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Mücke VT, Maria Schwarzkopf K, Thomas D, Mücke MM, Rüschenbaum S, Trebicka J, Pfeilschifter J, Zeuzem S, Lange CM, Grammatikos G. Serum Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Is Decreased in Patients With Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and Predicts Early Mortality. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1477-1486. [PMID: 33024917 PMCID: PMC7527696 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) regulates pathophysiological processes, including liver regeneration, vascular tone control, and immune response. In patients with liver cirrhosis, acute deterioration of liver function is associated with high mortality rates. The present study investigated whether serum S1P concentrations are associated with disease severity in patients with chronic liver disease from compensated cirrhosis (CC), acute decompensation (AD), or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF). From August 2013 to October 2017, patients who were admitted to the University Hospital Frankfurt with CC, AD, or ACLF were enrolled in our cirrhosis cohort study. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed on serum samples of 127 patients to assess S1P concentration. Our study comprised 19 patients with CC, 55 with AD, and 51 with ACLF, aged 29 to 76 years. We observed a significant decrease of S1P according to advanced liver injury from CC and AD up to ACLF (P < 0.001). S1P levels further decreased with progression to ACLF grade 3 (P < 0.05), and S1P highly inversely correlated with the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score (r = −0.508; P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, S1P remained an independent predictor of 7‐day mortality with high diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve, 0.874; P < 0.001). Conclusion: In patients with chronic liver disease, serum S1P levels dramatically decreased with advanced stages of liver disease and were predictive of early mortality. Because S1P is a potent regulator of endothelial integrity and immune response, low S1P levels may significantly influence progressive multiorgan failure. Our data justify further elucidation of the diagnostic and therapeutic role of S1P in ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria T Mücke
- Departement of Internal Medicine 1 University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Katharina Maria Schwarzkopf
- Departement of Internal Medicine 1 University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marcus M Mücke
- Departement of Internal Medicine 1 University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sabrina Rüschenbaum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Departement of Internal Medicine 1 University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Departement of Internal Medicine 1 University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Christian M Lange
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Essen University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Georgios Grammatikos
- Departement of Internal Medicine 1 University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany.,St. Luke's Hospital Thessaloniki Panorama Greece
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Anwar M, Mehta D. Post-translational modifications of S1PR1 and endothelial barrier regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158760. [PMID: 32585303 PMCID: PMC7409382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1), a G-protein coupled receptor that is expressed in endothelium and activated upon ligation by the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is an important vascular-barrier protective mechanism at the level of adherens junctions (AJ). Loss of endothelial barrier function is a central factor in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory conditions characterized by protein-rich lung edema formation, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). While several S1PR1 agonists are available, the challenge of arresting the progression of protein-rich edema formation remains to be met. In this review, we discuss the role of S1PRs, especially S1PR1, in regulating endothelial barrier function. We review recent findings showing that replenishment of the pool of cell-surface S1PR1 may be crucial to the effectiveness of S1P in repairing the endothelial barrier. In this context, we discuss the S1P generating machinery and mechanisms that regulate S1PR1 at the cell surface and their impact on endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
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Zhang W, Liu XD, Wang JW, Meng LF, Zhang YG, Wang JY. The sphingosine-1-phosphate/RhoA/Rho associated kinases/myosin light chain pathway in detrusor of female rats is down-regulated in response to ovariectomy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:1203-1210. [PMID: 32433052 PMCID: PMC7249712 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysuria is one of the main symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause, which causes serious disruption to the normal life of peri-menopausal women. Studies have shown that it is related to decrease of detrusor contractile function, but the exact mechanism is still poorly understood. Previous results have suggested that the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway can regulate detrusor contraction, and this pathway is affected by estrogen in various tissues. However, how estrogen affects this pathway in the detrusor has not been investigated. In this study, we detected changes of the S1P/RhoA/Rho associated kinases (ROCK)/myosin light chain (MLC) pathway in the detrusor of ovariectomized rats in order to explore the underlying mechanism of dysuria during peri-menopause. METHODS Thirty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into SHAM (sham operation), OVX (ovariectomy), and E groups (ovariectomy + estrogen), with 12 rats in each group. We obtained bladder detrusor tissues from each group and examined the mRNA and protein levels of the major components of the S1P/RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. We also quantified the content of S1P in the detrusor using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, we compared results between the groups with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The components of the S1P pathway and the RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway of the OVX group were significantly decreased, as compared with SHAM group. The percent decreases of the components in the S1P pathway were as follows: sphingosine kinase 1 (mRNA: 39%, protein: 45%) (both P < 0.05), S1P (21.73 ± 1.09 nmol/g vs. 18.86 ± 0.69 nmol/g) (P < 0.05), and S1P receptor 2/3 (S1PR2/3) (mRNA: 25%, 27%, respectively) (P < 0.05). However, the protein expression levels of S1PR2/3 and the protein and mRNA levels of SphK2 and S1PR1 did not show significant differences between groups (P > 0.05). The percent decreases of the components in the RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway were as follows: ROCK2 (protein: 41%, mRNA: 36%) (both P < 0.05), p-MYPT1 (protein: 54%) (P < 0.05), and p-MLC20 (protein: 47%) (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the mRNA and protein levels of RhoA, ROCK1, MYPT1, and MLC20 (all P > 0.05). In addition, all of the above-mentioned decreases could be reversed after estrogen supplementation (E group vs. SHAM group) (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, we confirmed that ovariectomy is closely associated with the down-regulation of the S1P/RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway in the rat detrusor, which may be one mechanism of dysuria caused by decreased contractile function of the female detrusor during peri-menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jia-Wen Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ling-Feng Meng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yao-Guang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian-Ye Wang
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
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Abstract
The pulmonary endothelial cell forms a critical semi-permeable barrier between the vascular and interstitial space. As part of the blood-gas barrier in the lung, the endothelium plays a key role in normal physiologic function and pathologic disease. Changes in endothelial cell shape, defined by its plasma membrane, determine barrier integrity. A number of key cytoskeletal regulatory and effector proteins including non-muscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, and Arp 2/3 mediate actin rearrangements to form cortical and membrane associated structures in response to barrier enhancing stimuli. These actin formations support and interact with junctional complexes and exert forces to protrude the lipid membrane to and close gaps between individual cells. The current knowledge of these cytoskeletal processes and regulatory proteins are the subject of this review. In addition, we explore novel advancements in cellular imaging that are poised to shed light on the complex nature of pulmonary endothelial permeability.
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Thewke DP, Kou J, Fulmer ML, Xie Q. The HGF/MET Signaling and Therapeutics in Cancer. CURRENT HUMAN CELL RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7296-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sysol JR, Chen J, Singla S, Zhao S, Comhair S, Natarajan V, Machado RF. Micro-RNA-1 is decreased by hypoxia and contributes to the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling via regulation of sphingosine kinase 1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L461-L472. [PMID: 29167124 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00057.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) upregulation is associated with pathologic pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the mechanisms controlling its expression are undefined. In this study, we sought to characterize the regulation of SphK1 expression by micro-RNAs (miRs). In silico analysis of the SphK1 3'-untranslated region identified several putative miR binding sites, with miR-1-3p (miR-1) being the most highly predicted target. Therefore we further investigated the role of miR-1 in modulating SphK1 expression and characterized its effects on the phenotype of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and the development of experimental pulmonary hypertension in vivo. Our results demonstrate that miR-1 is downregulated by hypoxia in PASMCs and can directly inhibit SphK1 expression. Overexpression of miR-1 in human PASMCs inhibits basal and hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration. Human PASMCs isolated from PAH patients exhibit reduced miR-1 expression. We also demonstrate that miR-1 is downregulated in mouse lung tissues during experimental hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension (HPH), consistent with upregulation of SphK1. Furthermore, administration of miR-1 mimics in vivo prevented the development of HPH in mice and attenuated induction of SphK1 in PASMCs. These data reveal the importance of miR-1 in regulating SphK1 expression during hypoxia in PASMCs. A pivotal role is played by miR-1 in pulmonary vascular remodeling, including PASMC proliferation and migration, and its overexpression protects from the development of HPH in vivo. These studies improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Sysol
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sunit Singla
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuangping Zhao
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roberto F Machado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
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Dela Paz NG, Melchior B, Frangos JA. Shear stress induces Gα q/11 activation independently of G protein-coupled receptor activation in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C428-C437. [PMID: 28148497 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00148.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical signal transduction occurs when mechanical forces, such as fluid shear stress, are converted into biochemical responses within the cell. The molecular mechanisms by which endothelial cells (ECs) sense/transduce shear stress into biological signals, including the nature of the mechanosensor, are still unclear. G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been postulated independently to mediate mechanotransduction. In this study, we used in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) to investigate the role of a specific GPCR/Gαq/11 pair in EC shear stress-induced mechanotransduction. We demonstrated that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) stimulation causes a rapid dissociation at 0.5 min of Gαq/11 from its receptor S1P3, followed by an increased association within 2 min of GPCR kinase-2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin-1/2 with S1P3 in human coronary artery ECs, which are consistent with GPCR/Gαq/11 activation and receptor desensitization/internalization. The G protein activator AlF4 resulted in increased dissociation of Gαq/11 from S1P3, but no increase in association between S1P3 and either GRK2 or β-arrestin-1/2. The G protein inhibitor guanosine 5'-(β-thio) diphosphate (GDP-β-S) and the S1P3 antagonist VPC23019 both prevented S1P-induced activation. Shear stress also caused the rapid activation within 7 s of S1P3/Gαq/11 There were no increased associations between S1P3 and GRK2 or S1P3 and β-arrestin-1/2 until 5 min. GDP-β-S, but not VPC23019, prevented dissociation of Gαq/11 from S1P3 in response to shear stress. Shear stress did not induce rapid dephosphorylation of β-arrestin-1 or rapid internalization of S1P3, indicating no GPCR activation. These findings suggest that Gαq/11 participates in the sensing/transducing of shear stress independently of GPCR activation in ECs.
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Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a simple, bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, plays a key role, both intracellularly and extracellularly, in various cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and endothelial barrier integrity. The cellular S1P level is low and is tightly regulated by its synthesis and degradation. Sphingosine Kinases (SphKs) 1 and 2, catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of sphingosine to S1P, while the degradation is mediated by the reversible dephosphorylation catalyzed by the S1P phosphatases and lipid phosphate phosphatases and the irreversible degradation to hexadecenal and ethanolamine phosphate by sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1PL). As a ligand for specific G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P1-5, which are differentially expressed in different cell types, S1P generates downstream signals that play crucial role in developmental and disease related pathologies. In addition to acting extracellularly on receptors located on the plasma membrane, S1P can also act intracellularly, independently of S1P1-5, affecting calcium homeostasis and cell proliferation. The SphKs /S1P /S1PL metabolic pathway is implicated in numerous human pathologies including respiratory disorders, thereby raising the possibility that manipulating intracellular S1P levels could offer therapeutic potential in ameliorating lung diseases. This review focuses on the prospects of targeting S1P signaling and S1P metabolizing enzymes using small molecule inhibitors, receptor agonists, and antagonists in the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Ebenezer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
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Role of Integrin β4 in Lung Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Responses to Mechanical Stress. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16529. [PMID: 26572585 PMCID: PMC4647208 DOI: 10.1038/srep16529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has lung vascular-protective effects that are associated with decreased agonist-induced integrin β4 (ITGB4) tyrosine phosphorylation. Accordingly, we hypothesized that endothelial cell (EC) protection by simvastatin is dependent on these effects and sought to further characterize the functional role of ITGB4 as a mediator of EC protection in the setting of excessive mechanical stretch at levels relevant to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Initially, early ITGB4 tyrosine phosphorylation was confirmed in human pulmonary artery EC subjected to excessive cyclic stretch (18% CS). EC overexpression of mutant ITGB4 with specific tyrosines mutated to phenylalanine (Y1440, Y1526 Y1640, or Y1422) resulted in significantly attenuated CS-induced cytokine expression (IL6, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES). In addition, EC overexpression of ITGB4 constructs with specific structural deletions also resulted in significantly attenuated CS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression compared to overexpression of wildtype ITGB4. Finally, mice expressing a mutant ITGB4 lacking a cytoplasmic signaling domain were found to have attenuated lung injury after VILI-challenge (VT = 40 ml/kg, 4 h). Our results provide mechanistic insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of statins and may ultimately lead to novel strategies targeted at ITGB4 signaling to treat VILI.
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Tang K, Cai Y, Joshi S, Tovar E, Tucker SC, Maddipati KR, Crissman JD, Repaskey WT, Honn KV. Convergence of eicosanoid and integrin biology: 12-lipoxygenase seeks a partner. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:111. [PMID: 26037302 PMCID: PMC4453211 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integrins and enzymes of the eicosanoid pathway are both well-established contributors to cancer. However, this is the first report of the interdependence of the two signaling systems. In a screen for proteins that interacted with, and thereby potentially regulated, the human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX, ALOX12), we identified the integrin β4 (ITGB4). Methods Using a cultured mammalian cell model, we have demonstrated that ITGB4 stimulation leads to recruitment of 12-LOX from the cytosol to the membrane where it physically interacts with the integrin to become enzymatically active to produce 12(S)-HETE, a known bioactive lipid metabolite that regulates numerous cancer phenotypes. Results The net effect of the interaction was the prevention of cell death in response to starvation. Additionally, regulation of β4-mediated, EGF-stimulated invasion was shown to be dependent on 12-LOX, and downstream Erk signaling in response to ITGB4 activation also required 12-LOX. Conclusions This is the first report of an enzyme of the eicosanoid pathway being recruited to and regulated by activated β4 integrin. Integrin β4 has recently been shown to induce expansion of prostate tumor progenitors and there is a strong correlation between stage/grade of prostate cancer and 12-LOX expression. The 12-LOX enzymatic product, 12(S)-HETE, regulates angiogenesis and cell migration in many cancer types. Therefore, disruption of integrin β4-12LOX interaction could reduce the pro-inflammatory oncogenic activity of 12-LOX. This report on the consequences of 12-LOX and ITGB4 interaction sets a precedent for the linkage of integrin and eicosanoid biology through direct protein-protein association. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0382-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 48201, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yinlong Cai
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Sangeeta Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Present address: Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 14263, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Tovar
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Present address: Van Andel Institute, 49503, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Stephanie C Tucker
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - John D Crissman
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - William T Repaskey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 431 Chemistry Building, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA.
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