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Luo S, Chen J, Mo X. The association of PTEN hypermethylation and breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:5643-50. [PMID: 27672335 PMCID: PMC5026181 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deleted on chromosome 10, as a tumor suppressor gene, is crucial for the development of both familial and sporadic breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of PTEN promoter hypermethylation in BC. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was made in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Chinese database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI]), and Web of Science. The analysis of pooled data was performed with Review Manager 5.2. The fixed-effects or random-effects models were used to evaluate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The meta-analysis included eight studies and a total of 923 patients. The frequency of PTEN promoter hypermethylation was significantly increased in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) compared to normal breast tissues (OR =22.53, P=0.0002 and OR =22.86, P<0.00001, respectively). However, the frequency of PTEN promoter hypermethylation was similar between IDC and DCIS. Additionally, PTEN methylation was not significantly correlated to estrogen receptor (ER) or human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER-2) status in patients with BC. CONCLUSION PTEN promoter hypermethylation is significantly associated with the risk of DCIS and IDC, suggesting PTEN promoter hypermethylation is a valuable biomarker for diagnosis of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Banin Hirata BK, Oda JMM, Losi Guembarovski R, Ariza CB, de Oliveira CEC, Watanabe MAE. Molecular markers for breast cancer: prediction on tumor behavior. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:513158. [PMID: 24591761 PMCID: PMC3925609 DOI: 10.1155/2014/513158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers with greater than 1,300,000 cases and 450,000 deaths each year worldwide. The development of breast cancer involves a progression through intermediate stages until the invasive carcinoma and finally into metastatic disease. Given the variability in clinical progression, the identification of markers that could predict the tumor behavior is particularly important in breast cancer. The determination of tumor markers is a useful tool for clinical management in cancer patients, assisting in diagnostic, staging, evaluation of therapeutic response, detection of recurrence and metastasis, and development of new treatment modalities. In this context, this review aims to discuss the main tumor markers in breast carcinogenesis. The most well-established breast molecular markers with prognostic and/or therapeutic value like hormone receptors, HER-2 oncogene, Ki-67, and p53 proteins, and the genes for hereditary breast cancer will be presented. Furthermore, this review shows the new molecular targets in breast cancer: CXCR4, caveolin, miRNA, and FOXP3, as promising candidates for future development of effective and targeted therapies, also with lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Karina Banin Hirata
- Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Julie Massayo Maeda Oda
- Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Carolina Batista Ariza
- Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Coral de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Laboratory of Polymorphism and Application Study of DNA, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil
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3
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Lee HO, Sheen YY. Estrogen modulation of human breast cancer cell growth. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 20:566-71. [PMID: 18982261 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1997] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into how estrogens modulate cell function, the effects of estrogen on cell proliferation were studied in human breast cancer cells. We examined the effects of estrogen on the proliferation of three human breast cancer cell lines that differed in their estrogen receptor contents. Ten nM estradiol markedly stimulated the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells that contained high levels of estrogen receptor (1.15+/-0.03 pmole/mg protein) over that of control. In T47D cells that contained low levels of estrogen receptor (0.23+/-0.05 pmole/mg protein), Ten nM estrogen slightly stimulated the proliferation over that of control. MDA-MB-231 cells, that contained no detectable levels of estrogen receptors, had their growth unaffected by estrogen. These results showed their sensitivity to growth stimulation by estrogen correlated well with their estrogen receptor content. Also we examined the effect of estrogen on cellular progesterone receptor level as well as plasminogen activator activity in MCF-7 cells. Ten nM estradiol showed maximal stimulation of progesterone receptor level as well as plasminogen activator activity in MCF-7 cells. It is not clear whether these stimulations of progesterone receptor and plasminogen activator activity by estrogen are related to the estrogen stimulation of cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Studies with estrogen in human breast cancer cells in culture indicate that sensitivity to growth stimulation by estrogen correlates well with estrogen receptor contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 120-750, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Differential expression of hormonal and growth factor receptors in salivary duct carcinomas: biologic significance and potential role in therapeutic stratification of patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:1645-52. [PMID: 18059220 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3180caa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), a rare malignancy, manifests remarkable morphologic and biologic resemblance to high-grade mammary ductal carcinoma. We contend that, similar to mammary ductal carcinoma, hormones and growth factors may play a role in SDCs. Our aim was to determine the incidence and clinical significance of the expression of several hormone and growth factor receptors and evaluate their potential in therapeutic stratification of SDC patients in the largest cohort studied to date. Eighty-four archived tumor tissue blocks were analyzed immunohistochemically for expression of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta), androgen receptor (AR), and proline, glutamic acid, and leucine-rich protein-1 and growth factor receptors HER-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor. The results were correlated with available pathologic, demographic, and clinical data from 59 of 84 cases. Proline, glutamic acid, and leucine-rich protein-1, ERbeta, and AR were expressed individually in 94% (71/76), 73% (57/80), and 67% (56/84) of SDCs, respectively, and coexpressed in 45% (34/75). AR was expressed significantly more often in SDCs of men than in SDCs of women [79% (35/57) vs. 33% (9/27), P<0.001]. Epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2 were overexpressed individually in 48% (40/83) and 25% (21/84), respectively, and co-overexpressed in 12% (10/83). Survival decreased significantly in patients with lymph node metastasis (P=0.002) and positive surgical margins (P=0.006). Lack of ERbeta expression correlated with increased local and regional recurrence (P=0.05 and P=0.002, respectively). Together, these results indicate that (a) ERbeta down-regulation is associated with adverse clinical features, (b) lymph node and surgical margin status are significant survival factors, and (c) the differential expression of these hormones and growth factor receptors may assist in triaging patients with SDC for novel therapies.
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5
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Winston J, Craft DM, Scase TJ, Bergman PJ. Immunohistochemical detection of HER-2/neu expression in spontaneous feline mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:8-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Bodey B. The significance of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and therapy of neoplasms. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:371-93. [PMID: 11955276 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article details the diagnostical significance of immunohistochemistry, which has developed during the last quarter of the century. Certainly, the advancement of monoclonal antibody technology has been of great significance in assuring the place of immunohistochemistry in the modern accurate microscopic diagnosis of human neoplasms, as a method of choice in histopathology. The fact still remains that in order to properly assess any immunohistochemical reactivity used for differential diagnostic purposes, the target cells have to be identified as neoplastically transformed cells by routine histopathological techniques. Selected groups of target molecules of great significance in cancer biology are discussed. The discovery of neoplasm-associated antigens has not only made the more accurate diagnosis of human cancer feasible but has also shed light on the extensive immunophenotypical heterogeneity of even the most closely linked human malignancies. The identification of disseminated neoplastically transformed cells by immunohistochemistry has allowed for a clearer picture of cancer invasion and metastasis, as well as the evolution of the tumour cell associated immunophenotype towards increased malignancy. Some possibilities of neoplasm-associated antigen targeted, receptor-directed immunotherapy are discussed and reviewed in this manuscript. Future antineoplastic therapeutical approaches should see the inclusion of a variety of immunotherapies, in the form of an individualised 'cocktail' specific for the particular immunophenotypical pattern associated with each individual patient's neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Bodey
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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7
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Rehman S, Crow J, Revell PA. Bax protein expression in DCIS of the breast in relation to invasive ductal carcinoma and other molecular markers. Pathol Oncol Res 2001; 6:256-63. [PMID: 11173657 DOI: 10.1007/bf03187328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the incidence of Bax protein expression in a series of 106 cases of breast cancer including 56 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 50 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Relationships of Bax expression to the histological grades of DCIS & IDC, and to the expression of Ki67, ER, p53, cerbB2 & Bcl2 are described. The expression of Bax, Ki67, ER, p53, cerbB2 and Bcl2 proteins is determined immunohistochemically. Cases were regarded positive for Bax, Bcl2 and cerbB2 when they showed either moderate or strong staining for these markers. The nuclear stains (Ki67, ER, and p53) were quantified in terms of percentage positive cells and cases for ER and p53 were considered positive when more than 10% cells were labelled. DCIS were graded histologically as well (n=18), intermediately (n=18), and poorly differentiated (n=20) Invasive ductal carcinoma was graded as grade I (well-differentiated) n=7, grade II (intermediate) n=24 and grade III (poorly differentiated) n=19. 65/106 cases (61%) were Bax positive including 37/56 (66%) of DCIS and 28/50 (56%) of IDC. Bax expression did not correlate to increasing histological grades of either DCIS or IDC. It did not correlate to Ki67, ER, p53 or cerbB2 but positive correlation was seen with Bcl2 (p=0.003). Bcl2 immunostaining displayed a negative correlation with increasing histological grades both of DCIS and IDC (p=0.026), (p=0.041) respectively. There was a trend of negative correlation of Bcl2 with Ki67 (p=0.062). It correlated positively with Bax (p=0.003) and ER (p<0.0001). Results suggest that the regulation of apoptosis is important in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast as well as invasive ductal carcinomas. Bcl2 is associated with good prognostic markers in both DCIS and IDC, whereas the regulation of Bax is complex and does not necessarily correlate with mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rehman
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, Department Histopathology Row-land Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, England.
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8
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Shpitz B, Bomstein Y, Sternberg A, Klein E, Liverant S, Groisman G, Bernheim J. Angiogenesis, p53, and c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological features in male breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2000; 75:252-7. [PMID: 11135266 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9098(200012)75:4<252::aid-jso5>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES p53, c-erbB-2, and tumor microvascular density have been shown to be potential prognostic tools in female breast cancer. Our objective was to assess the significance of these biomarkers as prognostic factors in infiltrating male breast cancer. METHODS A retrospective study of expression of p53, c-erbB-2, and tumor microvascular density was done on a group of 26 male breast cancer patients. Biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemical study with specific anti-p53, anti-c-erbB-2, and anti-CD34 antibodies was carried out on paraffin sections of breast carcinoma. The data of expression of the biomarkers were merged with clinicopathological data such as tumor grade, T class, TNM stage, estrogen receptor status, tumor recurrence, and patient survival. RESULTS p53 and c-erbB-2 were expressed in 46% and 39% of carcinomas, respectively. No correlation was found between positive immunoreactivity of p53, and tumor grade, size, T class, TNM stage, and survival. Nor was any relation found between tumor size, T class, TNM stage, survival, and c-erbB-2 overexpression. c-erbB-2 overexpression was significantly higher in high grade carcinomas. Estrogen receptor (ER) were positive in 21 out of 26 of tumors (81%). No trends were observed between estrogen receptor status and clinicopathological parameters or survival (data not shown). There was a positive correlation between mean microvascular density (MVD), advanced T class, and survival: higher MVD counts were found in patients with advanced tumors and in those who had tumor relapses or died of metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that tumor microvascular density may serve as a potential prognostic tool in male breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shpitz
- Department of Surgery B and Pathology, Sapir Medical Center, Meir General Hospital, Kfar Sava, Israel
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9
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Tsongalis GJ, Cartun RW, Ricci A. Gene amplification as means for determining therapeutic strategies in human cancers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38:837-9. [PMID: 11097337 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2000.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomic analysis aspires to identify individuals with specific genetic characteristics in order to predict a positive response or reduce a negative response to a therapeutic modality. While the search continues for the many single nucleotide polymorphisms which will be used in such genetic analyses, other genetic alterations in specific cell types have proven useful in determining the potential for response to therapy. One such genetic alteration is amplification of entire gene sequences which results in overexpression of a gene product or protein. Amplification of the HER2 (neu, erbB-2) oncogene is found in up to 35% of human breast cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis. In addition, this genetic alteration may predict response to various therapeutic modalities. Assays are available to detect the HER2 protein receptor or copies of the HER2 gene sequence to determine eligibility for Herceptin treatment or adriamycin treatment in node positive patients, respectively. This model represents a somatic event used in the functional determination of a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford Hospital, CT 06102, USA.
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10
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Nagy P, Jenei A, Damjanovich S, Jovin TM, Szölôsi J. Complexity of signal transduction mediated by ErbB2: clues to the potential of receptor-targeted cancer therapy. Pathol Oncol Res 2000; 5:255-71. [PMID: 10607920 DOI: 10.1053/paor.1999.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The erbB2 oncogene belongs to the type I trans-membrane tyrosine kinase family of receptors. Its medical importance stems from its widespread over-expression in breast cancer. This review will focus on the signal transduction through this protein, and explains how the overexpression of erbB2 may result in poor prognosis of breast cancer, and finally it will summerize our current understanding about the therapeutic potential of receptor-targeted therapy in breast cancer. ErbB2 does not have any known ligand which is able to bind to it with high affinity. However the kinase activity of erbB2 can be activated without any ligand, if it is overexpressed, and by heteroassociation with other members of the erbB family (erbB1 or epidermal growth factor receptor, erbB3 and erbB4). This interaction substantially increases the efficiency and diversity of signal transduction through these receptor complexes. In addition, erbB2 forms large scale receptor clusters containing hundreds of proteins. These receptor islands may take part in recruiting cytosolic factors which relay the signal towards the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Overexpression of erbB2 was linked to higher transforming activity, increased metastatic potential, angiogenesis and drug resistence of breast tumor in laboratory experiments. As a corollary of these properties, erbB2 amplification is generally thought to be associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. These early findings lead to the development of antibodies that down-regulate erbB2. Such a therapeutic approach has already been found effective in experimental tumor models and in clinical trials as well. Further understanding of the importance of erbB2 and growth factor receptors in the transformation of normal cells to malignant ones may once give us a chance to cure erbB2 over-expressing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nagy
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biophysical Workgroup, Budapest, Hungary.
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11
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Cardiff RD, Anver MR, Gusterson BA, Hennighausen L, Jensen RA, Merino MJ, Rehm S, Russo J, Tavassoli FA, Wakefield LM, Ward JM, Green JE. The mammary pathology of genetically engineered mice: the consensus report and recommendations from the Annapolis meeting. Oncogene 2000; 19:968-88. [PMID: 10713680 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NIH sponsored a meeting of medical and veterinary pathologists with mammary gland expertise in Annapolis in March 1999. Rapid development of mouse mammary models has accentuated the need for definitions of the mammary lesions in genetically engineered mice (GEM) and to assess their usefulness as models of human breast disease. The panel of nine pathologists independently reviewed material representing over 90% of the published systems. The GEM tumors were found to have: (1) phenotypes similar to those of non-GEM; (2) signature phenotypes specific to the transgene; and (3) some morphological similarities to the human disease. The current mouse mammary and human breast tumor classifications describe the majority of GEM lesions but unique morphologic lesions are found in many GEM. Since little information is available on the natural history of GEM lesions, a simple morphologic nomenclature is proposed that allows direct comparisons between models. Future progress requires rigorous application of guidelines covering pathologic examination of the mammary gland and the whole animal. Since the phenotype of the lesions is an essential component of their molecular pathology, funding agencies should adopt policies ensuring careful morphological evaluation of any funded research involving animal models. A pathologist should be part of each research team.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Cardiff
- U.C.D. Center for Comparative Medicine, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Molecular Pathology of Breast Cancer: Prognostic and Predictive Markers in This Century and the Next. Breast Cancer 1999; 6:275-282. [PMID: 11091729 DOI: 10.1007/bf02966439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Rungsipipat A, Tateyama S, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K, Murakami Y, Miyoshi N, Hayashi T. Amplification of the c-yes oncogene in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:185-9. [PMID: 10081762 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic DNAs of 14 mammary tumors were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization using a human c-yes-1 oncogene probe. The amplification was successful in half of the cases (7 adenocarcinomas). The degree of amplification was approximately 4-fold, and a high proportion was seen in malignant tumors. In addition, DNA polymorphism was detected in two adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rungsipipat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
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14
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Wiesener B, Hauser-Kronberger CE, Zipperer E, Dietze O, Menzel C, Hacker GW. p34cdc2 in invasive breast cancer: relationship to DNA content, Ki67 index and c-erbB-2 expression. Histopathology 1998; 33:522-30. [PMID: 9870146 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS One-hundred and eighty-eight cases of human mammary carcinoma were examined immunohistochemically for their expression of Ki67, p34cdc2 and c-erbB-2. DNA image cytometry was performed to evaluate DNA ploidy, Auer type, S-phase fraction (SPF), 5c exceeding rate (5cER) and 2c deviation index (2cDI). METHODS AND RESULTS One-hundred and sixty-eight cases were invasive ductal carcinomas, 20 were of invasive lobular type. Routinely assessed oestrogen and progesterone receptor scores were available. The results were analysed statistically in comparison to tumour type, histopathological grade, lymph node status, menopausal status, patient age and overall survival. Ki67 (P < 0.002) and c-erbB-2 (P < 0.0001) correlated well with overall survival (P < 0.0008) and grade (P < 0.038) but not with lymph node status and tumour type. p34cdc2 showed a trend towards a positive correlation with Ki67 (P < 0.058) and a significant negative correlation with receptor status (P < 0.008) but with none of the other parameters examined. CONCLUSIONS No association between the DNA measured parameters (Auer type, SPF, 5cER and 2cDI) and survival was found. Our results suggest that c-erbB-2 and Ki67 are parameters which might, in combination with receptor status, help to define subgroups with different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wiesener
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, General Hospital (St. Johanns Spital), Salzburg, Austria
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15
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Breuer B, Smith S, Thor A, Edgerton S, Osborne MP, Minick R, Cody HS, Nowak E, Cortese A, Simmons RM, Carney WP, Brandt-Rauf PW. ErbB-2 protein in sera and tumors of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998; 49:261-70. [PMID: 9776510 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006033214721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We compared levels of erbB-2 oncoprotein among three groups: Group I included 60 asymptomatic women; Group II had 51 women with benign breast biopsies; and Group III had 67 women with node-negative breast cancer. Serological levels of erbB-2 protein were measured in all participants; tumor levels were measured for Groups II and III. Forty-three percent of usable tumors (25/58), including three of seven lobular tumors, were erbB-2 positive. Tumor and blood oncoprotein levels were unrelated. Blood levels, however, were positively related to tumor volume, but only when the tumor had both a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component and an invasive component, suggesting a role for erbB-2 protein in progression of DCIS to invasive carcinoma. In Groups I and II serological levels of erbB-2 protein were directly related to age, and inversely related to having had a live birth. Therefore, a model that determined the threshold levels of serological erbB-2 positivity in Group III included age and nulliparity as independent variables. Only three of the 67 women (4.5%) in Group III were positive for serological erbB-2. In a multivariate model, with serological erbB-2 as the dependent variable, and in which the independent variables included Study Group, there was a statistical trend for younger women, in which Group III had the highest serological levels of erbB-2, followed by Group II, and then Group I. In women who were over the age of 50 years the trend was reversed; i.e., levels of erbB-2 tended to be lowest in Group III, followed by Group II, and finally Group I.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Breuer
- The Strang Cancer Prevention Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Elston CW, Ellis IO, Pinder SE. Prognostic factors in invasive carcinoma of the breast. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1998; 10:14-7. [PMID: 9543609 DOI: 10.1016/s0936-6555(98)80105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Gillett CE, Lee AH, Millis RR, Barnes DM. Cyclin D1 and associated proteins in mammary ductal carcinoma in situ and atypical ductal hyperplasia. J Pathol 1998; 184:396-400. [PMID: 9664905 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199804)184:4<396::aid-path1259>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies suggest that cyclin D1 is a potential oncogene but in clinical studies of invasive breast cancer, overexpression of cyclin D1 is found to be associated with oestrogen receptor (ER) expression and low histological grade, both markers of good prognosis. Immunohistochemistry has been used to examine the relationship between cyclin D1 expression and differentiation in 36 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and the interrelationship between expression of cyclin D1, its associated protein product of the retinoblastoma gene (pRb), and ER, in this group of cases. The expression of these markers has also been examined in nine cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and these results have been compared with the levels of expression seen in DCIS. Cyclin D1 overexpression was found in 23/36 (64 per cent) cases of DCIS and, in contrast to invasive carcinoma, there was no relationship with either differentiation or ER expression. The level of pRb expression was significantly associated with cyclin D1 expression (rS = 0.49, P = 0.001) and only two cases (6 per cent) were pRb-negative. There was no association between pRb and differentiation of DCIS or ER status. In contrast to DCIS, only one case of ADH showed overexpression of cyclin D1 (Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0.02). All cases of ADH were ER-positive and showed moderate pRb staining, similar to that seen in well-differentiated DCIS. These results provide further evidence that overexpression of cyclin D1 plays a role early in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Gillett
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Clinical Oncology Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, U.K
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De Bortoli M, Maggiora P, Capello D, Antoniotti S, Saviozzi S, Sapei ML, Dati C. Hormonal control of growth factor receptor expression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 784:336-48. [PMID: 8651582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb16248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we have discussed a series of results obtained in our laboratory that, together with data by other authors, demonstrate that the expression of the erbB-2 tyrosine kinase receptor oncogene in breast cancer cells is regulated by multiple factors and hormones, which modulate their growth and differentiation. In particular, we have shown that estrogens specifically inhibit erbB-2 expression by transcriptional repression, which is exerted through a sequence within the erbB-2 gene promoter. Estrogens control mammary cell growth directly, by inducing early gene expression, and indirectly, by increasing autocrine growth factor production or decreasing growth inhibitors. The data presented here suggest that mammary cells respond to estrogen also by modifying the receptor array on their surface, thus setting their own sensitivity to the different autocrine and paracrine factors. As a first consequence, the modulation of erbB-2 expression level by antiestrogen may represent a point to consider when selecting breast cancer patients for hormonal therapy, in those (few) cases where estrogen receptor positivity accompanies erbB-2 amplification. On the other hand, antiestrogen-induced upregulation of erbB-2 may improve tumor targeting of drugs designed to interact or interfere with erbB-2, such as humanized antibodies, immunotoxins, or engineered ligands. These possibilities should be tested in appropriate model systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Bortoli
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy
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Clark JW, Santos-Moore A, Stevenson LE, Frackelton AR. Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and proteins important in the ras signaling pathway. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:186-91. [PMID: 8567115 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960117)65:2<186::aid-ijc10>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancers frequently over-express a number of growth factor receptors. In addition, elevated src family kinase activity is present in a percentage of these neoplasms and has been implicated in signal transduction in these cells. Therefore, inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity is a potential approach for treating these tumors. Utilizing the SKBR3 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, we evaluated the effects of broadly targeting growth factor receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (herbimycin A and genistein) to inhibit proliferation. We also evaluated these inhibitor's effects on proteins that regulate ras function, which is a convergence point for signaling through both src family kinases and a number of growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (e.g., epidermal growth factor and erbB-2 receptors). We specifically evaluated whether these compounds affected 2 recently discovered proteins involved in controlling ras function: Shc, which is tyrosine-phosphorylated by src and activated growth factor receptors, and Grb-2, which mediates signal transduction from activated growth factor receptors through ras. We evaluated their effects on tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, binding of Grb-2 to Shc and MAP kinase activity. Both cell lines were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by each compound. This was accompanied by decreased Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, Shc's association with Grb-2 and MAP kinase activity. Thus, tyrosine kinase inhibitors can inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells, accompanied by inhibition of signal transduction steps potentially mediated through ras. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors might, therefore, be useful for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Clark
- Department of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Kelloff GJ, Boone CW, Crowell JA, Nayfield SG, Hawk E, Steele VE, Lubet RA, Sigman CC. Development of Breast Cancer Chemopreventive Drugs. Breast J 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.1995.tb00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tavassoli F, Man Y. Morphofunctional Features of Intraductal Hyperplasia, Atypical Intraductal Hyperplasia, and Various Grades of Intraductal Carcinoma. Breast J 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.1995.tb00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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