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Li P, Wang D, Lu W, He X, Hu J, Yun H, Zhao C, Yang L, Jie Q, Luo Z. Targeting FGFR3 signaling and drug repurposing for the treatment of SLC26A2-related chondrodysplasia in mouse model. J Orthop Translat 2024; 44:88-101. [PMID: 38282752 PMCID: PMC10818158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in Slc26a2 cause a spectrum of autosomal-recessive chondrodysplasia with a significant and negligible influence on the quality of life. It has been reported that Slc26a2 deficiency triggers the ATF6 branch of the UPR, which may, in turn, activate the negative regulator of the FGFR3 signaling pathway. However, the correlation between the deletion of Slc26a2 and the augmentation of downstream phosphorylation of FGFR3 has not been investigated in vivo. Methods First, we constructed Slc26a2 and Fgfr3 double knockout mouse lines and observed gross views of the born mice and histological staining of the tibial growth plates. The second approach was to construct tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ERT2 mouse models to replicate SLC26A2-related non-lethal dysplastic conditions. Pharmacological intervention was performed by administering the FGFR3 inhibitor NVP-BGJ398. The effect of NVP-BGJ398 on chondrocytes was assessed by Alcian blue staining, proliferation, apoptosis, and chondrocyte-specific markers and then verified by western blotting for variations in the downstream markers of FGFR3. The growth process was detected using X-rays, micro-CT examination, histomorphometry staining of growth plates, and immunofluorescence. Results Genetic ablation of Fgfr3 in embryonic Slc26a2-deficient chondrocytes slightly attenuated chondrodysplasia. Subsequently, in the constructed mild dysplasia model, we found that postnatal intervention with Fgfr3 gene in Slc26a2-deficient chondrocytes partially alleviated chondrodysplasia. In chondrocyte assays, NVP-BGJ398 suppressed the defective phenotype of Slc26a2-deficient chondrocytes and restored the phosphorylation downstream of FGFR3 in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, in vivo experiments showed significant alleviation of impaired chondrocyte differentiation, and micro-CT analysis showed a clear improvement in trabecular bone microarchitectural parameters. Conclusion Our results suggested that inhibition of FGFR3 signaling pathway overactivation and NVP-BGJ398 has promising therapeutic implications for the development of SLC26A2-related skeletal diseases in humans. The translational potential of this article Our data provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that targeting FGFR3 signaling via NVP-BGJ398 could be a route for the treatment of SLC26A2-associated skeletal disorders, which promisingly advances translational applications and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Medicine Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiguang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Medicine Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyan Hu
- Department of Biology, Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haitao Yun
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengxiang Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Jie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Medical Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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SLC26A2-Associated Diastrophic Dysplasia and rMED-Clinical Features in Affected Finnish Children and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050714. [PMID: 34064542 PMCID: PMC8151170 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a rare osteochondrodysplasia characterized by short-limbed short stature and joint dysplasia. DTD is caused by mutations in SLC26A2 and is particularly common in the Finnish population. However, the disease incidence in Finland and clinical features in affected individuals have not been recently explored. This registry-based study aimed to investigate the current incidence of DTD in Finland, characterize the national cohort of pediatric subjects with DTD and review the disease-related literature. Subjects with SLC26A2-related skeletal dysplasia, born between 2000 and 2020, were identified from the Skeletal dysplasia registry and from hospital patient registry and their clinical and molecular data were reviewed. Fourteen subjects were identified. Twelve of them were phenotypically classified as DTD and two, as recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (rMED). From the subjects with available genetic data, 75% (9/12) were homozygous for the Finnish founder mutation c.-26+2T>C. Two subjects with rMED phenotype were compound heterozygous for p.Arg279Trp and p.Thr512Lys variants. The variable phenotypes in our cohort highlight the wide spectrum of clinical features, ranging from a very severe form of DTD to milder forms of DTD and rMED. The incidence of DTD in Finland has significantly decreased over the past decades, most likely due to increased prenatal diagnostics.
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Chen L, Xu J, Lv S, Zhao Y, Sun D, Zheng Y, Li X, Zhang L, Chi G, Li Y. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA AP001505.9 inhibits human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11433-11454. [PMID: 33839696 PMCID: PMC8109079 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an effective method for treating chronic articular cartilage injury and degeneration; however, it requires large numbers of hyaline chondrocytes, and human hyaline chondrocytes often undergo dedifferentiation in vitro. Moreover, although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression in many pathological and physiological processes, their role in human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation remains unclear. Here, we examined lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation using microarray analysis. Among the many lncRNAs and mRNAs that showed differential expression, lncRNA AP001505.9 (ENST00000569966) was significantly downregulated in chondrocytes after dedifferentiation. We next performed gene ontology, pathway, and CNC (coding-non-coding gene co-expression) analyses to investigate potential regulatory mechanisms for AP001505.9. Pellet cultures were then used to redifferentiate dedifferentiated chondrocytes, and AP001505.9 expression was upregulated after redifferentiation. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that AP001505.9 overexpression inhibited dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. This study characterizes lncRNA expression profiles in human hyaline chondrocyte dedifferentiation, thereby identifying new potential mechanisms of chondrocyte dedifferentiation worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Operating Room, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dongjie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianglan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Paganini C, Gramegna Tota C, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Skeletal Dysplasias Caused by Sulfation Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082710. [PMID: 32295296 PMCID: PMC7216085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix that confer specific mechanical, biochemical, and physical properties to tissues. Sulfate groups present on glycosaminoglycans, linear polysaccharide chains attached to PG core proteins, are fundamental for correct PG functions. Indeed, through the negative charge of sulfate groups, PGs interact with extracellular matrix molecules and bind growth factors regulating tissue structure and cell behavior. The maintenance of correct sulfate metabolism is important in tissue development and function, particularly in cartilage where PGs are fundamental and abundant components of the extracellular matrix. In chondrocytes, the main sulfate source is the extracellular space, then sulfate is taken up and activated in the cytosol to the universal sulfate donor to be used in sulfotransferase reactions. Alteration in each step of sulfate metabolism can affect macromolecular sulfation, leading to the onset of diseases that affect mainly cartilage and bone. This review presents a panoramic view of skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in genes encoding for transporters or enzymes involved in macromolecular sulfation. Future research in this field will contribute to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis, allowing the development of targeted therapies aimed at alleviating, preventing, or modifying the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Chiara Gramegna Tota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Jiang Z, Derrick-Roberts ALK, Reichstein C, Byers S. Cell cycle progression is disrupted in murine MPS VII growth plate leading to reduced chondrocyte proliferation and transition to hypertrophy. Bone 2020; 132:115195. [PMID: 31863960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral bone growth is abnormal in 6 of the 11 types of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) disorders; resulting in short stature, reduced size of the thoracic cavity and compromised manual dexterity. Current therapies for MPS have had a limited effect on bone growth and to improve these therapies or develop adjunct approaches requires an understanding of the underlying basis of abnormal bone growth in MPS. The MPS VII mouse model replicates the reduction in long bone and vertebral length observed in human MPS. Using this model we have shown that the growth plate is elongated but contains fewer chondrocytes in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Endochondral bone growth is in part regulated by entry and exit from the cell cycle by growth plate chondrocytes. More MPS VII chondrocytes were positive for Ki67, a marker for active phases of the cell cycle, suggesting that more MPS VII chondrocytes were in the cell cycle. The number of cells positive for phosphorylated histone H3 was significantly reduced in MPS VII chondrocytes, suggesting fewer MPS VII chondrocytes progressed to mitotic division. While MPS VII HZ chondrocytes continued to express cyclin D1 and more cells were positive for E2F1 and phos pRb than normal, fewer MPS VII HZ chondrocytes were positive for p57kip2 a marker of terminal differentiation, suggesting fewer MPS VII chondrocytes were able to exit the cell cycle. In addition, multiple markers typical of PZ to HZ transition were not downregulated in MPS VII, in particular Sox9, Pthrpr and Wnt5a. These findings are consistent with MPS VII growth plates elongating at a slower rate than normal due to a delay in progression through the cell cycle, in particular the transition between G1 and S phases, leading to both reduced cell division and transition to the hypertrophic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Jiang
- School of Bioscience, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ainslie L K Derrick-Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clare Reichstein
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- School of Bioscience, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 2019; 286:3008-3032. [PMID: 31286677 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides that constitute the carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to the protein core of proteoglycans, macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Several genetic disorders of bone and connective tissue are caused by mutations in genes encoding for glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and transporters that are responsible for the synthesis of sulfated GAGs. Phenotypically, these disorders all reflect alterations in crucial biological functions of GAGs in the development, growth and homoeostasis of cartilage and bone. To date, up to 27 different skeletal phenotypes have been linked to mutations in 23 genes encoding for proteins involved in GAG biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies of bone and connective tissue disorders caused by GAG synthesis defects. These insights and future research in the field will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and will pave the way for developing common therapeutic strategies that might be targeted to a range of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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7
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Chiesa E, Monti L, Paganini C, Dorati R, Conti B, Modena T, Rossi A, Genta I. Polyethylene Glycol-Poly-Lactide-co-Glycolide Block Copolymer-Based Nanoparticles as a Potential Tool for Off-Label Use of N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Diastrophic Dysplasia. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3631-3641. [PMID: 28826881 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Potential off-label therapeutic role of N-acetylcysteine (N-Ac) was recently demonstrated in the treatment of diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) using mutant mice; its main drawback is the rapid clearance from blood due to the liver metabolism. Our goal was to investigate the potential of polyethylene glycol polylactide-co-glycolide block copolymer (PLGA-PEG)-based nanoparticles (NPs) in order to improve in vivo biodistribution performances and N-Ac pharmacokinetic profile after subcutaneous administration in mice. Results suggest that N-Ac can be effectively loaded into NPs (about 99 μg/mg NPs) using a suitably optimized nanoprecipitation method. Thanks to the good physical characteristics (mean diameter <100 nm, zeta potential about -8 mV) NPs can reach skeletal tissue in particular femoral head and proximal tibia epiphysis at the sixth hour after injection, remaining in the tissues till 24 h. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic study revealed a sustained N-Ac concentration in plasma with a peak concentration of 2.48 ± 1.72 μM at the 24th hour after injection. Overall, results highlight the actual interest of N-Ac-loaded PLGA-PEG NPs as useful platform for N-Ac parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 115, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Luca Monti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 3B, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 3B, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 115, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 115, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Tiziana Modena
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 115, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 3B, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 115, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Armando RG, Gomez DM, Gomez DE. AZT exerts its antitumoral effect by telomeric and non-telomeric effects in a mammary adenocarcinoma model. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2731-2736. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
Introduction: Genetic skeletal diseases (GSDs) are a diverse and complex group of rare genetic conditions that affect the development and homeostasis of the skeleton. Although individually rare, as a group of related diseases, GSDs have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4,000 children. There are currently very few specific therapeutic interventions to prevent, halt or modify skeletal disease progression and therefore the generation of new and effective treatments requires novel and innovative research that can identify tractable therapeutic targets and biomarkers of these diseases. Areas covered: Remarkable progress has been made in identifying the genetic basis of the majority of GSDs and in developing relevant model systems that have delivered new knowledge on disease mechanisms and are now starting to identify novel therapeutic targets. This review will provide an overview of disease mechanisms that are shared amongst groups of different GSDs and describe potential therapeutic approaches that are under investigation. Expert opinion: The extensive clinical variability and genetic heterogeneity of GSDs renders this broad group of rare diseases a bench to bedside challenge. However, the evolving hypothesis that clinically different diseases might share common disease mechanisms is a powerful concept that will generate critical mass for the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Briggs
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Peter A Bell
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Michael J Wright
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katarzyna A Pirog
- Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Monti L, Paganini C, Lecci S, De Leonardis F, Hay E, Cohen-Solal M, Villani S, Superti-Furga A, Tenni R, Forlino A, Rossi A. N-acetylcysteine treatment ameliorates the skeletal phenotype of a mouse model of diastrophic dysplasia. Hum Mol Genet 2015. [PMID: 26206888 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a recessive chondrodysplasia caused by mutations in SLC26A2, a cell membrane sulfate-chloride antiporter. Sulfate uptake impairment results in low cytosolic sulfate, leading to cartilage proteoglycan (PG) undersulfation. In this work, we used the dtd mouse model to study the role of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a well-known drug with antioxidant properties, as an intracellular sulfate source for macromolecular sulfation. Because of the important pre-natal phase of skeletal development and growth, we administered 30 g/l NAC in the drinking water to pregnant mice to explore a possible transplacental effect on the fetuses. When cartilage PG sulfation was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography disaccharide analysis in dtd newborn mice, a marked increase in PG sulfation was observed in newborns from NAC-treated pregnancies when compared with the placebo group. Morphometric studies of the femur, tibia and ilium after skeletal staining with alcian blue and alizarin red indicated a partial rescue of abnormal bone morphology in dtd newborns from treated females, compared with pups from untreated females. The beneficial effect of increased macromolecular sulfation was confirmed by chondrocyte proliferation studies in cryosections of the tibial epiphysis by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry: the percentage of proliferating cells, significantly reduced in the placebo group, reached normal values in dtd newborns from NAC-treated females. In conclusion, NAC is a useful source of sulfate for macromolecular sulfation in vivo when extracellular sulfate supply is reduced, confirming the potential of therapeutic approaches with thiol compounds to improve skeletal deformity and short stature in human DTD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Monti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry and
| | | | - Silvia Lecci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry and
| | | | - Eric Hay
- Inserm U1132 and University Paris 7, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75010 Paris, France and
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Inserm U1132 and University Paris 7, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75010 Paris, France and
| | - Simona Villani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Ruggero Tenni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry and
| | | | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry and
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11
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Briggs MD, Bell PA, Pirog KA. The utility of mouse models to provide information regarding the pathomolecular mechanisms in human genetic skeletal diseases: The emerging role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1483-92. [PMID: 25824717 PMCID: PMC4432922 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic skeletal diseases (GSDs) are an extremely diverse and complex group of rare genetic diseases that primarily affect the development and homeostasis of the osseous skeleton. There are more than 450 unique and well-characterised phenotypes that range in severity from relatively mild to severe and lethal forms. Although individually rare, as a group of related genetic diseases, GSDs have an overall prevalence of at least 1 per 4,000 children. Qualitative defects in cartilage structural proteins result in a broad spectrum of both recessive and dominant GSDs. This review focused on a disease spectrum resulting from mutations in the non-collagenous glycoproteins, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and matrilin-3, which together cause a continuum of phenotypes that are amongst the most common autosomal dominant GSDs. Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and autosomal dominant multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) comprise a disease spectrum characterised by varying degrees of disproportionate short stature, joint pain and stiffness and early-onset osteoarthritis. Over the past decade, the generation and deep phenotyping of a range of genetic mouse models of the PSACH and MED disease spectrum has allowed the disease mechanisms to be characterised in detail. Moreover, the generation of novel phenocopies to model specific disease mechanisms has confirmed the importance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reduced chondrocyte proliferation as key modulators of growth plate dysplasia and reduced bone growth. Finally, new insight into related musculoskeletal complications (such as myopathy and tendinopathy) has also been gained through the in-depth analysis of targeted mouse models of the PSACH-MED disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Briggs
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Peter A Bell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katarzyna A Pirog
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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