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Maltabe VA, Melidoni AN, Beis D, Kokkinopoulos I, Paschalidis N, Kouklis P. VE-CADHERIN is expressed transiently in early ISL1 + cardiovascular progenitor cells and facilitates cardiac differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1827-1840. [PMID: 37541259 PMCID: PMC10545488 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) provide adhesive properties through cadherins and associated cytoplasmic catenins and participate in morphogenetic processes. We examined AJs formed between ISL1+ cardiovascular progenitor cells during differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro and in mouse embryogenesis in vivo. We found that, in addition to N-CADHERIN, a percentage of ISL1+ cells transiently formed vascular endothelial (VE)-CADHERIN-mediated AJs during in vitro differentiation on days 4 and 5, and the same pattern was observed in vivo. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis extended morphological data showing that VE-CADHERIN+/ISL1+ cells constitute a significant percentage of cardiac progenitors on days 4 and 5. The VE-CADHERIN+/ISL1+ cell population represented one-third of the emerging FLK1+/PDGFRa+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) for a restricted time window (days 4-6). Ablation of VE-CADHERIN during ESC differentiation results in severe inhibition of cardiac differentiation. Disruption of all classic cadherins in the VE-CADHERIN+ population via a cadherin dominant-negative mutant's expression resulted in a dramatic decrease in the ISL1+ population and inhibition of cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta A Maltabe
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna N Melidoni
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Center for Experimental Surgery Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Immunobiology Laboratories, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Kouklis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece.
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2
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Hazra R, Brine L, Garcia L, Benz B, Chirathivat N, Shen MM, Wilkinson JE, Lyons SK, Spector DL. Platr4 is an early embryonic lncRNA that exerts its function downstream on cardiogenic mesodermal lineage commitment. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2450-2468.e7. [PMID: 36347239 PMCID: PMC9680017 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian genome encodes thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), many of which are developmentally regulated and differentially expressed across tissues, suggesting their potential roles in cellular differentiation. Despite this expression pattern, little is known about how lncRNAs influence lineage commitment at the molecular level. Here, we demonstrate that perturbation of an embryonic stem cell/early embryonic lncRNA, pluripotency-associated transcript 4 (Platr4), directly influences the specification of cardiac-mesoderm-lineage differentiation. We show that Platr4 acts as a molecular scaffold or chaperone interacting with the Hippo-signaling pathway molecules Yap and Tead4 to regulate the expression of a downstream target gene, Ctgf, which is crucial to the cardiac-lineage program. Importantly, Platr4 knockout mice exhibit myocardial atrophy and valve mucinous degeneration, which are both associated with reduced cardiac output and sudden heart failure. Together, our findings provide evidence that Platr4 is required in cardiac-lineage specification and adult heart function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmani Hazra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Lily Brine
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Libia Garcia
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Brian Benz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Napon Chirathivat
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Scott K Lyons
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David L Spector
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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3
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Eitner F, Richter B, Schwänen S, Szaroszyk M, Vogt I, Grund A, Thum T, Heineke J, Haffner D, Leifheit-Nestler M. Comprehensive Expression Analysis of Cardiac Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Health and Pressure-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:791479. [PMID: 35118076 PMCID: PMC8804498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.791479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with chronic kidney and heart disease. Experimentally, FGF23 directly induces cardiac hypertrophy and vice versa cardiac hypertrophy stimulates FGF23. Besides the bone, FGF23 is expressed by cardiac myocytes, whereas its synthesis in other cardiac cell types and its paracrine role in the heart in health and disease is unknown. By co-immunofluorescence staining of heart tissue of wild-type mice, we show that Fgf23 is expressed by cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Cardiac Fgf23 mRNA and protein level increases from neonatal to six months of age, whereas no age-related changes in bone Fgf23 mRNA expression were noted. Cardiac myocyte-specific disruption of Fgf23 using Cre-LoxP system (Fgf23fl/fl/cre+) caused enhanced mortality, but no differences in cardiac function or structure. Although pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) resulted in a slightly worse phenotype with a more severe reduced ejection fraction, higher end-systolic volume and more enlarged systolic LV diameter in Fgf23fl/fl/cre+ mice compared to controls, this was not translated to any worse cellular hypertrophy, fibrosis or chamber remodeling. TAC induced Fgf23 mRNA expression in whole cardiac tissue in both genotypes. Interestingly, co-immunofluorescence staining revealed enhanced Fgf23 synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells but not in cardiac myocytes. RNA sequencing of isolated adult cardiac myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells confirmed significantly higher Fgf23 transcription in cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells after TAC. Our data indicate that Fgf23 is physiologically expressed in various cardiac cell types and that cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells might be an important source of FGF23 in pathological conditions. In addition, investigations in Fgf23fl/fl/cre+ mice suggest that cardiac myocyte-derived FGF23 is needed to maintain cardiac function during pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Eitner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatrice Richter
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Schwänen
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Szaroszyk
- Department for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Vogt
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Grund
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joerg Heineke
- Department for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maren Leifheit-Nestler,
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4
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Hall C, Gehmlich K, Denning C, Pavlovic D. Complex Relationship Between Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes in Health and Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019338. [PMID: 33586463 PMCID: PMC8174279 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are the primary cell type responsible for deposition of extracellular matrix in the heart, providing support to the contracting myocardium and contributing to a myriad of physiological signaling processes. Despite the importance of fibrosis in processes of wound healing, excessive fibroblast proliferation and activation can lead to pathological remodeling, driving heart failure and the onset of arrhythmias. Our understanding of the mechanisms driving the cardiac fibroblast activation and proliferation is expanding, and evidence for their direct and indirect effects on cardiac myocyte function is accumulating. In this review, we focus on the importance of the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and the cross talk of cardiac fibroblasts with cardiac myocytes. We also consider the current use of models used to explore these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hall
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Radcliffe Department of Medicine and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Oxford University of Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Chris Denning
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham United Kingdom
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5
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Xiao W, Li H, Xia W, Yang Y, Hu P, Zhou S, Hu Y, Liu X, Dai Y, Jiang Z. Co-expression of cellulase and xylanase genes in Sacchromyces cerevisiae toward enhanced bioethanol production from corn stover. Bioengineered 2020; 10:513-521. [PMID: 31661645 PMCID: PMC6844370 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1682213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose is considered as a good resource for producing renewable energy. Previous in vitro studies have shown the synergistic action between cellulase and xylanase during lignocellulose biohydrolysis. In order to achieve the same effect in S. cerevisiae to enhance the practical biotransformation, two recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (INVSc1-CBH-CA and INVSc1-CBH-TS) with co-expressed cellulase and xylanase were constructed. The cellulase and xylanase activities in INVSc1-CBH-CA and INVSc1-CBH-TS were 716.43 U/mL and 205.13 U/mL, 931.27 U/mL and 413.70 U/mL, respectively. The recombinant S. cerevisiae can use the partly delignified corn stover (PDCS) more efficiently and more ethanol producted than S. cerevisiae only expressing cellulase. Fermentation with INVSc1-CBH-CA and INVSc1-CBH-TS using PDCS ethanol yields increased by 1.7 and 2.1 folds higher than INVSc1-CBH, 2.8 and 3.4 folds higher than the wild type S. cerevisiae. The strategy of co-expression cellulase and xylanase in saccharomyces cerevisiae is effective and can be a foundation to research the mechanism of synergy effect of cellulose and xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wucheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuxian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Pan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shanna Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yanmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei University for Nationalities, Ensi, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Dai
- Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, P. R. China
| | - Zhengbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
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6
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Leitolis A, Robert AW, Pereira IT, Correa A, Stimamiglio MA. Cardiomyogenesis Modeling Using Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Role of Microenvironmental Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:164. [PMID: 31448277 PMCID: PMC6695570 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) can be used as a model to study cardiomyogenic differentiation. In vitro modeling can reproduce cardiac development through modulation of some key signaling pathways. Therefore, many studies make use of this strategy to better understand cardiomyogenesis complexity and to determine possible ways to modulate cell fate. However, challenges remain regarding efficiency of differentiation protocols, cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation and therapeutic applications. Considering that the extracellular milieu is crucial for cellular behavior control, cardiac niche studies, such as those identifying secreted molecules from adult or neonatal tissues, allow the identification of extracellular factors that may contribute to CM differentiation and maturation. This review will focus on cardiomyogenesis modeling using PSC and the elements involved in cardiac microenvironmental signaling (the secretome - extracellular vesicles, extracellular matrix and soluble factors) that may contribute to CM specification and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leitolis
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Anny W Robert
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Pereira
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Correa
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marco A Stimamiglio
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
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7
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Le MNT, Hasegawa K. Expansion Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Production of Cardiomyocytes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6020048. [PMID: 31137703 PMCID: PMC6632060 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSCs)-derived cardiomyocytes for the treatment of heart failure is a promising therapy. In order to implement this therapy requiring numerous cardiomyocytes, substantial production of hPSCs followed by cardiac differentiation seems practical. Conventional methods of culturing hPSCs involve using a 2D culture monolayer that hinders the expansion of hPSCs, thereby limiting their productivity. Advanced culture of hPSCs in 3D aggregates in the suspension overcomes the limitations of 2D culture and attracts immense attention. Although the hPSC production needs to be suitable for subsequent cardiac differentiation, many studies have independently focused on either expansion of hPSCs or cardiac differentiation protocols. In this review, we summarize the recent approaches to expand hPSCs in combination with cardiomyocyte differentiation. A comparison of various suspension culture methods and future prospects for dynamic culture of hPSCs are discussed in this study. Understanding hPSC characteristics in different models of dynamic culture helps to produce numerous cells that are useful for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen Tuyet Le
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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8
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Wanjare M, Huang NF. Regulation of the microenvironment for cardiac tissue engineering. Regen Med 2017; 12:187-201. [PMID: 28244821 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of myocardium plays an important role in the fate and function of cardiomyocytes (CMs). Cardiovascular tissue engineering strategies commonly utilize stem cell sources in conjunction with microenvironmental cues that often include biochemical, electrical, spatial and biomechanical factors. Microenvironmental stimulation of CMs, in addition to the incorporation of intercellular interactions from non-CMs, results in the generation of engineered cardiac constructs. Current studies suggest that use of these factors when engineering cardiac constructs improve cardiac function when implanted in vivo. In this review, we summarize the approaches to modulate biochemical, electrical, biomechanical and spatial factors to induce CM differentiation and their subsequent organization for cardiac tissue engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wanjare
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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HIF-1alpha Deficiency Attenuates the Cardiomyogenesis of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158358. [PMID: 27355368 PMCID: PMC4927095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac cell formation, cardiomyogenesis, is critically dependent on oxygen availability. It is known that hypoxia, a reduced oxygen level, modulates the in vitro differentiation of pluripotent cells into cardiomyocytes via hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α)-dependent mechanisms. However, the direct impact of HIF-1α deficiency on the formation and maturation of cardiac-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) in vitro remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that HIF-1α deficiency significantly altered the quality and quantity of mESC-derived cardiomyocytes. It was accompanied with lower mRNA and protein levels of cardiac cell specific markers (myosin heavy chains 6 and 7) and with a decreasing percentage of myosin heavy chain α and β, and cardiac troponin T-positive cells. As to structural aspects of the differentiated cardiomyocytes, the localization of contractile proteins (cardiac troponin T, myosin heavy chain α and β) and the organization of myofibrils were also different. Simultaneously, HIF-1α deficiency was associated with a lower percentage of beating embryoid bodies. Interestingly, an observed alteration in the in vitro differentiation scheme of HIF-1α deficient cells was accompanied with significantly lower expression of the endodermal marker (hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha). These findings thus suggest that HIF-1α deficiency attenuates spontaneous cardiomyogenesis through the negative regulation of endoderm development in mESC differentiating in vitro.
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10
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Wang W, Lee Y, Lee CH. Effects of nitric oxide on stem cell therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1685-96. [PMID: 26394194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of stem cells as a research tool and a therapeutic vehicle has demonstrated their great potential in the treatment of various diseases. With unveiling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) universally present at various levels in nearly all types of body tissues, the potential therapeutic implication of nitric oxide (NO) has been magnified, and thus scientists have explored new treatment strategies involved with stem cells and NO against various diseases. As the functionality of NO encompasses cardiovascular, neuronal and immune systems, NO is involved in stem cell differentiation, epigenetic regulation and immune suppression. Stem cells trigger cellular responses to external signals on the basis of both NO specific pathways and concerted action with endogenous compounds including stem cell regulators. As potency and interaction of NO with stem cells generally depend on the concentrations of NO and the presence of the cofactors at the active site, the suitable carriers for NO delivery is integral for exerting maximal efficacy of stem cells. The innovative utilization of NO functionality and involved mechanisms would invariably alter the paradigm of therapeutic application of stem cells. Future prospects in NO-involved stem cell research which promises to enhance drug discovery efforts by opening new era to improve drug efficacy, reduce drug toxicity and understand disease mechanisms and pathways, were also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchen Wang
- School of Pharmacy University of Missouri, Kansas City, USA
| | - Yugyung Lee
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri, Kansas City, USA
| | - Chi H Lee
- School of Pharmacy University of Missouri, Kansas City, USA.
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11
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Chen K, Bai H, Liu Y, Hoyle DL, Shen WF, Wu LQ, Wang ZZ. EphB4 forward-signaling regulates cardiac progenitor development in mouse ES cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:467-75. [PMID: 25359705 PMCID: PMC4452947 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptor (Eph)‐ephrin signaling plays an important role in organ development and tissue regeneration. Bidirectional signaling of EphB4–ephrinB2 regulates cardiovascular development. To assess the role of EphB4–ephrinB2 signaling in cardiac lineage development, we utilized two GFP reporter systems in embryonic stem (ES) cells, in which the GFP transgenes were expressed in Nkx2.5+ cardiac progenitor cells and in α‐MHC+ cardiomyocytes, respectively. We found that both EphB4 and ephrinB2 were expressed in Nkx2.5‐GFP+ cardiac progenitor cells, but not in α‐MHC‐GFP+ cardiomyocytes during cardiac lineage differentiation of ES cells. An antagonist of EphB4, TNYL‐RAW peptides, that block the binding of EphB4 and ephrinB2, impaired cardiac lineage development in ES cells. Inhibition of EphB4–ephrinB2 signaling at different time points during ES cell differentiation demonstrated that the interaction of EphB4 and ephrinB2 was required for the early stage of cardiac lineage development. Forced expression of human full‐length EphB4 or intracellular domain‐truncated EphB4 in EphB4‐null ES cells was established to investigate the role of EphB4‐forward signaling in ES cells. Interestingly, while full‐length EphB4 was able to restore the cardiac lineage development in EphB4‐null ES cells, the truncated EphB4 that lacks the intracellular domain of tyrosine kinase and PDZ motif failed to rescue the defect of cardiomyocyte development, suggesting that EphB4 intracellular domain is essential for the development of cardiomyocytes. Our study provides evidence that receptor‐kinase‐dependent EphB4‐forward signaling plays a crucial role in the development of cardiac progenitor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 467–475, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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12
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Cardiac cell proliferation assessed by EdU, a novel analysis of cardiac regeneration. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:763-70. [PMID: 25480318 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that mammalian hearts maintain the capacity for cardiac regeneration. Rapid and sensitive identification of cardiac cellular proliferation is prerequisite for understanding the underlying mechanisms and strategies of cardiac regeneration. The following immunologically related markers of cardiac cells were analyzed: cardiac transcription factors Nkx2.5 and Gata 4; specific marker of cardiomyocytes TnT; endothelial cell marker CD31; vascular smooth muscle marker smooth muscle myosin IgG; cardiac resident stem cells markers IsL1, Tbx18, and Wt1. Markers were co-localized in cardiac tissues of embryonic, neonatal, adult, and pathological samples by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining. EdU was also used to label isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes in vitro. EdU robustly labeled proliferating cells in vitro and in vivo, co-immunostaining with different cardiac cells markers. EdU can rapidly and sensitively label proliferating cardiac cells in developmental and pathological states. Cardiac cell proliferation assessed by EdU is a novel analytical tool for investigating the mechanism and strategies of cardiac regeneration in response to injury.
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13
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Battiston KG, Cheung JWC, Jain D, Santerre JP. Biomaterials in co-culture systems: towards optimizing tissue integration and cell signaling within scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4465-76. [PMID: 24602569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most natural tissues consist of multi-cellular systems made up of two or more cell types. However, some of these tissues may not regenerate themselves following tissue injury or disease without some form of intervention, such as from the use of tissue engineered constructs. Recent studies have increasingly used co-cultures in tissue engineering applications as these systems better model the natural tissues, both physically and biologically. This review aims to identify the challenges of using co-culture systems and to highlight different approaches with respect to the use of biomaterials in the use of such systems. The application of co-culture systems to stimulate a desired biological response and examples of studies within particular tissue engineering disciplines are summarized. A description of different analytical co-culture systems is also discussed and the role of biomaterials in the future of co-culture research are elaborated on. Understanding the complex cell-cell and cell-biomaterial interactions involved in co-culture systems will ultimately lead the field towards biomaterial concepts and designs with specific biochemical, electrical, and mechanical characteristics that are tailored towards the needs of distinct co-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Battiston
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Jane W C Cheung
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - Devika Jain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 461, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6; Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Room 464D, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6.
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Scott JM, Lakoski S, Mackey JR, Douglas PS, Haykowsky MJ, Jones LW. The potential role of aerobic exercise to modulate cardiotoxicity of molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics. Oncologist 2013; 18:221-31. [PMID: 23335619 PMCID: PMC3579607 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted therapeutics (MTT) are the future of cancer systemic therapy. They have already moved from palliative therapy for advanced solid malignancies into the setting of curative-intent treatment for early-stage disease. Cardiotoxicity is a frequent and potentially serious adverse complication of some targeted therapies, leading to a broad range of potentially life-threatening complications, therapy discontinuation, and poor quality of life. Low-cost pleiotropic interventions are therefore urgently required to effectively prevent and/or treat MTT-induced cardiotoxicity. Aerobic exercise therapy has the unique capacity to modulate, without toxicity, multiple gene expression pathways in several organ systems, including a plethora of cardiac-specific molecular and cell-signaling pathways implicated in MTT-induced cardiac toxicity. In this review, we examine the molecular signaling of antiangiogenic and HER2-directed therapies that may underpin cardiac toxicity and the hypothesized molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective properties of aerobic exercise. It is hoped that this knowledge can be used to maximize the benefits of small molecule inhibitors, while minimizing cardiac damage in patients with solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Scott
- Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures, NASA Johnson Space Center, Universities Space Research Association, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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Yang HT, Zhang M, Huang J, Liang H, Zhang P, Boheler KR. Cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells: Progress and prospects from China. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Crescini E, Gualandi L, Uberti D, Prandelli C, Presta M, Dell'Era P. Ascorbic acid rescues cardiomyocyte development in Fgfr1(-/-) murine embryonic stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:140-7. [PMID: 22735182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1) gene knockout impairs cardiomyocyte differentiation in murine embryonic stem cells (mESC). Here, various chemical compounds able to enhance cardiomyocyte differentiation in mESC [including dimethylsulfoxide, ascorbic acid (vitC), free radicals and reactive oxygen species] were tested for their ability to rescue the cardiomyogenic potential of Fgfr1(-/-) mESC. Among them, only the reduced form of vitC, l-ascorbic acid, was able to recover beating cell differentiation in Fgfr1(-/-) mESC. The appearance of contracting cells was paralleled by the expression of early and late cardiac gene markers, thus suggesting their identity as cardiomyocytes. In the attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action of vitC on Fgfr1(-/-) mESC, we analyzed several parameters related to the intracellular redox state, such as reactive oxygen species content, Nox4 expression, and superoxide dismutase activity. The results did not show any relationship between the antioxidant capacity of vitC and cardiomyocyte differentiation in Fgfr1(-/-) mESC. No correlation was found also for the ability of vitC to modulate the expression of pluripotency genes. Then, we tested the hypothesis that vitC was acting as a prolyl hydroxylase cofactor by maintaining iron in a reduced state. We first analyze hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α mRNA and protein levels that were found to be slightly upregulated in Fgfr1(-/-) cells. We treated mESC with Fe(2+) or the HIF inhibitor CAY10585 during the first phases of the differentiation process and, similar to vitC, the two compounds were able to rescue cardiomyocyte formation in Fgfr1(-/-) mESC, thus implicating HIF-1α modulation in Fgfr1-dependent cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Crescini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Wu KH, Mo XM, Han ZC, Zhou B. Cardiac cell therapy: pre-conditioning effects in cell-delivery strategies. Cytotherapy 2011; 14:260-6. [PMID: 22176035 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.643780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem-cell therapy holds great promise for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. However, the benefit of cardiac cell therapy has not yet been proven in long-term clinical trials. Poor engraftment and survival of transplanted cells is one of the major concerns for the successful application of stem cells in cardiac cell therapy. Cell and cardiac pre-conditioning are now being explored as new approaches to support cell survival and enhance the therapeutic efficacy. In this paper, we summarize the state-of-the-art methods of cell delivery and cell survival post-delivery, with a focus on the pre-conditioning approaches that have been attempted to support the survival of transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hong Wu
- Cardiovascular Center, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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18
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Noberini R, Mitra S, Salvucci O, Valencia F, Duggineni S, Prigozhina N, Wei K, Tosato G, Huang Z, Pasquale EB. PEGylation potentiates the effectiveness of an antagonistic peptide that targets the EphB4 receptor with nanomolar affinity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28611. [PMID: 22194865 PMCID: PMC3237458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinase together with its preferred ligand, ephrin-B2, regulates a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression, pathological forms of angiogenesis, cardiomyocyte differentiation and bone remodeling. We previously reported the identification of TNYL-RAW, a 15 amino acid-long peptide that binds to the ephrin-binding pocked of EphB4 with low nanomolar affinity and inhibits ephrin-B2 binding. Although ephrin-B2 interacts promiscuously with all the EphB receptors, the TNYL-RAW peptide is remarkably selective and only binds to EphB4. Therefore, this peptide is a useful tool for studying the biological functions of EphB4 and for imaging EphB4-expressing tumors. Furthermore, TNYL-RAW could be useful for treating pathologies involving EphB4-ephrin-B2 interaction. However, the peptide has a very short half-life in cell culture and in the mouse blood circulation due to proteolytic degradation and clearance by the kidneys and reticuloendothelial system. To overcome these limitations, we have modified TNYL-RAW by fusion with the Fc portion of human IgG1, complexation with streptavidin or covalent coupling to a 40 KDa branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer. These modified forms of TNYL-RAW all have greatly increased stability in cell culture, while retaining high binding affinity for EphB4. Furthermore, PEGylation most effectively increases peptide half-life in vivo. Consistent with increased stability, submicromolar concentrations of PEGylated TNYL-RAW effectively impair EphB4 activation by ephrin-B2 in cultured B16 melanoma cells as well as capillary-like tube formation and capillary sprouting in co-cultures of endothelial and epicardial mesothelial cells. Therefore, PEGylated TNYL-RAW may be useful for inhibiting pathological forms of angiogenesis through a novel mechanism involving disruption of EphB4-ephrin-B2 interactions between endothelial cells and supporting perivascular mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, the PEGylated peptide is suitable for other cell culture and in vivo applications requiring prolonged EphB4 receptor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Noberini
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sayantan Mitra
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ombretta Salvucci
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fatima Valencia
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Srinivas Duggineni
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Cancer Research Institute, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Natalie Prigozhina
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Wei
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Cancer Research Institute, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena B. Pasquale
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tulloch NL, Muskheli V, Razumova MV, Korte FS, Regnier M, Hauch KD, Pabon L, Reinecke H, Murry CE. Growth of engineered human myocardium with mechanical loading and vascular coculture. Circ Res 2011; 109:47-59. [PMID: 21597009 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.237206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The developing heart requires both mechanical load and vascularization to reach its proper size, yet the regulation of human heart growth by these processes is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We seek to elucidate the responses of immature human myocardium to mechanical load and vascularization using tissue engineering approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS Using human embryonic stem cell and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in a 3-dimensional collagen matrix, we show that uniaxial mechanical stress conditioning promotes 2-fold increases in cardiomyocyte and matrix fiber alignment and enhances myofibrillogenesis and sarcomeric banding. Furthermore, cyclic stress conditioning markedly increases cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (2.2-fold) and proliferation rates (21%) versus unconditioned constructs. Addition of endothelial cells enhances cardiomyocyte proliferation under all stress conditions (14% to 19%), and addition of stromal supporting cells enhances formation of vessel-like structures by ≈10-fold. Furthermore, these optimized human cardiac tissue constructs generate Starling curves, increasing their active force in response to increased resting length. When transplanted onto hearts of athymic rats, the human myocardium survives and forms grafts closely apposed to host myocardium. The grafts contain human microvessels that are perfused by the host coronary circulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that both mechanical load and vascular cell coculture control cardiomyocyte proliferation, and that mechanical load further controls the hypertrophy and architecture of engineered human myocardium. Such constructs may be useful for studying human cardiac development as well as for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Tulloch
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 815 Mercer St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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