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Alberto AVP, Ferreira NCDS, Bonavita AGC, Nihei OK, de Farias FP, Bisaggio RDC, de Albuquerque C, Savino W, Coutinho‐Silva R, Persechini PM, Alves LA. Physiologic roles of P2 receptors in leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:983-1012. [PMID: 35837975 PMCID: PMC9796137 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0421-226rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1970s, purinergic receptors have been shown to play key roles in a wide variety of biologic systems and cell types. In the immune system, purinergic receptors participate in innate immunity and in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. In particular, P2 receptors, which respond to extracellular nucleotides, are widely expressed on leukocytes, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines and the formation of inflammatory mediators, and inducing phagocytosis, degranulation, and cell death. The activity of these receptors is regulated by ectonucleotidases-expressed in these same cell types-which regulate the availability of nucleotides in the extracellular environment. In this article, we review the characteristics of the main purinergic receptor subtypes present in the immune system, focusing on the P2 family. In addition, we describe the physiologic roles of the P2 receptors already identified in leukocytes and how they can positively or negatively modulate the development of infectious diseases, inflammation, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Viana Pinto Alberto
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | | | - Oscar Kenji Nihei
- Center of Education and LetterState University of the West of ParanáFoz do IguaçuPRBrazil
| | | | - Rodrigo da Cunha Bisaggio
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on NeuroimmunomodulationRio de Janeiro Research Network on NeuroinflammationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Robson Coutinho‐Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Pedro Muanis Persechini
- Laboratory of Immunobiophysics, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
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Burnstock G, Fredholm BB, North RA, Verkhratsky A. The birth and postnatal development of purinergic signalling. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199:93-147. [PMID: 20345419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signalling system is one of the most ancient and arguably the most widespread intercellular signalling system in living tissues. In this review we present a detailed account of the early developments and current status of purinergic signalling. We summarize the current knowledge on purinoceptors, their distribution and role in signal transduction in various tissues in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Friedle SA, Curet MA, Watters JJ. Recent patents on novel P2X(7) receptor antagonists and their potential for reducing central nervous system inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:35-45. [PMID: 19705995 DOI: 10.2174/157488910789753530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation arises in the CNS from a number of neurodegenerative and oncogenic disorders, as well as from ischemic and traumatic brain injuries. These pathologies give rise to increased levels of extracellular adenine nucleotides which, via activation of a variety of cell surface P2 purinergic receptors, influence the inflammatory activities of responding immune cells. One P2 receptor subtype in particular, the P2X(7) receptor, potentiates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) from macrophage-like cells. It is also thought to contribute to secondary brain injury by inducing neuronal cell death. Therefore, antagonism of this receptor could have significant therapeutic impact on all disorders, not just CNS, to which excessive inflammatory activities contribute. The use of currently available P2X(7) receptor antagonists for the treatment of CNS inflammation has been limited to the generally non-selective antagonists PPADS, oxidized ATP, Brilliant Blue G, suramin, calmidizolium, and KN-62. However, the recent patents and development of novel P2X(7) receptor antagonists, as discussed in this review, will provide new tools both for clinical and research purposes. Here we discuss compounds for which patents have been applied since 2006, from the following categories: benzamide inhibitors, bicycloheteroaryl compounds, acylhdranzine antagonists, biaromatic P2X(7) antagonists, heterocyclic compounds and amide derivatives, and aromatic amine antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Friedle
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Suadicani SO, Brosnan CF, Scemes E. P2X7 receptors mediate ATP release and amplification of astrocytic intercellular Ca2+ signaling. J Neurosci 2006; 26:1378-85. [PMID: 16452661 PMCID: PMC2586295 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3902-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of synaptic transmission and brain microcirculation are new roles ascribed to astrocytes in CNS function. A mechanism by which astrocytes modify neuronal activity in the healthy brain depends on fluctuations of cytosolic Ca2+ levels, which regulate the release of "gliotransmitters" via an exocytic pathway. Under pathological conditions, however, the participation of other pathways, including connexin hemichannels and the pore-forming P2X7R, have been proposed but remain controversial. Through the use of genetically modified 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells and of spinal cord astrocytes derived from neonatal Cx43- and P2X7R-null mice, we provide strong evidence that P2X7Rs, but not Cx43 hemichannels, are sites of ATP release that promote the amplification of Ca2+ signal transmission within the astrocytic network after exposure to low divalent cation solution. Moreover, our results showing that gap junction channel blockers (heptanol, octanol, carbenoxolone, flufenamic acid, and mefloquine) are antagonists of the P2X7R indicate the inadequacy of using these compounds as evidence for the participation of connexin hemichannels as sites of gliotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia O Suadicani
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Burnstock G, Knight GE. Cellular Distribution and Functions of P2 Receptor Subtypes in Different Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 240:31-304. [PMID: 15548415 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)40002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at providing readers with a comprehensive reference article about the distribution and function of P2 receptors in all the organs, tissues, and cells in the body. Each section provides an account of the early history of purinergic signaling in the organ?cell up to 1994, then summarizes subsequent evidence for the presence of P2X and P2Y receptor subtype mRNA and proteins as well as functional data, all fully referenced. A section is included describing the plasticity of expression of P2 receptors during development and aging as well as in various pathophysiological conditions. Finally, there is some discussion of possible future developments in the purinergic signaling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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Idzko M, Panther E, Bremer HC, Sorichter S, Luttmann W, Virchow CJ, Di Virgilio F, Herouy Y, Norgauer J, Ferrari D. Stimulation of P2 purinergic receptors induces the release of eosinophil cationic protein and interleukin-8 from human eosinophils. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:1244-50. [PMID: 12711624 PMCID: PMC1573766 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Extracellular nucleotides are the focus of increasing attention for their role as extracellular mediators since they are released into the extracellular environment in a regulated manner and/or as a consequence of cell damage. 2. Here, we show that human eosinophils stimulated with different nucleotides release eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and the chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), and that release of these two proteins has a different nucleotide requirement. 3. Release of ECP was triggered in a dose-dependent manner by ATP, UTP and UDP, but not by 2'-&3'-o-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP), ADP and alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5' triphosphate (alpha,beta-meATP). Release of IL-8 was triggered by UDP, ATP, alpha,beta-meATP and BzATP, but not by UTP or ADP. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin abrogated nucleotide-stimulated ECP but not IL-8 release. 4. Release of IL-8 stimulated by BzATP was fully blocked by the P2X(7) blocker KN-62, while release triggered by ATP was only partially inhibited. IL-8 secretion due to UDP was fully insensitive to KN-62 inhibition. 5. Priming of eosinophils with GM-CSF increased IL-8 secretion irrespectively of the nucleotide used as a stimulant. 6. It is concluded that extracellular nucleotides trigger secretion of ECP by stimulating a receptor of the P2Y subfamily (possibly P2Y(2)), while, on the contrary, nucleotide-stimulated secretion of IL-8 can be due to activation of both P2Y (P2Y(6)) and P2X (P2X(1) and P2X(7)) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
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Canaday DH, Beigi R, Silver RF, Harding CV, Boom WH, Dubyak GR. ATP and control of intracellular growth of mycobacteria by T cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6456-9. [PMID: 12379727 PMCID: PMC130300 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6456-6459.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP at millimolar concentrations inhibits growth of mycobacteria in human macrophages. Whether T cells can produce sufficient ATP is unknown. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells did not release sufficient ATP through either degranulation or lysis of bystander cells to restrict growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Canaday
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA.
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Guile SD, Ince F, Ingall AH, Kindon ND, Meghani P, Mortimore MP. The medicinal chemistry of the P2 receptor family. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 38:115-87. [PMID: 11774794 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S D Guile
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
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Idzko M, Dichmann S, Panther E, Ferrari D, Herouy Y, Virchow C, Luttmann W, Di Virgilio F, Norgauer J. Functional characterization of P2Y and P2X receptors in human eosinophils. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188:329-36. [PMID: 11473359 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of purinoceptor by ATP induces in eosinophils various cell responses including calcium transients, actin polymerization, production of reactive oxygen metabolites, CD11b-expression, and chemotaxis. Here, the effect of ion channel-gated P2X and/or G protein-coupled P2Y receptor agonists ATP, ATPgammaS, alpha,beta-meATP, 2-MeSATP, BzATP, ADP, CTP, and UTP on the intracellular Ca(2+)-mobilization, actin polymerization, production of reactive oxygen metabolites, CD11b expression and chemotaxis of human eosinophils were measured and the biological activity was analyzed. Although all tested nucleotides were able to induce all these cell responses, the biological activity of the analyzed nucleotides were distinct. Agonists of the G protein-coupled P2Y receptors such as 2-MeSATP, UTP, and ADP have a higher biological activity for production of reactive oxygen metabolites, actin polymerization and chemotaxis in comparison to the ion channel-gated P2X agonists alphabeta-meATP, BzATP, and CTP. In contrast, P2Y and P2X agonist showed similar potencies in respect to intracellular calcium transient and CD11b up-regulation. This conclusion was further supported by experiments with receptor iso-type antagonist KN62, EGTA or with the G(i) protein-inactivating pertussis toxin. These findings indicate participation of different purinorecptors in the regulation of cell responses in eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Watters JJ, Sommer JA, Fisette PL, Pfeiffer ZA, Aga M, Prabhu U, Guerra AN, Denlinger LC, Bertics PJ. P2X7 nucleotide receptor: Modulation of LPS-induced macrophage signaling and mediator production. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stober CB, Lammas DA, Li CM, Kumararatne DS, Lightman SL, McArdle CA. ATP-mediated killing of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin within human macrophages is calcium dependent and associated with the acidification of mycobacteria-containing phagosomes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6276-86. [PMID: 11342651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that extracellular ATP stimulated macrophage death and mycobacterial killing within Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-infected human macrophages. ATP increases the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in macrophages by mobilizing intracellular Ca(2+) via G protein-coupled P2Y receptors, or promoting the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) via P2X purinoceptors. The relative contribution of these receptors and Ca(2+) sources to ATP-stimulated macrophage death and mycobacterial killing was investigated. We demonstrate that 1) ATP mobilizes Ca(2+) in UTP-desensitized macrophages (in Ca(2+)-free medium) and 2) UTP but not ATP fails to deplete the intracellular Ca(2+) store, suggesting that the pharmacological properties of ATP and UTP differ, and that a Ca(2+)-mobilizing P2Y purinoceptor in addition to the P2Y(2) subtype is expressed on human macrophages. ATP and the Ca(2+) ionophore, ionomycin, promoted macrophage death and BCG killing, but ionomycin-mediated macrophage death was inhibited whereas BCG killing was largely retained in Ca(2+)-free medium. Pretreatment of cells with thapsigargin (which depletes inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate-mobilizable intracellular stores) or 1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N, N, N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator) failed to inhibit ATP-stimulated macrophage death but blocked mycobacterial killing. Using the acidotropic molecular probe, 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyl dipropylamine, it was revealed that ATP stimulation promoted the acidification of BCG-containing phagosomes within human macrophages, and this effect was similarly dependent upon Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores. We conclude that the cytotoxic and bactericidal effects of ATP can be uncoupled and that BCG killing is not the inevitable consequence of death of the host macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Stober
- Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Ferrari D, Idzko M, Dichmann S, Purlis D, Virchow C, Norgauer J, Chiozzi P, Di Virgilio F, Luttmann W. P2 purinergic receptors of human eosinophils: characterization and coupling to oxygen radical production. FEBS Lett 2000; 486:217-24. [PMID: 11119707 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides elicit multiple responses in eosinophils but no information on expression of purinergic receptors in these cells is available so far. In the present study we show that human eosinophils express the following P2Y and P2X subtypes: P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(6), P2Y(11), and P2X(1), P2X(4), P2X(7), whose stimulation results in intracellular Ca(2+) increase and production of large amounts of reactive oxygen intermediates. These events are stimulated or inhibited, respectively, by P2 receptor agonists or antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ferrari
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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Humphreys BD, Rice J, Kertesy SB, Dubyak GR. Stress-activated Protein Kinase/JNK Activation and Apoptotic Induction by the Macrophage P2X7 Nucleotide Receptor. J Biol Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Michel AD, Kaur R, Chessell IP, Humphrey PP. Antagonist effects on human P2X(7) receptor-mediated cellular accumulation of YO-PRO-1. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:513-20. [PMID: 10821778 PMCID: PMC1572117 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the interaction of P2 antagonists with the human P2X(7) receptor by studying their effect on 2' and 3'-O-benzoyl-benzoyl-ATP (DbATP) stimulated cellular accumulation of the fluorescent, DNA binding dye, YO-PRO-1 (MW=375Da). In suspensions of HEK293 cells expressing human recombinant P2X(7) receptors, DbATP produced time and concentration-dependent increases in YO-PRO-1 fluorescence. This response presumably reflects YO-PRO-1 entry through P2X(7) receptor channels and binding to nucleic acids. When studies were performed in a NaCl-free, sucrose-containing buffer, full concentration-effect curves to DbATP could be constructed. The P2 antagonists, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) and periodate oxidized ATP (oATP), reduced the potency of DbATP and decreased its maximum response. 1-[N,O-bis(1, 5-isoquinolinesulphonyl)-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine (KN62) and its analogue, KN04, reduced the potency of DbATP. Schild slopes for KN62 and KN04 were shallow and exhibited a plateau at concentrations of compound greater than 1 microM, indicating that these compounds were not competitive antagonists. Calmidazolium and a monoclonal antibody to human P2X(7) receptors attenuated DbATP-stimulated YO-PRO-1 accumulation but they were not competitive antagonists and only produced 2 - 3 fold decreases in the potency of DbATP. The effects of PPADS and KN62 were partially reversible whereas those of oATP were not. PPADS protected cells against the irreversible antagonist effects of oATP suggesting a common site of action. In contrast KN62 was not effective suggesting that it may bind at a different site to oATP and PPADS. This study has demonstrated that P2X(7) receptor function can be quantified by measuring DbATP stimulated YO-PRO-1 accumulation and has provided additional information about the interaction of P2 receptor antagonists with the human P2X(7) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Michel
- Glaxo Institute of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QJ
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Nihei OK, Savino W, Alves LA. Procedures to characterize and study P2Z/P2X7 purinoceptor: flow cytometry as a promising practical, reliable tool. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:415-28. [PMID: 10800201 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of P2Z/P2X7 purinoceptor in different cell types is well established. This receptor is a member of the ionotropic P2X receptor family, which is composed by seven cloned receptor subtypes (P2X1 - P2X7). Interestingly, the P2Z/P2X7 has a unique feature of being linked to a non-selective pore which allows the passage of molecules up to 900 Da depending on the cell type. Early studies of P2Z/P2X7 purinoceptor were exclusively based on classical pharmacological studies but the recent tools of molecular biology have enriched the analysis of the receptor expression. The majority of assays and techniques chosen so far to study the expression of P2Z/P2X7 receptor explore directly or indirectly the effects of the opening of P2Z/P2X7 linked pore. In this review we describe the main techniques used to study the expression and functionality of P2Z/P2X7 receptor. Additionally, the increasing need and importance of a multifunctional analysis of P2Z/P2X7 expression based on flow cytometry technology is discussed, as well as the adoption of a more complete analysis of P2Z/P2X7 expression involving different techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Nihei
- Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Grahames CB, Michel AD, Chessell IP, Humphrey PP. Pharmacological characterization of ATP- and LPS-induced IL-1beta release in human monocytes. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1915-21. [PMID: 10482924 PMCID: PMC1566177 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/1999] [Revised: 05/14/1999] [Accepted: 05/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have utilized the human monocytic cell line, THP-1, and freshly isolated adherent human monocytes with the compounds pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disuphonic acid (PPADS), oxidized ATP, and 1-(N, O-bis[5-isoquinolinesufonyll]-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl)-4-phenylpiper azi ne (KN-62) to pharmacologically characterize the P2 receptor involved in ATP-induced release of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta). We have also investigated the involvement of P2 receptors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1beta release from both cell types. 2. ATP caused release of IL-1beta from LPS primed THP-1 cells in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with a minimal effective ATP concentration of 1 mM. Stimulation of cells with 5 mM ATP resulted in detectable concentrations of IL-1beta in cell supernatants within 30 min. 3. The ATP analogue benzoylbenzoyl ATP (DBATP), a P2X7 receptor agonist, was approximately 10 fold more potent than ATP at eliciting IL-1beta release. 4. KN-62 (1 micro M), PPADS (100 microM) or oxidized ATP (100 uM) significantly inhibited 5 mM ATP-induced IL-1beta release by 81, 90 and 66% respectively, but failed to significantly inhibit LPS-induced IL-1beta release in both THP-1 cells and in freshly isolated human monocytes. 5. In both THP-1 cells and freshly isolated human monocytes, addition of the ATP degrading enzyme apyrase (0.4 U ml(-1)) to cell supernatants prior to LPS activation failed to significantly inhibit the LPS-induced IL-1beta release. In addition there was no correlation between extracellular ATP concentrations and IL-1beta release in THP-1 cells when studied over a 6 h time period. 6. In conclusion our data confirm the involvement of P2X7 receptors in ATP-induced IL-1beta release in human monocytes. However no evidence was obtained which would support the involvement of either endogenous ATP release or P2X7 receptor activation as the mechanism by which LPS-induces IL-1beta release in either the THP-1 cell line or in freshly isolated human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Grahames
- Glaxo Institute of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QJ
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Fernando KC, Gargett CE, Wiley JS. Activation of the P2Z/P2X7 receptor in human lymphocytes produces a delayed permeability lesion: involvement of phospholipase D. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 362:197-202. [PMID: 9989927 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic lymphocytes possess a cytolytic P2Z/P2X7 receptor which, when activated by extracellular ATP, opens a Ca2+- and Ba2+-permeable ion channel. This ATP-stimulated influx of divalent cations has been shown to activate an intracellular phospholipase D (PLD) which hydrolyzes membrane phosphatidylcholine. Lymphocytes that were exposed to ATP for 20 min at 37 degrees C, washed, and then incubated without ATP for 2 h showed an increased uptake of propidium2+, a dye widely used to measure cytotoxicity. The potent P2Z/P2X7 receptor inhibitor, KN-62, which is known to prevent the channel opening when added with ATP, did not block development of the permeability lesion when added 15 min before dye addition. The activity of lymphocyte PLD was stimulated fourfold by ATP and a proportion of this increased activity persisted for several hours after removal of ATP. Loading lymphocytes with intracellular choline+ by prior incubation of cells with ATP in isotonic choline chloride abolished both ATP-stimulated PLD activity and the ATP-induced permeability lesion. Addition of PLD but not phospholipase C to the extracellular medium increased lymphocyte permeability to propidium2+ and this effect was not observed in a choline medium. The cytolytic effect of exogenous PLD together with the inhibitory effect of choline, a product of the PLD reaction, suggests that sustained activation of intracellular PLD may be involved in the ATP-initiated cytolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Fernando
- Sydney University Department of Medicine, The Nepean Hospital, Somerset Street, Penrith, Australia
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Wiley JS, Gargett CE, Zhang W, Snook MB, Jamieson GP. Partial agonists and antagonists reveal a second permeability state of human lymphocyte P2Z/P2X7 channel. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:C1224-31. [PMID: 9814970 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.5.c1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is known to trigger apoptosis of thymocytes and lymphocytes through a P2Z receptor at which ATP is a partial agonist, giving only 70% of the maximum response of 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP), a full agonist. This cytolytic receptor and its associated ion channel are Ca2+ (and Ba2+) selective but also pass molecules up to the size of ethidium cation (314 Da). RT-PCR showed identity between lymphocyte P2Z and the hP2X7 gene recently cloned from human monocytes. When human leukemic B lymphocytes were incubated with ATP and 133Ba2+, an immediate influx of isotope occurred. It was augmented by 45% when ATP was added 10 min before isotope. Time-resolved flow cytometry was used to examine kinetics of ethidium uptake in cells incubated with BzATP or the partial agonists ATP, 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-triphosphate, or adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate). Maximally effective concentrations of BzATP (50 microM) induced immediate uptake of ethidium at a rate linear with time. In contrast, a delay was observed (30 s) before ethidium uptake commenced after addition of maximally effective ATP concentrations (500 microM) at 37 degreesC, and the delay was longer at 24 degreesC. ATP addition 2-10 min before ethidium abolished the delay. The delay was longer with other partial agonists and inversely related to maximal flux produced by agonist. A delay was also observed for submaximal BzATP concentrations (10-20 microM). P2Z/P2X7 inhibitors, KN-62 and 5-(N, N-hexamethylene)-amiloride, reduced the rate of agonist-induced ethidium uptake and lengthened the delay. The results support a model in which agonists for P2Z/P2X7 receptor mediate an immediate channel opening allowing passage of small inorganic cations, followed by a slow further permeability increase allowing passage of larger permeant cations like ethidium. The rate of the second step depends on time and temperature and the efficacy and concentration of agonist and is slowed by antagonists, suggesting it depends on the fraction of P2Z/P2X7 channels held in the initial open state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wiley
- Sydney University Department of Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales 2750, Australia
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Chessell IP, Michel AD, Humphrey PP. Effects of antagonists at the human recombinant P2X7 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 124:1314-20. [PMID: 9720806 PMCID: PMC1565513 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have used whole-cell patch clamping methods to examine the properties of the recombinant human P2X7 (P2Z) receptor stably expressed in HEK-293 cells. 2. In an extracellular solution with lowered concentrations of divalent cations (zero Mg2+ and 0.5 mM Ca2+), both ATP and the nucleotide analogue, 2'- and 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (Bz-ATP) evoked concentration-dependent whole-cell inward currents with maxima of 4658+/-671 and 5385+/-990 pA, respectively, at a holding potential of -90 mV. Current-voltage relationships determined using 100 microM Bz-ATP reversed at -2.7+/-3.1 mV, and did not display significant rectification. 3. Repeated applications of 300 microM Bz-ATP produced inward currents with similar rise-times (approx. 450 ms, 5-95% current development) but with progressively slower 95-5% decay times, with the eighth application of this agonist yielding a decay time of 197% of the first application. 4. Concentration-effect curves to ATP and Bz-ATP produced estimated EC50 values of 780 and 52.4 microM, respectively. Consecutive concentration-effect curves to Bz-ATP produced curves with similar maxima and EC50 values. 5. The non-selective P2 antagonists, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-, 2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) and suramin, both produced concentration-dependent increases in maximal inward currents to Bz-ATP, with IC50 concentrations of approximately 1 microM and 70 microM, respectively. The profile of antagonism produced by PPADS was not that of a competitive antagonist. 6. The isoquinolene derivatives 1-(N,O-bis[5-isoquinolinesulphonyl]-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl)-4-phenylpi perazine (KN-62) and calmidazolium both produced antagonism which was not competitive, with IC50 concentrations of approximately 15 and 100 nM, respectively. HMA (5-(N,N-hexamethylene)- amiloride) was also an effective antagonist at a concentration of 10 microM. The group IIb metal, copper, also displayed antagonist properties at the human P2X7 receptor, reducing the maximum response to Bz-ATP by about 50% at a concentration of 1 microM. 7. These data demonstrate that the human recombinant P2X7 receptor displays functional behaviour which is similar to the recombinant rat P2X7 receptor, but has a distinct pharmacological profile with respect to agonist and antagonist sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Chessell
- Glaxo Institute of Applied Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge
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Humphreys BD, Virginio C, Surprenant A, Rice J, Dubyak GR. Isoquinolines as antagonists of the P2X7 nucleotide receptor: high selectivity for the human versus rat receptor homologues. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 54:22-32. [PMID: 9658186 DOI: 10.1124/mol.54.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1-[N, O-Bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine (KN-62) and N-[1-[N-methyl-p-(5 isoquinolinesulfonyl)benzyl]-2-(4 phenylpiperazine)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (KN-04) potently inhibit the human lymphocyte P2Z receptor, an ATP-gated cation channel [Br J Pharmacol 120:1483-1490 (1997)]. Although the molecular identity of the lymphocyte P2Z receptor has not been established, it shares many functional characteristics with the cloned P2X7 nucleotide receptor. We have tested whether these isoquinolines inhibit P2X receptor function in human embryonic kidney 293 cells that stably express the human or rat recombinant P2X7 receptors. ATP activation of cation currents and uptake of the organic dye ethidium were potently inhibited by KN-62 and KN-04 in human embryonic kidney cells expressing the human P2X7R but not the rat P2X7R, even though these species homologues share 80% amino acid identity. Introduction of the first 335 amino acids of the human P2X7R sequence conferred KN-62 sensitivity to the rat P2X7R; this suggests that isoquinolines interact with residues in the amino-terminal half (containing the large extracellular loop) of the human P2X7R. KN-62 and KN-04 also potently inhibited ATP-gated Ca2+ influx and ethidium uptake in several leukocyte cell lines (THP-1, BAC1.2f5, and BW5147) that natively express the human or murine P2X7R mRNA. The ability of isoquinoline sulfonamides to potently inhibit human and murine P2X7R signaling will be a useful tool for identifying P2Z/P2X7 functional responses in other cell types. The substantial differences in pharmacological sensitivity between rat and human P2X7R may also indicate structural domains important in channel/pore activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Humphreys
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Persechini PM, Bisaggio RC, Alves-Neto JL, Coutinho-Silva R. Extracellular ATP in the lymphohematopoietic system: P2Z purinoceptors off membrane permeabilization. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:25-34. [PMID: 9686176 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides on many organs and systems have been recognized for almost 50 years. The effects of extracellular ATP (ATPo), UTPo, ADPo, and other agonists are mediated by P2 purinoceptors. One of the most dramatic effects of ATPo is the permeabilization of plasma membranes to low molecular mass solutes of up to 900 Da. This effect is evident in several cells of the lymphohematopoietic system and is supposed to be mediated by P2Z, an ATP(4-)-activated purinoceptor. Here, we review some basic information concerning P2 purinoceptors and focus our attention on P2Z-associated phenomena displayed by macrophages. Using fluorescent dye uptake, measurement of free intracellular Ca2+ concentration and electrophysiological recordings, we elucidate some of the events that follow the application of ATP to the extracellular surface of macrophages. We propose a regulatory mechanism for the P2Z-associated permeabilization pore. The presence of P2 purinoceptors in cells of the lymphohematopoietic system makes them potential candidates to mediate immunoregulatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Persechini
- Laboratório de Imunobiofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Coutinho-Silva R, Persechini PM. P2Z purinoceptor-associated pores induced by extracellular ATP in macrophages and J774 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:C1793-800. [PMID: 9435482 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.6.c1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Millimolar concentrations of extracellular ATP (ATPo) can induce the permeabilization of plasma membranes of macrophages and other bone marrow-derived cells to low-molecular-weight solutes, a phenomenon that is the hallmark of P2Z purinoceptors. However, patch-clamp and whole cell electrophysiological experiments have so far failed to demonstrate the existence of any ATPo-induced P2Z-associated pores underlying this permeabilization phenomenon. Here, we describe ATPo-induced pores of 409 +/- 33 pS recorded using cell-attached patch-clamp experiments performed in macrophages and J774 cells. These pores are voltage dependent and display several properties of the P2Z-associated permeabilization phenomenon: they are permeable to both large cations and anions, such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and glutamate; their opening is favored at temperatures higher than 30 degrees C; they are blocked by oxidized ATP and Mg2+; and they can be triggered by 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP but not by UTP or ADP. We conclude that the pores described in this report are associated with the P2Z permeabilization phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Rassendren F, Buell GN, Virginio C, Collo G, North RA, Surprenant A. The permeabilizing ATP receptor, P2X7. Cloning and expression of a human cDNA. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:5482-6. [PMID: 9038151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA was isolated from a human monocyte library that encodes the P2X7 receptor; the predicted protein is 80% identical to the rat receptor. Whole cell recordings were made from human embryonic kidney cells transfected with the human cDNA and from human macrophages. Brief applications (1-3 s) of ATP and 2', 3'-(4-benzoyl)-benzoyl-ATP elicited cation-selective currents. When compared with the rat P2X7 receptor, these effects required higher concentrations of agonists, were more potentiated by removal of extracellular magnesium ions, and reversed more rapidly on agonist removal. Longer applications of agonists permeabilized the cells, as evidenced by uptake of the propidium dye YO-PRO1, but this was less marked than for cells expressing the rat P2X7 receptor. Expression of chimeric molecules indicated that some of the differences between the rat and human receptor could be reversed by exchanging the intracellular C-terminal domain of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rassendren
- Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Persechini PM, Coutinho-Silva R, Alves LA, Campos-de-Carvalho AC, Savino W. The P2Z purinoceptor: an open question in the immune system. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1996; 17:292-4. [PMID: 8962635 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(96)80549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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