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Silva-Filho R, Santos N, Santos MC, Nunes Á, Pinto R, Marinho C, Lima T, Fernandes MP, Santos JCC, Leite ACR. Impact of environmental mercury exposure on the blood cells oxidative status of fishermen living around Mundaú lagoon in Maceió - Alagoas (AL), Brazil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112337. [PMID: 34029837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury in the aquatic environment can lead to exposure of the human population and is a known toxic metal due to its capacity for accumulation in organs. We aimed to evaluate the mercury level in the blood and urine of fishermen and correlate it with the level of oxidative stress in blood cells. We show in this case-control study that the fishermen of the exposed group (case) of Mundaú Lagoon (Maceió - Alagoas, Brazil) have higher concentrations of total mercury in the blood (0.73-48.38 μg L-1) and urine (0.430-10.2 μg L-1) than the total mercury concentrations in blood (0.29-17.30 μg L-1) and urine (0.210-2.65 μg L-1) of the control group. In the blood cells of fishermen, we observed that the lymphomononuclear cells produced high levels of reactive oxygen species (61.7%), and the erythrocytes presented increased lipid peroxidation (151%) and protein oxidation (41.0%) and a decrease in total thiol (36.5%), GSH and the REDOX state (16.5%). The activity of antioxidant system enzymes (SOD, GPx, and GST) was also reduced in the exposed group by 26.9%, 28.3%, and 19.0%, respectively. Furthermore, hemoglobin oxygen uptake was decreased in the exposed group (40.0%), and the membrane of cells presented increased osmotic fragility (154%) compared to those in the control group. These results suggest that mercury in the blood of fishermen can be responsible for causing impairments in the oxidative status of blood cells and is probably the cause of the reduction in oxygen uptake capacity and damage to the membranes of erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo Silva-Filho
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil; Laboratory of Instrumentation and Development in Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Nerveson Santos
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Mayara Costa Santos
- Laboratory of Instrumentation and Development in Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ábner Nunes
- Research Group of Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió-AL, Brazil
| | | | | | - Talitta Lima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Academic Center of Victory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Academic Center of Victory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Josué Carinhanha C Santos
- Laboratory of Instrumentation and Development in Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
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Emmerzaal TL, Nijkamp G, Veldic M, Rahman S, Andreazza AC, Morava E, Rodenburg RJ, Kozicz T. Effect of neuropsychiatric medications on mitochondrial function: For better or for worse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:555-571. [PMID: 34000348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with mitochondrial disease often present with psychopathological comorbidity, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as the underlying pathobiology in various psychiatric disorders. Several studies have suggested that medications used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders could directly influence mitochondrial function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effect of these medications on mitochondrial function. We collected preclinical information on six major groups of antidepressants and other neuropsychiatric medications and found that the majority of these medications either positively influenced mitochondrial function or showed mixed effects. Only amitriptyline, escitalopram, and haloperidol were identified as having exclusively adverse effects on mitochondrial function. In the absence of formal clinical trials, and until such trials are completed, the data from preclinical studies reported and discussed here could inform medication prescribing practices for individuals with psychopathology and impaired mitochondrial function in the underlying pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim L Emmerzaal
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gerben Nijkamp
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marin Veldic
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cristina Andreazza
- University of Toronto, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eva Morava
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Garrido-Pérez N, Meade P, Iglesias E, Jiménez-Salvador I, Montoya J, Martínez-Cué C, Ruiz-Pesini E. Down syndrome is an oxidative phosphorylation disorder. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101871. [PMID: 33540295 PMCID: PMC7859316 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common genomic disorder of intellectual disability and is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Several genes in this chromosome repress mitochondrial biogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether early overexpression of these genes may cause a prenatal impairment of oxidative phosphorylation negatively affecting neurogenesis. Reduction in the mitochondrial energy production and a lower mitochondrial function have been reported in diverse tissues or cell types, and also at any age, including early fetuses, suggesting that a defect in oxidative phosphorylation is an early and general event in Down syndrome individuals. Moreover, many of the medical conditions associated with Down syndrome are also frequently found in patients with oxidative phosphorylation disease. Several drugs that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis are nowadays available and some of them have been already tested in mouse models of Down syndrome restoring neurogenesis and cognitive defects. Because neurogenesis relies on a correct mitochondrial function and critical periods of brain development occur mainly in the prenatal and early neonatal stages, therapeutic approaches intended to improve oxidative phosphorylation should be provided in these periods. Several chromosome 21-encoded proteins repress mitochondrial biogenesis. These proteins are overexpressed in fetal brains of Down syndrome (DS) individuals. Oxidative phosphorylation function is essential for neurogenesis. Upregulation of these proteins adversely impact on neurogenesis. Prenatal therapy with drugs inhibiting these proteins would increase DS neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Nuria Garrido-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Meade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eldris Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Irene Jiménez-Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria. Av. Herrera Oría, 39011, Santander, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Braz GRF, Silva SCDA, Pedroza AADS, de Lemos MD, de Lima FA, da Silva AI, Lagranha CJ. Fluoxetine administration in juvenile overfed rats improves hypothalamic mitochondrial respiration and REDOX status and induces mitochondrial biogenesis transcriptional expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173200. [PMID: 32445706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional imbalance in early life may disrupt the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis and increase the risk of metabolic disease. The hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system based in the hypothalamus plays an important role in the homeostatic control of energy balance, however the mechanisms underlying the regulation of energy metabolism by 5-HT remain poorly described. Several crucial mitochondrial functions are altered by mitochondrial stress. Adaptations to this stress include changes in mitochondrial multiplication (i.e, mitochondrial biogenesis). Due to the scarcity of evidence regarding the effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) such as fluoxetine (FLX) on mitochondrial function, we sought to investigate the potential contribution of FLX on changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis occurring in overfed rats. Using a neonatal overfeeding model, male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups between 39 and 59 days of age based on nutrition and FLX administration: normofed + vehicle (NV), normofed + FLX (NF), overfed + vehicle (OV) and overfed + FLX (OF). We found that neonatal overfeeding impaired mitochondrial respiration and increased oxidative stress biomarkers in the hypothalamus. FLX administration in overfed rats reestablished mitochondrial oxygen consumption, increased mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2) expression, reduced total reactive species (RS) production and oxidative stress biomarkers, and up-regulated mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes. Taken together our results suggest that FLX administration in overfed rats improves mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and oxidative balance and increases the transcription of genes employed in mitochondrial biogenesis favoring mitochondrial energy efficiency in response to early nutritional imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber Rudá Feitoza Braz
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Daniele de Lemos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Academic Center of Vitória-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ariane de Lima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Academic Center of Vitória-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aline Isabel da Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Claudia Jacques Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Academic Center of Vitória-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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5
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Ștefan MG, Kiss B, Gutleb AC, Loghin F. Redox metabolism modulation as a mechanism in SSRI toxicity and pharmacological effects. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1417-1441. [PMID: 32246176 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders are amongst the greatest mental health challenges, with an increasing number of patients being diagnosed each year. Though it has not yet been fully elucidated, redox metabolism imbalances and oxidative stress seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most prescribed antidepressants, considered to have a better tolerability. However, several adverse effects have been reported and the mechanisms involved in their pharmacological activity are not entirely understood. SSRIs have been shown to influence the redox metabolism, which could be involved in their toxicity and pharmacological effects. A comparative analysis of published in vivo and in vitro data regarding the activity of SSRIs on the redox metabolism pathways has been performed in this paper, with an emphasis on mechanistical aspects. Furthermore, a comparison between oxidative stress biomarker levels reported by different studies was attempted. The reviewed data point towards both pro- and antioxidant effects of SSRIs, dependent on tissue/cell type and dose/concentration, suggest a redox modulating potential of these compounds. In hepatic and testicular tissue, the majority of reviewed studies reported pro-oxidant effects, with possible implications towards the hepatotoxicity and sexual dysfunction that were reported following SSRI treatment; while in brain, the most common findings were antioxidant effects that could partially explain their antidepressant activity. However, given the heterogeneity of the reviewed data, further research is needed to fully understand the impact of SSRIs on redox metabolism and its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Georgia Ștefan
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Béla Kiss
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Environmental Health Group, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Braz GRF, da Silva AI, Silva SCA, Pedroza AAS, de Lemos MDT, de Lima FAS, Silva TLA, Lagranha CJ. Chronic serotonin reuptake inhibition uncouples brown fat mitochondria and induces beiging/browning process of white fat in overfed rats. Life Sci 2020; 245:117307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The Role of Serotonin in Concanavalin A-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [PMID: 31998441 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7504521.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in the pathological processes of several liver diseases via the regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the role of serotonin in Concanavalin A- (Con A-) induced acute liver injury (ALI). ALI was induced in C57B/6 wild-type (WT) mice and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) knockout mice through tail vein injection of Con A (15 mg/kg body weight). Another group of TPH1 knockout ALI mice was supplied with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in advance to recover serotonin. The blood and liver tissues of mice were collected in all groups. Markedly increased serum levels of serotonin were identified after the injection of Con A. Increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and stronger hepatic tissue pathology were detected, suggesting that serotonin could mediate Con A-induced liver damage. Serotonin significantly facilitated the release of serum and intrahepatic inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-α), after the administration of Con A. In addition, serotonin significantly increased the intrahepatic levels of oxidative stress markers malonaldehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased antioxidant stress indicator glutathione (GSH) in Con A-treated mice. Additionally, serotonin promoted hepatocyte apoptosis and autophagy based on B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-asociated X protein (Bax), and Beclin-1 levels and TUNEL staining. More importantly, serotonin activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and upregulated the hepatic expressions of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and downstream molecules in Con A-mediated liver injury. Serotonin 2A receptor was upregulated in liver tissue after Con A injection, and serotonin 2A receptor antagonist Ketanserin protected against Con A-induced hepatitis. These results indicated that serotonin has the potential to aggravate Con A-induced ALI via the promotion of inflammatory response, oxidative stress injury, and hepatocyte apoptosis and the activation of hepatic HMGB1-TLR signaling pathway and serotonin 2A receptor.
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8
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The Role of Serotonin in Concanavalin A-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7504521. [PMID: 31998441 PMCID: PMC6969644 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7504521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in the pathological processes of several liver diseases via the regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the role of serotonin in Concanavalin A- (Con A-) induced acute liver injury (ALI). ALI was induced in C57B/6 wild-type (WT) mice and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) knockout mice through tail vein injection of Con A (15 mg/kg body weight). Another group of TPH1 knockout ALI mice was supplied with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in advance to recover serotonin. The blood and liver tissues of mice were collected in all groups. Markedly increased serum levels of serotonin were identified after the injection of Con A. Increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and stronger hepatic tissue pathology were detected, suggesting that serotonin could mediate Con A-induced liver damage. Serotonin significantly facilitated the release of serum and intrahepatic inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-α), after the administration of Con A. In addition, serotonin significantly increased the intrahepatic levels of oxidative stress markers malonaldehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased antioxidant stress indicator glutathione (GSH) in Con A-treated mice. Additionally, serotonin promoted hepatocyte apoptosis and autophagy based on B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-asociated X protein (Bax), and Beclin-1 levels and TUNEL staining. More importantly, serotonin activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and upregulated the hepatic expressions of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and downstream molecules in Con A-mediated liver injury. Serotonin 2A receptor was upregulated in liver tissue after Con A injection, and serotonin 2A receptor antagonist Ketanserin protected against Con A-induced hepatitis. These results indicated that serotonin has the potential to aggravate Con A-induced ALI via the promotion of inflammatory response, oxidative stress injury, and hepatocyte apoptosis and the activation of hepatic HMGB1-TLR signaling pathway and serotonin 2A receptor.
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Serotonin regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function in rodent cortical neurons via the 5-HT 2A receptor and SIRT1-PGC-1α axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11028-11037. [PMID: 31072928 PMCID: PMC6561197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821332116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal mitochondria are crucial organelles that regulate bioenergetics and also modulate survival and function under environmental challenges. Here, we show that the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the making of new mitochondria (mitochondrial biogenesis) in cortical neurons, through the 5-HT2A receptor and via master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, SIRT1 and PGC-1α. Mitochondrial function is also enhanced by 5-HT, increasing cellular respiration and ATP, the energy currency of the cell. We found 5-HT reduces cellular reactive oxygen species and exerts potent neuroprotective action in neurons challenged with stress, an effect that requires SIRT1. These findings highlight a role for the mitochondrial effects of 5-HT in the facilitation of stress adaptation and identify drug targets to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. Mitochondria in neurons, in addition to their primary role in bioenergetics, also contribute to specialized functions, including regulation of synaptic transmission, Ca2+ homeostasis, neuronal excitability, and stress adaptation. However, the factors that influence mitochondrial biogenesis and function in neurons remain poorly elucidated. Here, we identify an important role for serotonin (5-HT) as a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in rodent cortical neurons, via a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated recruitment of the SIRT1–PGC-1α axis, which is relevant to the neuroprotective action of 5-HT. We found that 5-HT increased mitochondrial biogenesis, reflected through enhanced mtDNA levels, mitotracker staining, and expression of mitochondrial components. This resulted in higher mitochondrial respiratory capacity, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency, and a consequential increase in cellular ATP levels. Mechanistically, the effects of 5-HT were mediated via the 5-HT2A receptor and master modulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, SIRT1 and PGC-1α. SIRT1 was required to mediate the effects of 5-HT on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in cortical neurons. In vivo studies revealed that 5-HT2A receptor stimulation increased cortical mtDNA and ATP levels in a SIRT1-dependent manner. Direct infusion of 5-HT into the neocortex and chemogenetic activation of 5-HT neurons also resulted in enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and function in vivo. In cortical neurons, 5-HT enhanced expression of antioxidant enzymes, decreased cellular reactive oxygen species, and exhibited neuroprotection against excitotoxic and oxidative stress, an effect that required SIRT1. These findings identify 5-HT as an upstream regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in cortical neurons and implicate the mitochondrial effects of 5-HT in its neuroprotective action.
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Silva TLA, Braz GRF, Silva SCDA, Pedroza AADS, Freitas CDM, Ferreira DJS, da Silva AI, Lagranha CJ. Serotonin transporter inhibition during neonatal period induces sex-dependent effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics in the rat brainstem. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1620-1634. [PMID: 29802653 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin reuptake is mainly regulated by the serotonin transporters (SERTs), which are abundantly found in the raphe nuclei, located in the brainstem. Previous studies have shown that dysfunction in the SERT has been associated with several disorders, including depression and cardiovascular diseases. In this manuscript, we aimed to investigate how gender and the treatment with a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) could affect mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress in the brainstem of male and female rats. Fluoxetine, our chosen SSRI, was used during the neonatal period (i.e., from postnatal Day 1 to postnatal Day 21-PND1 to PND21) in both male and female animals. Thereafter, experiments were conducted in adult rats (60 days old). Our results demonstrate that, during lactation, fluoxetine treatment modulates the mitochondrial bioenergetics in a sex-dependent manner, such as improving male mitochondrial function and female antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tercya Lucidi Araujo Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Glauber Rudá Feitoza Braz
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Aline Isabel da Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Claudia Jacques Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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