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Sun Y, Xiao Z, Chen B, Zhao Y, Dai J. Advances in Material-Assisted Electromagnetic Neural Stimulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400346. [PMID: 38594598 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectricity plays a crucial role in organisms, being closely connected to neural activity and physiological processes. Disruptions in the nervous system can lead to chaotic ionic currents at the injured site, causing disturbances in the local cellular microenvironment, impairing biological pathways, and resulting in a loss of neural functions. Electromagnetic stimulation has the ability to generate internal currents, which can be utilized to counter tissue damage and aid in the restoration of movement in paralyzed limbs. By incorporating implanted materials, electromagnetic stimulation can be targeted more accurately, thereby significantly improving the effectiveness and safety of such interventions. Currently, there have been significant advancements in the development of numerous promising electromagnetic stimulation strategies with diverse materials. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental theories, neural stimulation modulating materials, material application strategies, and pre-clinical therapeutic effects associated with electromagnetic stimulation for neural repair. It offers a thorough analysis of current techniques that employ materials to enhance electromagnetic stimulation, as well as potential therapeutic strategies for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
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Feng G, Liu X, Wang B, Li R, Chang Y, Guo N, Li Y, Chen T, Ma B. Exploring the mechanism of Chaihujia Longgu Muli decoction in the treatment of epilepsy in rats based on the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3389-3399. [PMID: 36739316 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese herbal formula Chaihujia Longgu Muli Decoction (CD) has a good antiepileptic effect, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, in this study we explored the molecular mechanisms of CD against epilepsy. METHODS Twelve-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, model group, valproic acid group, and CD high, medium, and low groups. Except for the normal group, the other groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) to establish epilepsy models, and the Racine score was applied for model judgment. After 14 consecutive days of dosing, the Morris water maze test was performed. Then, hippocampal Nissl staining and immunofluorescence staining were performed, and synaptic ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway proteins were detected. RESULTS In PTZ model rats, the passing times were reduced, and the escape latency was prolonged in the Morris water maze test. Nissl staining showed that some hippocampal neurons swelled and ruptured, Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm were significantly reduced, and neurons were lost. Immunofluorescence detection revealed that the expression of PSD95 and SYP was significantly reduced. Electron microscopy results revealed that the number of synapses in hippocampal neurons was significantly reduced and the postsynaptic membrane length was significantly reduced. Western blot analysis showed that the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was activated, while SYP, SPD95, and PTEN expression was significantly decreased. After treatment with CD, neurobehavioral abnormalities and neuronal damage caused by epileptic seizures were improved. CONCLUSION CD exerted an antiepileptic effect by inhibiting the activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Feng
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xianghua Liu
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Baoying Wang
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruixing Li
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yaxin Chang
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Nannan Guo
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yawei Li
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 450099, China
| | - Bingxiang Ma
- College of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 450099, China. .,, No. 19, Renmin Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450099, China.
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Wang Z, Ren D, Zheng P. The role of Rho/ROCK in epileptic seizure-related neuronal damage. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:881-887. [PMID: 35119588 PMCID: PMC9042975 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most severe neurological disorders characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Although more than two-thirds of patients can be cured with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), the rest one-third of epilepsy patients are resistant to AEDs. A series of studies have demonstrated Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway might be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy in the recent twenty years. Several related pathway inhibitors of Rho/ROCK have been used in the treatment of epilepsy. We searched PubMed from Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2020, using the terms "epilepsy AND Rho AND ROCK" and "seizure AND Rho AND ROCK". We selected articles that characterized Rho/ROCK in animal models of epilepsy and patients. We then chose the most relevant research studies including in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical trials. The expression of Rho/ROCK could be a potential non-invasive biomarker to apply in treatment for patients with epilepsy. RhoA and ROCK show significant upregulation in the acute and chronic stage of epilepsy. ROCK inhibitors can reduce the epilepsy, epileptic seizure-related neuronal death and comorbidities. These findings demonstrate the novel development for diagnosis and treatment for patients with epilepsy. Rho/ROCK signaling pathway inhibitors may show more promising effects in epilepsy and related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Dabin Ren
- Department of Neurusurgery & Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong New area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Neurusurgery & Key Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong New area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
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Neuroinflammation and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Epileptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1724-1743. [PMID: 35015252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence corroborates the fundamental role of neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. Proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) are crucial contributors to the inflammatory reactions in the brain. It is evidenced that epileptic seizures are associated with elevated levels of PICs, particularly interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which underscores the impact of neuroinflammation and PICs on hyperexcitability of the brain and epileptogenesis. Since the pathophysiology of epilepsy is unknown, determining the possible roles of PICs in epileptogenesis could facilitate unraveling the pathophysiology of epilepsy. About one-third of epileptic patients are drug-resistant, and existing treatments only resolve symptoms and do not inhibit epileptogenesis; thus, treatment of epilepsy is still challenging. Accordingly, understanding the function of PICs in epilepsy could provide us with promising targets for the treatment of epilepsy, especially drug-resistant type. In this review, we outline the role of neuroinflammation and its primary mediators, including IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic targeting of PICs and cytokine receptors in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Xiang Y, Niu Y, Xie Y, Chen S, Zhu F, Shen W, Zeng LH. Inhibition of RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway by fasudil protects against kainic acid-induced neurite injury. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2266. [PMID: 34156163 PMCID: PMC8413774 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM RhoA/Rho kinase pathway is essential for regulating cytoskeletal structure. Although its effect on normal neurite outgrowth has been demonstrated, the role of this pathway in seizure-induced neurite injury has not been revealed. The research examined the phosphorylation level of RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway and to clarify the effect of fasudil on RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway and neurite outgrowth in kainic acid (KA)-treated Neuro-2A cells and hippocampal neurons. METHOD Western blotting analysis was used to investigate the expression of key proteins of RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway and the depolymerization of actin. After incubated without serum to induce neurite outgrowth, Neuro-2A cells were fixed, and immunofluorescent assay of rhodamine-phalloidin was applied to detect the cellular morphology and neurite length. The influence of KA on neurons was detected in primary hippocampal neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp was conducted in cultured neurons or hippocampal slices to record action potentials. RESULT KA at the dose of 100-200 μmol/L induced the increase in phosphorylation of Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase and decrease in phosphorylation of Lin11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 kinase and cofilin. The effect of 200 μmol/L KA was peaked at 1-2 hours, and then gradually returned to baseline after 8 hours. Pretreatment with Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil reversed KA-induced activation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway and increase in phosphorylation of slingshot and 14-3-3, which consequently reduced the ratio of G/F-actin. KA treatment induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth and decrease in spines both in Neuro-2a cells and in cultured hippocampal neurons, and pretreatment with fasudil alleviated KA-induced neurite outgrowth inhibition and spine loss. CONCLUSION These data indicate that inhibiting RhoA/Rho kinase pathway might be a potential treatment for seizure-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yumiao Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yacong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shishuo Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weida Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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