1
|
Ye J, Qi Y, Chen J, Zhang S, Liu B, Zhao Y, Yuan X, Cheng Q, Yang Y, Zhang F, Gao H, Wang H, Wu J, Zhu F, Li C, Cao P, Xue B. Alleviation of Hepatic Steatosis by 4-azidophlorizin via the Degradation of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in Vivo and in Vitro. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200150. [PMID: 36599632 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are no known approved pharmacotherapies for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the clinical setting. Although studies have provided substantial evidence that geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NAFLD corresponding drug screening is rare. A GGPPS-targeted inhibitor is identified using a structure-based virtual small molecule screening method. The interaction of 4-AZ and GGPPS is detected by microscale thermophoresis. 4-AZ degradation of GGPPS by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is detected by western blotting. The anti-steatotic effect of 4-AZ in vivo is detected by CT. Lipid-related gene detection is detected by real-time PCR both in primary hepatocytes and mice. The compound inhibits the accumulation of lipids in primary hepatocytes and decreases lipogenic gene expression through GGPPS. Pharmacological studies show that 4-AZ can attenuate hepatic steatosis and improve liver injury in high-fat diet-induced mice. This data provides a novel application of 4-AZ NAFLD therapy, proving that the inhibition of GGPPS is a novel strategy for the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ye
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
| | - Yaling Qi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
| | - Shihu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yinjuan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xianwen Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hongliang Gao
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- General surgery department, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chaojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and China International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210028, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Core Laboratory, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Y, Wu TY, Zhao MF, Li CJ. The balance of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation during the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5152-5162. [PMID: 32139507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.008897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is an essential posttranslational modification and includes protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation using farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrates, respectively. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a branch point enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that affects the ratio of farnesyl diphosphate to geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Abnormal geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase expression and activity can therefore disrupt the balance of farnesylation and geranylgeranylation and alter the ratio between farnesylated and geranylgeranylated proteins. This change is associated with the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition characterized by hepatic fat overload. Of note, differential accumulation of farnesylated and geranylgeranylated proteins has been associated with differential stages of NAFLD and NAFLD-associated liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize key aspects of protein prenylation as well as advances that have uncovered the regulation of associated metabolic patterns and signaling pathways, such as Ras GTPase signaling, involved in NAFLD progression. Additionally, we discuss unique opportunities for targeting prenylation in NAFLD/hepatocellular carcinoma with agents such as statins and bisphosphonates to improve clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animals Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tian-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Meng-Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China .,MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animals Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shah AK, Yeganehjoo H. The stimulatory impact of d-δ-Tocotrienol on the differentiation of murine MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 462:173-183. [PMID: 31620952 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts play essential and opposite roles in maintaining bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts fill cavities excavated by osteoclasts. The mevalonate pathway provides essential prenyl pyrophosphates for the activities of GTPases that promote differentiation of osteoclasts but suppress that of osteoblasts. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that mevalonate suppressors such as statins increase bone mineral density and reduce risk of bone fracture. Tocotrienols down-regulate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. In vivo studies have shown the bone-protective activity of tocotrienols. We hypothesize that d-δ-tocotrienol, a mevalonate suppressor, induces differentiation of murine MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Alizarin staining showed that d-δ-tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L) induced mineralized nodule formation in a concentration-dependent manner in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. d-δ-Tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L), but not D-α-tocopherol (25 μmol/L), significantly induced alkaline phosphatase activity, an indicator of preosteoblast differentiation. The expression of differentiation marker genes including BMP-2 and VEGFα was stimulated dose dependently by d-δ-tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L). Concomitantly, Western blot analysis showed that d-δ-tocotrienol down-regulated HMG CoA reductase. d-δ-Tocotrienol (0-25 μmol/L) had no impact on the viability of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts following 48-h incubation, suggesting lack of cytotoxicity at these doses. Tocotrienols and other mevalonate suppressors have potential in maintaining bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anureet Kaur Shah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA. .,Department of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, USA. .,School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Hoda Yeganehjoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang Y, Lin Y, Rong M, Liu W, He J, Zhou L. 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol and simvastatin synergistically enhance osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells and bone regeneration by initiation of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:87. [PMID: 31325047 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the significant roles of simvastatin (SVA) and oxysterols in the osteogenesis process. In this study, we evaluate the effect of a combination of SVA and 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol (20(S)OHC) on the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). After treatment with a control vehicle, SVA (0.025, 0.10, 0.25 or 1.0 μM), 20(S)OHC (5 μM), or a combination of both (0.25 μM SVA + 5 μM 20(S)OHC), the proliferation, apoptosis, ALP activity, mineralization, osteogenesis-related gene expression and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activity in BMSCs were measured. Our results showed that high concentrations of SVA (0.25 and 1.0 μM) enhanced osteogenesis-related genes expression while attenuating cell viability. The addition of 5 μM 20(S)OHC induced significantly higher proliferative activity, which neutralized the inhibitory effect of SVA on the viability of BMSCs. Moreover, compared to supplementation with only one of the additives, combined supplementation with both SVA and 20(S)OHC induced significantly enhanced ALP activity, calcium sedimentation, osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, OCN and BMP-2) expression and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activity in BMSCs; these enhancements were attenuated by treatment with the inhibitor U0126, indicating a significant role of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling in mediating the synergistically enhanced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by combined SVA and 20(S)OHC treatment. Additionally, histological examination confirmed a synergistic effect of SVA and 20(S)OHC on enhancing bone regeneration in a rabbit calvarial defect model. This newly developed SVA/20(S)OHC formulation may be used as an osteoinductive drug to enhance bone healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghe Huang
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- The Department of Stomatology, Taishan People's Hospital, Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Taishan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Lin
- The Department of Stomatology, Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-sen University, Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingdeng Rong
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Junbing He
- The Department of Stomatology, Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, SunYat-sen University, Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weissenrieder JS, Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Inhibiting geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis reduces nuclear androgen receptor signaling and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cell models. Prostate 2019; 79:21-30. [PMID: 30106164 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following androgen deprivation for the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate, tumors can progress to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). This transdifferentiation process is poorly understood, but trafficking of transcriptional factors and/or cytoskeletal rearrangements may be involved. We observed the role of geranylgeranylation in this process by treatment with digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), a selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase which blocks the prenylation of small GTPases such as Rho and Rab family proteins, including Cdc42 and Rac1. METHODS We examined the therapeutic potential of DGBP in LNCaP, C4-2B4, and 22Rv1 cell culture models. Cell morphology and protein expression were quantified to observe the development of the neuroendocrine phenotype in androgen-deprivation and abiraterone-treated LNCaP models of NEPC development. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to examine AR activity, and immunofluorescence visualized the localization of AR within the cell. RESULTS Essential genes in the isoprenoid pathway, such as HMGCR, MVK, GGPS1, and GGT1, were highly expressed in a subset of castration resistant prostate cancers reported by Beltran et al. Under treatment with DGBP, nuclear localization of AR decreased in LNCaP, 22Rv1, and C4-2B4 cell lines, luciferase reporter activity was reduced in LNCaP and 22Rv1, and AR target gene transcription also decreased in LNCaP. Conversely, nuclear localization of AR was enhanced by the addition of GGOH. Finally, induction of the NEPC structural and molecular phenotype via androgen deprivation in LNCaP cells was inhibited by DGBP in a GGOH-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS DGBP is a novel compound with the potential to reduce AR transcriptional activity and inhibit PCa progression to NEPC phenotype. These results suggest that DGBP may be used to block cell growth and metastasis in both hormone therapy sensitive and resistant paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Weissenrieder
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roca-Ayats N, Ng PY, Garcia-Giralt N, Falcó-Mascaró M, Cozar M, Abril JF, Quesada Gómez JM, Prieto-Alhambra D, Nogués X, Dunford JE, Russell RG, Baron R, Grinberg D, Balcells S, Díez-Pérez A. Functional Characterization of a GGPPS Variant Identified in Atypical Femoral Fracture Patients and Delineation of the Role of GGPPS in Bone-Relevant Cell Types. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:2091-2098. [PMID: 30184270 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are a rare but potentially devastating event, often but not always linked to bisphosphonate (BP) therapy. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying AFFs remain obscure, and there are no tests available that might assist in identifying those at high risk of AFF. We previously used exome sequencing to explore the genetic background of three sisters with AFFs and three additional unrelated AFF cases, all previously treated with BPs. We detected 37 rare mutations (in 34 genes) shared by the three sisters. Notably, we found a p.Asp188Tyr mutation in the enzyme geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, a component of the mevalonate pathway, which is critical to osteoclast function and is inhibited by N-BPs. In addition, the CYP1A1 gene, responsible for the hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and vitamin D, was also mutated in all three sisters and one unrelated patient. Here we present a detailed list of the variants found and report functional analyses of the GGPS1 p.Asp188Tyr mutation, which showed a severe reduction in enzyme activity together with oligomerization defects. Unlike BP treatment, this genetic mutation will affect all cells in the carriers. RNAi knockdown of GGPS1 in osteoblasts produced a strong mineralization reduction and a reduced expression of osteocalcin, osterix, and RANKL, whereas in osteoclasts, it led to a lower resorption activity. Taken together, the impact of the mutated GGPPS and the relevance of the downstream effects in bone cells make it a strong candidate for AFF susceptibility. We speculate that other genes such as CYP1A1 might be involved in AFF pathogenesis, which remains to be functionally proved. The identification of the genetic background for AFFs provides new insights for future development of novel risk assessment tools. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Roca-Ayats
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Giralt
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Falcó-Mascaró
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Cozar
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Francesc Abril
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Quesada Gómez
- Mineral Metabolism Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, CIBERFES, ISCII, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Daniel Prieto-Alhambra
- GREMPAL (Grup de Recerca en Malalties Prevalents de l'Aparell Locomotor), Idiap Jordi Gol Primary Care Research Institute, CIBERFES, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,NIHR Musculoskeletal BRU and Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xavier Nogués
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James E Dunford
- NIHR Musculoskeletal BRU and Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Graham Russell
- NIHR Musculoskeletal BRU and Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Balcells
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolfo Díez-Pérez
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Long-term effect of statins on the risk of new-onset osteoporosis: A nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196713. [PMID: 29723231 PMCID: PMC5933736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several observational cohort and meta-analytical studies in humans have shown that statin users have a lower risk of fractures or greater bone mineral densities (BMD) than nonusers. However, some studies including randomized clinical trials have the opposite results, particularly in Asian populations. Objective This study investigates the impacts of statins on new-onset osteoporosis in Taiwan. Methods In a nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study, 45,342 subjects aged between 50–90 years having received statin therapy (statin-users) since January 1 2001, and observed through December 31 2013 were selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Likewise, 115,594 patients had no statin therapy (statin-non-users) were included as controls in this study. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis for drug exposures was employed to evaluate the association between statin treatment and new-onset of osteoporosis risk. We also used the long-rank test to evaluate the difference of probability of osteoporosis-free survival. Results During the 13-year follow-up period, 16,146 of all enrolled subjects (10.03%) developed osteoporosis, including 3097 statin-users (6.83%) and 13,049 statin-non-users (11.29%). Overall, statin therapy reduced the risk of new-onset osteoporosis by 48% (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.52; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.54). A dose-response relationship between statin treatment and the risk of new-onset osteoporosis was observed. The adjusted hazard ratios for new-onset osteoporosis were 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.90), 0.56 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.60) and 0.23 (95% CI, 0.21 to 0.25) when cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) ranged from 28 to 90, 91 to 365, and more than 365, respectively, relative to nonusers. Otherwise, high-potency statins (rosuvastatin and atorvastatin) and moderate-potency statin (simvastatin) seemed to have a potential protective effect for osteoporosis. Conclusions In this population-based cohort study, we found that statin use is associated with a decreased risk of osteoporosis in both genders. The osteoprotective effect of statins seemed to be more prominent with a dependency on the cumulative dosage and statin intensity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Magan‐Fernandez A, Fernández‐Barbero JE, O’ Valle F, Ortiz R, Galindo‐Moreno P, Mesa F. Simvastatin exerts antiproliferative and differentiating effects on MG63 osteoblast‐like cells: Morphological and immunocytochemical study. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:91-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Magan‐Fernandez
- Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - J. E. Fernández‐Barbero
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology School of Medicine (IBIMER, CIBM) University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - F. O’ Valle
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine (IBIMER, CIBM) University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - R. Ortiz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology School of Health Sciences (IBIMER, CIBM) University of Jaen Andalucía Spain
| | - P. Galindo‐Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Granada Andalucía Spain
| | - F. Mesa
- Department of Periodontics School of Dentistry University of Granada Granada Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Osborn-Heaford HL, Murthy S, Gu L, Larson-Casey JL, Ryan AJ, Shi L, Glogauer M, Neighbors JD, Hohl R, Carter AB. Targeting the isoprenoid pathway to abrogate progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:47-56. [PMID: 25958207 PMCID: PMC4554879 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic remodeling in lung injury is a major cause of morbidity. The mechanism that mediates the ongoing fibrosis is unclear, and there is no available treatment to abate the aberrant repair. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a critical role in inducing fibrosis by modulating extracellular matrix deposition. Specifically, mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by alveolar macrophages is directly linked to pulmonary fibrosis as inhibition of mitochondrial H2O2 attenuates the fibrotic response in mice. Prior studies indicate that the small GTP-binding protein, Rac1, directly mediates H2O2 generation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Geranylgeranylation of the C-terminal cysteine residue (Cys(189)) is required for Rac1 activation and mitochondrial import. We hypothesized that impairment of geranylgeranylation would limit mitochondrial oxidative stress and, thus, abrogate progression of pulmonary fibrosis. By targeting the isoprenoid pathway with a novel agent, digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), which impairs geranylgeranylation, we demonstrate that Rac1 mitochondrial import, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and progression of the fibrotic response to lung injury are significantly attenuated. These observations reveal that targeting the isoprenoid pathway to alter Rac1 geranylgeranylation halts the progression of pulmonary fibrosis after lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linlin Gu
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Jennifer L Larson-Casey
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Alan J Ryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Lei Shi
- Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Raymond Hohl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | - A Brent Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa
- Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA
- Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Tong H, Henry MD, Hohl RJ. Targeting geranylgeranylation reduces adrenal gland tumor burden in a murine model of prostate cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:555-66. [PMID: 26070429 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) is critical for providing substrates for the post-translational modification of proteins key in regulating malignant cell properties, including proliferation, invasion, and migration. Inhibitors of the IBP, including statins and nitrogenous bisphosphonates, are used clinically for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and bone disease respectively. The statins work predominantly in the liver, while the nitrogenous bisphosphonates are highly sequestered to bone. Inhibition of the entire IBP is limited by organ specificity and side effects resulting from depletion of all isoprenoids. We have developed a novel compound, disodium [(6Z,11E,15E)-9-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-17-hydroxy-2,6,12,16-tetramethyheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraen-9-yl]phosphonate (GGOHBP), which selectively targets geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, reducing post-translational protein geranylgeranylation. Intracardiac injection of luciferase-expressing human-derived 22Rv1 PCa cells into SCID mice resulted in tumor development in bone (100 %), adrenal glands (72 %), mesentery (22 %), liver (17 %), and the thoracic cavity (6 %). Three weeks after tumor inoculation, daily subcutaneous (SQ) injections of 1.5 mg/kg GGOHBP or the vehicle were given for one month. Dissected tumors revealed a reduction in adrenal gland tumors corresponding to a 54 % (P < 0.005) reduction in total adrenal gland tumor weight of the treated mice as compared to vehicle-treated controls. Western blot analysis of the harvested tissues showed a reduction in Rap1A geranylgeranylation in adrenal glands and mesenteric tumors of the treated mice while non-tumorous tissues and control mice showed no Rap1A alteration. Our findings detail a novel bisphosphonate compound capable of preferentially altering the IBP in tumor-burdened adrenal glands of a murine model of PCa metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 55242-1294, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Protein prenylation and human diseases: a balance of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:328-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
12
|
Chang CH, Wang CZ, Chang JK, Hsu CY, Ho ML. The susceptive alendronate-treatment timing and dosage for osteogenesis enhancement in human bone marrow-derived stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105705. [PMID: 25157615 PMCID: PMC4144913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that alendronate enhanced osteogenesis in osteoblasts and human bone marrow-derived stem cells. However, the time- and dose-dependent effects of Aln on ostegenic differentiation and cytotoxicity of hBMSCs remain undefined. In present study, we investigated the effective dose range and timing of hBMSCs. hBMSCs were treated with various Aln doses (1, 5 and 10 µM) according to the following groups: group A was treated with Aln during the first five days of bone medium, groups B, C and D were treated during the first, second, and final five days of osteo-induction medium and group E was treated throughout the entire experiment. The mineralization level and cytotoxicity were measured by quantified Alizarin Red S staining and MTT assay. In addition, the reversal effects of farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate replenishment in group B were also investigated. The results showed that Aln treatment in groups A, B and E enhanced hBMSC mineralization in a dose-dependent manner, and the most pronounced effects were observed in groups B and E. The higher dose of Aln simultaneously enhanced mineralization and caused cytotoxicity in groups B, C and E. Replenishment of FPP or GGPP resulted in partial or complete reverse of the Aln-induced mineralization respectively. Furthermore, the addition of FPP or GGPP also eliminated the Aln-induced cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that hBMSCs are susceptible to 5 µM Aln during the initiation stage of osteogenic differentiation and that a 10 µM dose is cytotoxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Zen Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ken Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yu Hsu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Bradley AD, Wang D, Reinhardt RA. Statins, bone metabolism and treatment of bone catabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:53-61. [PMID: 24407282 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that statins had bone anabolic properties initiated many investigations into their use for treatment of bone catabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis. This paper reviews the molecular basis of statin's role in bone metabolism, and animal and human studies on the impact of systemic statins on osteoporosis-induced bone fracture incidence and healing, and on bone density. Limitations of systemic statins are described along with alternative dosing strategies, including local applications and bone-targeting systemic preparations. The principal findings of this review are: (1) traditional oral dosing with statins results in minimal efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis; (2) local applications of statins show promise in the treatment of accessible bony defects, such as periodontitis; and (3) systemically administered statins which can target bone or inflammation near bone may be the safest and most effective strategy in the treatment of osseous deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Aaron D Bradley
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Richard A Reinhardt
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang XX, Ying P, Diao F, Wang Q, Ye D, Jiang C, Shen N, Xu N, Chen WB, Lai SS, Jiang S, Miao XL, Feng J, Tao WW, Zhao NW, Yao B, Xu ZP, Sun HX, Li JM, Sha JH, Huang XX, Shi QH, Tang H, Gao X, Li CJ. Altered protein prenylation in Sertoli cells is associated with adult infertility resulting from childhood mumps infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1559-74. [PMID: 23825187 PMCID: PMC3727317 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of GGPPS from childhood mumps infection or deletion in mice results in constitutively activated MAPK and NF-kB signaling that induces spermatogonium apoptosis, macrophage invasion into seminiferous tubules, and sterility. Mumps commonly affects children 5–9 yr of age, and can lead to permanent adult sterility in certain cases. However, the etiology of this long-term effect remains unclear. Mumps infection results in progressive degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium and, occasionally, Sertoli cell–only syndrome. Thus, the remaining Sertoli cells may be critical to spermatogenesis recovery after orchitis healing. Here, we report that the protein farnesylation/geranylgeranylation balance is critical for patients’ fertility. The expression of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (GGPPS) was decreased due to elevated promoter methylation in the testes of infertile patients with mumps infection history. When we deleted GGPPS in mouse Sertoli cells, these cells remained intact, whereas the adjacent spermatogonia significantly decreased after the fifth postnatal day. The proinflammatory MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were constitutively activated in GGPPS−/− Sertoli cells due to the enhanced farnesylation of H-Ras. GGPPS−/− Sertoli cells secreted an array of cytokines to stimulate spermatogonia apoptosis, and chemokines to induce macrophage invasion into the seminiferous tubules. Invaded macrophages further blocked spermatogonia development, resulting in a long-term effect through to adulthood. Notably, this defect could be rescued by GGPP administration in EMCV-challenged mice. Our results suggest a novel mechanism by which mumps infection during childhood results in adult sterility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the School of Medicine, Nanjing University, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing 210061, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease in the elderly population. The progress of this disease results in the reduction of bone mass and can increase the incidence of fractures. Drugs presently used clinically can block the aggravation of this disease. However, these drugs cannot increase the bone mass and may result in certain side effects. Statins, also known as HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been widely prescribed for CVD (cardiovascular disease) for decades. Nonetheless, several studies have demonstrated that statins exert bone anabolic effect and may be helpful for the treatment of osteoporosis. Several experiments have analysed the mechanisms of bone anabolism regulated by statins. In the present paper, we review the mechanisms of promoting osteogenesis, suppressing osteoblast apoptosis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tong H, Kuder CH, Wasko BM, Hohl RJ. Quantitative determination of isopentenyl diphosphate in cultured mammalian cells. Anal Biochem 2013; 433:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
17
|
Weivoda MM, Hohl RJ. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate stimulates PPARγ expression and adipogenesis through the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2012; 50:467-76. [PMID: 22019459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and play important roles in skeletal homeostasis. Osteoblast differentiation results in a decrease in the cellular concentration of the isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and the statin-mediated depletion of GGPP stimulates osteoblast differentiation. Adipogenic differentiation, in contrast, results in increased expression of GGPP synthase (GGPPS), and GGPP lowering agents inhibit adipogenesis in vitro. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that GGPP inhibits osteoblast differentiation and enhances adipogenesis. We found that treatment with exogenous GGPP reduced osteoblastic gene expression and matrix mineralization in primary calvarial osteoblast cultures. GGPP treatment of primary calvarial osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) led to increased expression of total peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ as well as the adipocyte specific splice variant PPARγ2. Inhibition of PPARγ transcriptional activity did not prevent the effects of GGPP on osteoblasts, suggesting that enhanced PPARγ expression is secondary to the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. Enhanced PPARγ expression correlated with the increased formation of Oil Red O-positive cells in osteoblast cultures. Additionally, primary calvarial osteoblasts treated with GGPP exhibited increased expression of the adipokine adiponectin. Consistent with a role for GGPP in adipogenesis, adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs could be impaired by specific depletion of cellular GGPP. In contrast to previous reports utilizing other cell types, treatment of osteoblasts with GGPP did not increase geranylgeranylation, suggesting that GGPP itself may be acting as a signaling molecule. GGPP treatment of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and primary calvarial osteoblasts led to enhanced insulin-induced Erk signaling which has been previously demonstrated to inhibit insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 activity. Additionally, GGPP treatment of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts resulted in a decrease in the insulin-induced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Altogether these findings demonstrate a negative role for GGPP in osteoblast differentiation, leading to increased adipogenesis. Additionally, the effects of GGPP on insulin signaling suggest a potential mechanism for inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and also implicate a role for this isoprenoid in physiological energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Weivoda
- Department of Pharmacology, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weivoda MM, Hohl RJ. Effects of farnesyl pyrophosphate accumulation on calvarial osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3113-22. [PMID: 21586555 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Statins, drugs commonly used to lower serum cholesterol, have been shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the first step of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, leading to the depletion of the isoprenoids farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). The effects of statins on bone have previously been attributed to the depletion of GGPP, because the addition of exogenous GGPP prevented statin-stimulated osteoblast differentiation in vitro. However, in a recent report, we demonstrated that the specific depletion of GGPP did not stimulate but, in fact, inhibited osteoblast differentiation. This led us to hypothesize that isoprenoids upstream of GGPP play a role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. We demonstrate here that the expression of HMGCR and FPP synthase decreased during primary calvarial osteoblast differentiation, correlating with decreased FPP and GGPP levels during differentiation. Zaragozic acid (ZGA) inhibits the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway enzyme squalene synthase, leading to an accumulation of the squalene synthase substrate FPP. ZGA treatment of calvarial osteoblasts led to a significant increase in intracellular FPP and resulted in inhibition of osteoblast differentiation as measured by osteoblastic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and matrix mineralization. Simultaneous HMGCR inhibition prevented the accumulation of FPP and restored osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, specifically inhibiting GGPPS to lower the ZGA-induced increase in GGPP did not restore osteoblast differentiation. The specificity of HMGCR inhibition to restore osteoblast differentiation of ZGA-treated cultures through the reduction in isoprenoid accumulation was confirmed with the addition of exogenous mevalonate. Similar to ZGA treatment, exogenous FPP inhibited the mineralization of primary calvarial osteoblasts. Interestingly, the effects of FPP accumulation on osteoblasts were found to be independent of protein farnesylation. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that the accumulation of FPP impairs osteoblast differentiation and suggests that the depletion of this isoprenoid may be necessary for normal and statin-induced bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Weivoda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1009, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|