan Y, Men J, Huang Y, Sun J, Hu D, Chen J, Yang Y, Liang C, Zheng H, Hu X, Xu J, Wu Z, Yu X. Clonorchis sinensis enolase: identification and biochemical characterization of a glycolytic enzyme from excretory/secretory products. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 177:135-42. [PMID: 21382423 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enolase plays a key role in energy metabolism and development of most organisms. We isolated a gene encoding enolase from Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) adult cDNA library and expressed the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. C. sinensis enolase (Csenolase) was identified as both an excretory/secretory product and a tegumental component of C. sinensis by western blot analysis. The transcriptional level of Csenolase was examined at adult worm, metacercaria, cercaria and egg of C. sinensis, and results showed that Csenolase is transcribed at the four life stages of C. sinensis while showing a significant higher expression level at the stage of adult worm. Immunohistochemical localization indicated that Csenolase was specifically deposited on the tegument of adult worm and cyst wall of metacercaria. Ligand blot assay revealed a specific characteristic of dose-dependent plasminogen-binding activity of Csenolase and kinetic parameters were explored using 2-phospho-D-glycerate (2-PGA) as the primary substrate by monitoring the conversion of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). In addition, Csenolase exhibited active enzyme activity in catalytic reactions while the anti-Csenolase serum inhibited the enzyme activity. In vitro incubation experiments revealed that Csenolase might play key roles in the growth of the parasites. In conclusion, Csenolase is an important glycolytic enzyme required for the development of C. sinensis, and may be a potential vaccine candidate and drug target against C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Kim DW, Kim JY, Moon JH, Kim KB, Kim TS, Hong SJ, Cheon YP, Pak JH, Seo SB. Transcriptional induction of minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (Mcm7) in human cholangiocarcinoma cells treated with Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 173:10-6. [PMID: 20236609 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is an infection associated with bile duct malignancy and subsequent development of cholangiocarcinoma. This disease is mainly caused by Clonorchis sinensis worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESP). However, the precise molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis remain to be determined. Previously, we established differential gene expression profiles from microarrays containing 23,920 human genes of known function in a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, HuCCT1, treated with ESP. Among the upregulated genes, we focused on minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (Mcm7), which is implicated in various cancer types, and analyzed transcriptional regulation mediated by ESP to further elucidate its role in cholangiocarcinoma development. Global histone acetylation levels were increased in ESP-treated cells, along with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) protein expression. Detailed promoter analysis using reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that transcriptional activation of Mcm7 is mediated by HAT recruitment to the promoter region upon C. sinensis ESP treatment. These findings contribute to clarification of the intrinsic mechanism underlying the cellular carcinogenesis process stimulated by Mcm7 in C. sinensis-treated host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Kim
- Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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