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Razmjou AA, Wang JM, Shahbazian A, Reddy S, Charles-Schoeman C. Suppressed paraoxonase-1 activity associates with elevated oxylipins and the presence of small airways disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:75-82. [PMID: 36138190 PMCID: PMC9823017 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated lung disease (LD) associates with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Although oxidative stress plays an important role in the inflammatory responses in other forms of lung disease, minimal work has evaluated its role in RA-LD. The current work examines the relationship between the anti-oxidant HDL-associated enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1), the PON1 Q192R polymorphism, and a targeted oxylipin panel with RA-LD. METHODS This study was conducted as a retrospective chart review of a longitudinal single-center cohort of 250 RA patients. CT scans of the chest were reviewed by the interpreting radiologist and classified as small airways disease (SAD), interstitial lung disease (ILD), and bronchiectasis. PON1 activity was measured by its lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase functions. The PON1 Q192R polymorphism and a targeted lipidomics panel were performed as previously reported. RESULTS 43.2% of the 250 RA patient cohort (n = 108) had available CT scans, including 48 patients (44.4%) with SAD, 27 patients (25.0%) with bronchiectasis, and 16 patients (14.8%) with ILD. Patients with SAD had significantly lower baseline PON1 activity by its arylesterase, and lactonase functions, as well as higher 15-HETE, LTB4, and PGE2 levels compared to those without SAD. These predictors of SAD remained significant after multivariate analysis including known risk factors for RA-LD. Suppressed PON1 activity also correlated with higher levels of 15-HETE and 12-HETE. CONCLUSION In a single-center RA cohort, suppressed baseline PON1 activity and elevation in the oxylipins 15-HETE, LTB4, and PGE2 predicted the presence of RA-SAD in longitudinal follow-up. Key Points • Small airways disease (SAD) was present in 44.4% of this rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort. • Patients with SAD had significantly lower baseline PON1 activity, as well as higher levels of the oxylipins 15-HETE, LTB4, and PGE2 levels compared to those without SAD. • Further work is warranted to confirm these findings and further define the role of PON1 and lipid oxidation in RA lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Razmjou
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Ave, Room 31-79, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1670, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Wang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Ave, Room 31-79, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1670, USA
| | - Ani Shahbazian
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Ave, Room 31-79, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1670, USA
| | - Srinivasa Reddy
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Ave, Room 31-79, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1670, USA
| | - Christina Charles-Schoeman
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Ave, Room 31-79, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1670, USA
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Kim SD, Cho KS. Immunomodulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Airway Disease. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121994. [PMID: 36556359 PMCID: PMC9786036 DOI: 10.3390/life12121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as promising candidates for the treatment of various diseases, especially allergic diseases, as they have the capacity to differentiate into various cells. However, MSCs itself have several limitations such as creating a risk of aneuploidy, difficulty in handling them, immune rejection, and tumorigenicity, so interest in the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from MSCs are increasing, and many studies have been reported. Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by MSCs are as effective as the MSCs themselves in suppression of allergic airway inflammation through the suppression of Th2 cytokine production and the induction of regulatory T cells (Treg) expansion. EVs are one of the substances secreted by paracrine induction from MSCs, and because it exerts its effect by delivering contents such as mRNA, microRNA, and proteins to the receptor cell, it can reduce the problems or risks related to stem cell therapy. This article reviews the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs-derived EVs and their therapeutic implications for allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Dong Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sup Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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He N, Liu X, Vegter AR, Evans TIA, Gray JS, Guo J, Moll SR, Guo LJ, Luo M, Ma N, Sun X, Liang B, Yan Z, Feng Z, Qi L, Joshi AS, Shahin W, Yi Y, Gibson-Corley KN, Hoffman EA, Wang K, Mueller C, Engelhardt JF, Rosen BH. Ferret models of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency develop lung and liver disease. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e143004. [PMID: 35104244 PMCID: PMC8983124 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is the most common genetic cause and risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the field lacks a large-animal model that allows for longitudinal assessment of pulmonary function. We hypothesized that ferrets would model human AATD-related lung and hepatic disease. AAT-knockout (AAT-KO) and PiZZ (E342K, the most common mutation in humans) ferrets were generated and compared with matched controls using custom-designed flexiVent modules to perform pulmonary function tests, quantitative computed tomography (QCT), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) proteomics, and alveolar morphometry. Complete loss of AAT (AAT-KO) led to increased pulmonary compliance and expiratory airflow limitation, consistent with obstructive lung disease. QCT and morphometry confirmed emphysema and airspace enlargement, respectively. Pathway analysis of BAL proteomics data revealed inflammatory lung disease and impaired cellular migration. The PiZ mutation resulted in altered AAT protein folding in the liver, hepatic injury, and reduced plasma concentrations of AAT, and PiZZ ferrets developed obstructive lung disease. In summary, AAT-KO and PiZZ ferrets model the progressive obstructive pulmonary disease seen in AAT-deficient patients and may serve as a platform for preclinical testing of therapeutics including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan He
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
| | | | | | - Lisi Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
| | | | | | - Yaling Yi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
| | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bradley H. Rosen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Fois SS, Canu S, Fois AG. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Sarcoidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111712. [PMID: 34769145 PMCID: PMC8584035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a rare, systemic inflammatory disease whose diagnosis and management can pose a challenge for clinicians and specialists. Scientific knowledge on the molecular pathways that drive its development is still lacking, with no standardized therapies available and insufficient strategies to predict patient outcome. In recent years, oxidative stress has been highlighted as an important factor in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, involving several enzymes and molecules in the mechanism of the disease. This review presents current data on the role of oxidative stress in sarcoidosis and its interaction with inflammation, as well as the application of antioxidative therapy in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Solveig Fois
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Canu
- Respiratory Diseases Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Giuseppe Fois
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Bustos A, Selvi Sabater P, Benlloch M, Drehmer E, López-Rodríguez MM, Platero F, Platero JL, Escribá-Alepuz J, de la Rubia Ortí JE. Metabolic and Functional Improvements in a Patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2 after EGCG Administration: A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57020104. [PMID: 33498819 PMCID: PMC7912075 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to report a case of a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) treated with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for 4 months in order to assess its therapeutic potential in CMT2. Materials and Methods: The study included a brother and a sister who have CMT2. The sister received 800 mg of EGCG for 4 months, while her brother received placebo for the same period of time. Both participants were assessed before and after daily administration by means of anthropometry; analysis of inflammatory and oxidation markers of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in the blood sample; and motor tests: 2-min walk test (2MWT), 10-m walk test (10MWT), nine-hole peg test (9HPT) and handgrip strength measurement using a handheld Jamar dynamometer. Results: Regarding muscular and motor functions associated with higher inflammation and oxidation, improvements only observed in the woman in all analysed parameters (both biochemical and clinical associated with the metabolism and functionality) after 4 months of treatment with EGCG are noteworthy. Thus, this treatment is proposed as a good candidate to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bustos
- Physical Therapy Clinic, Antonio Bustos, 46007 Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - María Benlloch
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.L.P.); (J.E.d.l.R.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-3637412
| | - Eraci Drehmer
- Department of Basic Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46900 Torrente, Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - Felix Platero
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46003 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jose Luis Platero
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.L.P.); (J.E.d.l.R.O.)
| | - Jesús Escribá-Alepuz
- Neurophysiology Department, Sagunto University Hospital, 46520 Valencia, Spain;
- Institute of Sleep Medicine, 46021 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Enrique de la Rubia Ortí
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.L.P.); (J.E.d.l.R.O.)
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Khalil A, Fulop T, Berrougui H. Role of Paraoxonase1 in the Regulation of High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality and in Cardiovascular Protection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:191-200. [PMID: 31969002 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Human paraoxonase (PON) is a member of the gene family that includes paraoxonase 1 (PON1), PON2, and PON3. PON is known for its capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of substrates, including organophosphorus compounds, nerve gases, and aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Recent Advances: Several studies have highlighted the involvement of PON, particularly PON1, in the modulation of the capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to protect against the atherosclerosis process and its clinical manifestations. PON1 exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may be involved in the regulation of the principal antiatherogenic activity of HDL, that is, the regulation of the reverse cholesterol transport process. Critical Issues: Although epidemiological studies have shown that there is an inverse relationship between HDL levels and cardiovascular risk, several studies have emphasized the importance of HDL functionality in protecting against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Given that PON1 is involved in several atheroprotective functions of HDL, the aim of this article is to review the existing literature on PON1 and to discuss the principal mechanisms by which PON1 may exert its different activities. Future Directions: The elucidation of the mechanisms by which PON1 modulates the functionality of HDL as well as the identification of the interventions that stimulate PON1 activity and/or increase its plasma concentration would make it possible to propose new strategies to prevent CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 191-200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Petrič B, Kunej T, Bavec A. A Multi-Omics Analysis of PON1 Lactonase Activity in Relation to Human Health and Disease. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 25:38-51. [PMID: 33306925 PMCID: PMC8045895 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme has antioxidative properties and is present in mammalian blood and several other body fluids. In blood, PON1 is usually integrated into the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. PON1 is a highly versatile enzyme displaying diverse functions such as arylesterase, lactonase, and paraoxonase, among others. PON1 activities are usually investigated with artificial substrates, for example, dihydrocoumarin and thiobutyl butyrolactone for lactonase activity. The PON1 enzyme activities measured with different substrates tend to be falsely assumed as being equivalent in the literature, although there are poor or weak correlations among the PON1 enzyme activities with different substrates. In addition, and despite our knowledge of the factors influencing PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activities, there is little knowledge of PON1 lactonase activity variations and attendant mechanisms. This is important considering further that the lactonase activity is the native activity of PON1. We report here a multi-omics analysis of PON1 lactonase activity. The influence of genetic variations, particularly of single nucleotide polymorphisms and epigenetic, proteomic, and lipidomic variations on PON1 lactonase activity are reviewed. In addition, the influence of various environmental, clinical, and demographic variables on PON1 lactonase activity is discussed. Finally, we examine the associations between PON1 lactonase activity and health states and common complex diseases such as atherosclerosis, dementias, obesity, and diabetes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multi-omics analysis of PON1 lactonase activity with an eye to future applications in basic life sciences and translational medicine and the nuances of critically interpreting PON1 function with lactones as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Petrič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Aljoša Bavec
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Duan XJ, Zhang X, Li LR, Zhang JY, Chen YP. MiR-200a and miR-200b restrain inflammation by targeting ORMDL3 to regulate the ERK/MMP-9 pathway in asthma. Exp Lung Res 2020; 46:321-331. [PMID: 32820688 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1778816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is one of the most frequent and serious diseases worldwide. Inflammation has been reported to correlate with airway remodeling, which is critical for the progression of asthma. Better understanding of novel molecules modulating asthma and the underlying mechanism will benefit explorations of new treatments. Method: To explore the role of miR-200a and miR-200b in asthma, miR-200a mimics/inhibitor and miR-200b mimics/inhibitor were employed in A549 cells, respectively. Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-1β, were measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify whether miR-200a/200b directly bound to Orosomucoid 1-like 3 (ORMDL3). ERK, p-ERK and MMP-9, involved in downstream pathways of ORMDL3, were detected using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Results: MiR-200a/200b silencing significantly increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-1β, in A549 cells. ORMDL3 was the target gene of miR-200a/200b, with high expression levels in miR-200a inhibitor and miR-200b inhibitor groups. MiR-200a and miR-200b played synergistic roles in the regulation of the inflammatory effect in A549 cells. Expression levels of p-ERK and MMP-9 were significantly increased in miR-200a inhibitor and miR-200b inhibitor groups and were rescued by ERK inhibitor and MMP-9 inhibitor, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that miR-200a and miR-200b are required to regulate asthma inflammation. Reduction in miR-200a/200b promotes the development of asthma inflammation by targeting ORMDL3 to activate the ERK/MMP-9 pathway. Therefore, elevating miR-200a and miR-200b and decreasing ORMDL3 might be potential strategies for inhibition of the asthma process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Duan
- The Second Department of Respiratory, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Second Department of Respiratory, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Rui Li
- The Second Department of Respiratory, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yan Zhang
- The Second Department of Respiratory, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Chen
- The Second Department of Respiratory, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, P. R. China
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Screening and Functional Pathway Analysis of Pulmonary Genes Associated with Suppression of Allergic Airway Inflammation by Adipose Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5684250. [PMID: 32676117 PMCID: PMC7336241 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5684250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are as effective as MSCs in the suppression of allergic airway inflammation, few studies have explored the molecular mechanisms of MSC-derived EVs in allergic airway diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the lung associated with the suppression of allergic airway inflammation using adipose stem cell- (ASC-) derived EVs. Methods C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) by intraperitoneal injection and challenged intranasally with OVA. To evaluate the effect of ASC-derived EVs on allergic airway inflammation, 10 μg/50 μL of EVs were administered intranasally prior to OVA challenge. Lung tissues were removed and DEGs were compared pairwise among the three groups. DEG profiles and hierarchical clustering of the identified genes were analyzed to evaluate changes in gene expression. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the expression levels of genes upregulated after treatment with ASC-derived EVs. Enrichment analysis based on the Gene Ontology (GO) database and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were also performed to further identify the function of DEGs. Results Expression of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), brain-expressed X-linked 2 (Bex2), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 (Igfbp6), formyl peptide receptor 1 (Fpr1), and secretoglobin family 1C member 1 (Scgb1c1) was significantly increased in asthmatic mice following treatment with ASC-derived EVs. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes were strongly associated with immune system processes and their regulation, cellular processes, single-organism processes, and biological regulation. Conclusion These results suggest that the DEGs identified in this study (PON1, Bex2, Igfbp6, Fpr1, and Scgb1c1) may be involved in the amelioration of allergic airway inflammation by ASC-derived EVs.
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Ge Y, Cheng R, Sun S, Zhang S, Li L, Jiang J, Yang C, Xuan X, Chen J. Fangxiao Formula alleviates airway inflammation and remodeling in rats with asthma via suppression of transforming growth factor-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109429. [PMID: 31505422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common obstructive airway disease characterized by inflammation and remodeling with a progressive decline in lung function. Fangxiao Formula (FXF) is an herbal medicine that has achieved significant clinical benefits toward asthma patients, but the relevant mechanism has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of FXF on airway inflammation and remodeling, and investigate the activities of TGF‑β/Smads signaling pathway in the rat asthma model. Rats were sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) for six weeks to establish the asthma experimental model. OVA-challenged animals were randomly divided into 5 groups and received different concentrations of FXF or dexamethasone. The animals in blank control group received saline only. Lung tissues were collected and analyzed for determining the inflammatory cells infiltration, HE and PAS staining, airway wall thickness and collagen deposition. The productions of inflammatory cytokine productions were analyzed by ELISA in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to measure the expression of α-SMA and PCNA in lung tissue after the treatment of FXF. The levels of TGF-β were assessed by both immunohistology and western blotting, and the expression of p-Smad2/3 proteins were determined by western blotting analysis. Our results indicated that FXF attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells, decreased the production of Th2 cytokines and simultaneously increased the levels of Th1 cytokine in the asthma rat model. In addition, FXF reduced allergen-induced increased airway wall thickness, goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition. Furthermore, the expression levels of TGF-β and p-Smad3 were obviously reduced after the treatment of FXF. These results indicate that FXF alleviates airway inflammation and remodeling by restoring the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and the TGF-β/Smad-3 pathway, therefor providing potential therapeutic approach for asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rubin Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siya Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saijun Zhang
- The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Xuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An in vivo and in vitro study of the correlation between Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to clarify the expression and role of PON1 on the process of IVDD. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA IVDD is responsible for most of the spinal degenerative diseases. Inflammation and oxidative stress can deteriorate the living environment of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, leading to IVDD. PON1 is an enzyme reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. There is no study about the correlation of PON1 expression with IVDD. METHODS Immunohistochemical (IHC), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and Western blot examined the expression of PON1 in 88 human disc samples (male: female 43: 45) and rat models (n = 5 each group). The level of PON1 is measured in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and oxidative stress (H2O2)-induced degenerative NP cell models using Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, Mito superoxide (SOX), aggrecan, and collagen II are detected in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells transfected with si-RNA of PON1 using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), mitoSOX staining Western blot, and RT-qPCR. RESULTS The expression of PON1 is significantly suppressed in human and rat degenerative intervertebral discs. The level of PON1 is significantly decreased in TNF-α and oxidative stress (H2O2)-induced degenerative NP cell models. ELISA results show that the level of TNF-α and IL-1β obviously increased; Mito SOX staining indicates that the Mito SOX fluorescence significantly increased, and the expression of aggrecan and collagen reduced in NP cells transfected with si-RNA of PON1. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that low PON1 expression is predictive of severe IVDD; PON1 plays an important role of keeping the homeostatic balance of intervertebral discs, and therapeutic approach regarding PON1 may be helpful to alleviate IVDD in the future. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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