1
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Mohammadkhani M, Gholami D, Riazi G. The effects of chronic morphine administration on spatial memory and microtubule dynamicity in male mice's brain. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:300-308. [PMID: 38390235 PMCID: PMC10881431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The examination of the influence of morphine on behavioral processes, specifically learning and memory, holds significant importance. Additionally, microtubule proteins play a pivotal role in cellular functions, and the dynamics of microtubules contribute to neural network connectivity, information processing, and memory storage. however, the molecular mechanism of morphine on microtubule dynamics, learning, and memory remains uncovered. In the present study, we examined the effects of chronic morphine administration on memory formation impairment and the kinetic alterations in microtubule proteins induced by morphine in mice. Chronic morphine administration at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg dose-dependently decreased subjects' performance in spatial memory tasks, such as the Morris Water Maze and Y-maze spontaneous alternation behavior. Furthermore, morphine was found to stabilize microtubule structure, and increase polymerization, and total polymer mass. However, it simultaneously impaired microtubule dynamicity, stemming from structural changes in tubulin dimer structure. These findings emphasize the need for careful consideration of different doses when using morphine, urging a more cautious approach in the administration of this opioid medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mohammadkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Gholami
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Miyazaki MA, Guilharducci RL, Intasqui P, Bertolla RP. Mapping the human sperm proteome - novel insights into reproductive research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:19-45. [PMID: 37140161 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2210764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spermatozoa are highly specialized cells with unique morphology. In addition, spermatozoa lose a considerable amount of cytoplasm during spermiogenesis, when they also compact their DNA, resulting in a transcriptionally quiescent cell. Throughout the male reproductive tract, sperm will acquire proteins that enable them to interact with the female reproductive tract. After ejaculation, proteins undergo post-translational modifications for sperm to capacitate, hyperactivate and fertilize the oocyte. Many proteins have been identified as predictors of male infertility, and also investigated in diseases that compromise reproductive potential. AREAS COVERED In this review we proposed to summarize the recent findings about the sperm proteome and how they affect sperm structure, function, and fertility. A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases within the past 5 years until August 2022. EXPERT OPINION Sperm function depends on protein abundance, conformation, and PTMs; understanding the sperm proteome may help to identify pathways essential to fertility, even making it possible to unravel the mechanisms involved in idiopathic infertility. In addition, proteomics evaluation offers knowledge regarding alterations that compromise the male reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Alexia Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Lozano Guilharducci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Intasqui
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pimenta Bertolla
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Hashemi-Shahraki F, Shareghi B, Farhadian S, Yadollahi E. A comprehensive insight into the effects of caffeic acid (CA) on pepsin: Multi-spectroscopy and MD simulations methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 289:122240. [PMID: 36527971 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between caffeic acid (CA) and pepsin was investigated using multi-spectroscopy approaches and molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). The effects of CA on the structure, stability, and activity of pepsin were studied. Fluorescence emission spectra and UV-vis absorption peaks all represented the static quenching mechanism of pepsin by CA. Moreover, the fluorescence spectra displayed that the interaction of CA exposed the tryptophan chromophores of pepsin to a more hydrophilic micro-environment. Consistent with the simulation results, thermodynamic parameters revealed that CA was bound to pepsin with a high binding affinity. The Van der Waals force and Hydrogen bond interaction were the dominant driving forces during the binding process. The circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis showed that the CA binding to pepsin decreased the contents of α-Helix and Random Coil but increased the content of β-sheet in the pepsin structure. Accordingly, MD simulations confirmed all the experimental results. As a result, CA is considered an inhibitor with adverse effects on pepsin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hashemi-Shahraki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box.115, Shahrekord, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Shareghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box.115, Shahrekord, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Farhadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box.115, Shahrekord, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Elham Yadollahi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box.115, Shahrekord, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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4
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Cryopreservation of Human Spermatozoa: Functional, Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054656. [PMID: 36902084 PMCID: PMC10002855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is an expanding strategy to allow not only fertility preservation for individuals who need such procedures because of gonadotoxic treatments, active duty in dangerous occupations or social reasons and gamete donation for couples where conception is denied, but also for animal breeding and preservation of endangered animal species. Despite the improvement in semen cryopreservation techniques and the worldwide expansion of semen banks, damage to spermatozoa and the consequent impairment of its functions still remain unsolved problems, conditioning the choice of the technique in assisted reproduction procedures. Although many studies have attempted to find solutions to limit sperm damage following cryopreservation and identify possible markers of damage susceptibility, active research in this field is still required in order to optimize the process. Here, we review the available evidence regarding structural, molecular and functional damage occurring in cryopreserved human spermatozoa and the possible strategies to prevent it and optimize the procedures. Finally, we review the results on assisted reproduction technique (ARTs) outcomes following the use of cryopreserved spermatozoa.
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5
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Gholami D, Sharafi M, Esmaeili V, Nadri T, Alaei L, Riazi G, Shahverdi A. Beneficial effects of trehalose and gentiobiose on human sperm cryopreservation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0271210. [PMID: 37053285 PMCID: PMC10101468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The protection of human sperm during cryopreservation is of great importance to infertility. Recent studies have shown that this area is still a long way from its ultimate aim of maintaining the maximum viability of sperm in cryopreservation. The present study used trehalose and gentiobiose to prepare the human sperm freezing medium during the freezing-thawing. The freezing medium of sperm was prepared with these sugars, and the sperm were then cryopreserved. The viable cells, sperm motility parameters, sperm morphology, membrane integrity, apoptosis, acrosome integrity, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen radicals, and malondialdehyde concentration was evaluated using standard protocols. A higher percentage of the total and progressive motility, rate of viable sperm, cell membrane integrity, DNA and acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in the two frozen treatment groups compared to the frozen control. The cells had less abnormal morphology due to treatment with the new freezing medium than the frozen control. The higher malondialdehyde and DNA fragmentation were significantly observed in the two frozen treatment groups than in the frozen control. According to the results of this study, the use of trehalose and gentiobiose in the sperm freezing medium is a suitable strategy for sperm freezing to improve its motion and cellular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Gholami
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Esmaeili
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Touba Nadri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Loghman Alaei
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Proteomic Landscape of Human Spermatozoa: Optimized Extraction Method and Application. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244064. [PMID: 36552826 PMCID: PMC9776871 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human spermatozoa proteomics exposed to some physical, biological or chemical stressors is being explored. However, there is a lack of optimized sample preparation methods to achieve in-depth protein coverage for sperm cells. Meanwhile, it is not clear whether antibiotics can regulate proteins to affect sperm quality. Here, we systematically compared a total of six different protein extraction methods based the combination of three commonly used lysis buffers and physical lysis strategies. The urea buffer combined with ultrasonication (UA-ultrasonication) produced the highest protein extraction rate, leading to the deepest coverage of human sperm proteome (5685 protein groups) from healthy human sperm samples. Since the antibiotics, amoxicillin and clarithromycin, have been widely used against H. pylori infection, we conduct a longitudinal study of sperm proteome via data-independent acquisition tandem mass spectrometry (DIA-MS/MS) on an infected patient during on and off therapy with these two drugs. The semen examination and morphological analysis were performed combined with proteomics analysis. Our results indicated that antibiotics may cause an increase in the sperm concentration and the rate of malformed sperm and disrupt proteome expression in sperm. This work provides an optimized extraction method to characterize the in-depth human sperm proteome and to extend its clinical applications.
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7
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Corda PO, Silva JV, Pereira SC, Barros A, Alves MG, Fardilha M. Bioinformatic Approach to Unveil Key Differentially Expressed Proteins in Human Sperm After Slow and Rapid Cryopreservation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:759354. [PMID: 35145967 PMCID: PMC8821918 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.759354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, two conventional freezing techniques are used in sperm cryopreservation: slow freezing (SF) and rapid freezing (RF). Despite the protocolar improvements, cryopreservation still induces significant alterations in spermatozoon that are poorly understood. Here, available proteomic data from human cryopreserved sperm was analyzed through bioinformatic tools to unveil key differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that can be used as modulation targets or quality markers. From the included proteomic studies, 160 and 555 DEPs were collected for SF and RF groups, respectively. For each group, an integrative network was constructed using gene ontology and protein-protein interaction data to identify key DEPs. Among them, arylsulfatase A (ARSA) was highlighted in both freezing networks, and low ARSA levels have been associated with poor-sperm quality. Thus, ARSA was selected for further experimental investigation and its levels were assessed in cryopreserved samples by western blot. ARSA levels were significantly decreased in RF and SF samples (∼31.97 and ∼39.28%, respectively). The bioinformatic analysis also revealed that the DEPs were strongly associated with proteasomal and translation pathways. The purposed bioinformatic approach allowed the identification of potential key DEPs in freeze-thawed human spermatozoa. ARSA has the potential to be used as a marker to assess sperm quality after cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O Corda
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Vieira Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, QOPNA and LAQV, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Pereira
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Barros
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA and LAQV, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Centre for Reproductive Genetics A. Barros, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Bae JW, Park M, Lee CS, Kwon WS. Proteomic profiling of cryopreserved Trichormus variabilis using various cryoprotectants. Cryobiology 2021; 104:23-31. [PMID: 34808109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Algae, which may be unicellular or multicellular, can carry out photosynthesis just like plants as they effectively utilize light energy. They contain various physiologically active substances and are, therefore, widely used commercially to produce healthy food and feed additives, cosmetics, and energy supplements. For useful applications, the cryopreservation technique has been used in various fields. Recently, to develop suitable cryopreservation methods for algal applications, various studies have been performed. However, adequate investigations have not been conducted to understand the mechanism underlying algal cryopreservation at the molecular level. Therefore, this study examined the profile alteration of the proteome using cryopreservation with various cryoprotectants (CPAs). Trichormus variabilis was cultured and then cryopreserved with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and glycerol, after which, proteome profiling was done. Finally, signaling pathway search was performed, and a new signaling pathway was established based on differentially expressed proteins. As a result, the expression levels of 17 proteins were observed. Additionally, it was confirmed that the differentially expressed proteins were related to 16 signaling pathways and that they were capable of interacting with each other. The findings suggest that the differentially expressed proteins may be applied as biomarkers for algal cryopreservation and to understand the mechanism underlying T. variabilis cryopreservation. Moreover, it is anticipated that the results from this study would be useful in selecting suitable CPAs and in upgrading the cryopreservation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirye Park
- Protist Research Team, Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soo Lee
- Protist Research Team, Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Khosrozadeh F, Karimi A, Hezavehei M, Sharafi M, Shahverdi A. Preconditioning of bull semen with sub-lethal oxidative stress before cryopreservation: Possible mechanism of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2. Cryobiology 2021; 104:63-69. [PMID: 34748771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning of sperm using sub-lethal oxidative stress before cryopreservation is an innovative approach that can improve sperm cryo-survival. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are critical in reducing ROS level during stress conditions. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether mild sub-lethal stress induced by low concentrations of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide has a protective effect on quality parameters of post-thaw bull semen through modulations of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression. Semen samples were collected from 6 mature Holstein bulls, then mixed and divided into 8 aliquots: fresh, frozen control and frozen groups treated with NO: 0.1 (NO-0.1), 1(NO-1), 10 μM (NO-10), and H2O2: 0.1(H2O2-0.1), 1(H2O2-1) and 10μM (H2O2-10). A significantly higher percentage of total motility, progressive motility and viability was observed in NO-1 and H2O2-10 compared to the other frozen groups (P < 0.05). Sperm exposed to 1 μM NO and 10μM H2O2 showed significantly increased percentages of mitochondria activity and membrane integrity (P < 0.05). Moreover, the lowest percentage of apoptotic percentage was observed in the NO-1 and H2O2-10 in comparison to the other frozen groups. In addition, the expression level of UCP2 was higher in the NO-1 and H2O2-10 compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that stress preconditioning of bull sperm before cryopreservation can increase UCP2 expression of sperm, that can play a protective role against cryoinjury after thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khosrozadeh
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Karimi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Hezavehei
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Hezavehei M, Mirzaei M, Sharafi M, Wu Y, Gupta V, Fitzhenry M, Kouchesfahani HM, Eftekhari-Yazdi P, Baharvand H, Dalman A, Haynes PA, Shahverdi A, Salekdeh GH. Proteomics study reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying cryotolerance induced by mild sublethal stress in human sperm. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:143-157. [PMID: 34729646 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The preconditioning of human sperm with sublethal nitrosative stress before cryopreservation can potentially improve the thawed sperm quality. However, the underlying mechanisms behind this protective strategy are not entirely understood. We compared the cryosurvival of human sperm exposed to 0.01 μM nitric oxide (NO) throughout the cryopreservation and used multiplexed quantitative proteomics approach to identify changes in the proteome profile of preconditioned sperm cells. Semen samples were obtained from 30 normospermia donors and then each sample was divided into three equal parts: fresh (F), frozen-control (C), and frozen exposed to nitric oxide (NO). The sperm undergoing mild sublethal stress showed higher values for motility and viability compared to the frozen control sperm. Moreover, out of 2912 identified proteins, 248 proteins were detected as differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between cryopreserved groups and fresh group (F) (p < 0.05). Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially abundant proteins indicated that the abundance of proteins associated with glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fertilization processes was reduced while oxidative phosphorylation pathway was increased in abundance in cryopreserved sperm compared to the fresh sperm. Moreover, redox protein such as thioredoxin 17 was increased in abundance in the NO group compared to the control freezing group. Therefore, the pre-conditioning of sperm prior to cryopreservation may play an important role in maintaining the redox balance in mitochondria of sperm after freezing. Overall, our results indicate that arylsulfatase A (ARSA), serine protease 37 (PRSS37), and sperm surface protein (SP17) may potentially serve as protein biomarkers associated with screening the fertilization potential of the thawed sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hezavehei
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Fitzhenry
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Poopak Eftekhari-Yazdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Dalman
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Kumar P, Wang M, Isachenko E, Rahimi G, Mallmann P, Wang W, von Brandenstein M, Isachenko V. Unraveling Subcellular and Ultrastructural Changes During Vitrification of Human Spermatozoa: Effect of a Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant and a Permeable Cryoprotectant. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672862. [PMID: 34277615 PMCID: PMC8284099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants have great potential to counterbalance the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) because they cross the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Still, their use was not reported in vitrified human spermatozoa. Our laboratory has successfully vitrified spermatozoa without the use of permeable cryoprotectants, but subcellular-level evidence was missing. Therefore, this study aimed to improve spermatozoa vitrification using a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (mitoquinone, MitoQ), reveal ultrastructural changes in the spermatozoa due to the use of a permeable cryoprotectant, and report alterations of functional proteins during the spermatozoa vitrification process. For this, each of 20 swim-up-prepared ejaculates was divided into seven aliquots and diluted with a vitrification medium supplemented with varying concentrations of MitoQ (0.02 and 0.2 μM), glycerol (1, 4, and 6%), and a combination of MitoQ and glycerol. All aliquots were vitrified by the aseptic capillary method developed in our laboratory. The spermatozoa function assays revealed that the addition of either MitoQ (0.02 μM), glycerol (1%), or a combination of MitoQ (0.02 μM) and glycerol (1%) in the vitrification medium results in better or equivalent spermatozoa quality relative to the control. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that MitoQ protects the spermatozoa from undergoing ultrastructural alterations, but glycerol induced ultrastructural alterations during the vitrification process. Next, we performed label-free quantitative proteomics and identified 1,759 proteins, of which 69, 60, 90, and 81 were altered in the basal medium, 0.02 μM MitoQ, 1% glycerol, and Mito-glycerol groups, respectively. Actin, tubulins, and outer dense fiber proteins were not affected during the vitrification process. Some of the identified ubiquitinating enzymes were affected during spermatozoa vitrification. Only a few proteins responsible for phosphorylation were altered during vitrification. Similarly, several proteins involved in spermatozoa–egg fusion and fertilization (IZUMO1 and Tektin) were not affected during the vitrification process. In conclusion, MitoQ attenuates the vitrification-induced ultrastructural changes and alterations in the key proteins involved in spermatozoa functions and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evgenia Isachenko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gohar Rahimi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Mallmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wanxue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Vladimir Isachenko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Hezavehei M, Sharafi M, Fathi R, Shahverdi A, Gilani MAS. Membrane lipid replacement with nano-micelles in human sperm cryopreservation improves post-thaw function and acrosome protein integrity. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:257-268. [PMID: 34256996 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Membrane lipid replacement (MLR) of oxidized membrane lipids can restore sperm cellular membrane functionality and help improve surface protein stability during cryopreservation. What are the effects of MLR with nano-micelles made from a glycerophospholipid (GPL) mixture and cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC), on the cryosurvival and expression of acrosome-related proteins in thawed human spermatozoa? DESIGN Twenty samples were used to determine the optimum level of nano-micelles by incubation of semen with different concentrations of GPL (0.1 and 1%) and CLC (1 and 2 mg/ml) (including GPL-0.1, GPL-1, CLC-1, CLC-2, CLC-1/GPL-0.1, CLC-2/GPL-0.1, CLC-1/GPL-1 and CLC-2/GPL-1) before cryopreservation. Then, 30 semen samples were collected, and each sample was divided into the following three aliquots: fresh, frozen control and frozen incubated with optimum level of nano-micelles (0.1% GPL and 1 mg/ml CLC). RESULTS CLC-1/GPL-0.1 and GPL-0.1 significantly increased motility parameters. CLC-1, GPL-0.1 and CLC-1/GPL-0.1 significantly improved viability rate compared with frozen control group. Significantly higher mitochondrial activity and acrosome integrity, and a lower rate of apoptosis, were observed in the CLC-1/GPL-0.1 compared with the frozen control group. The expression ratios of arylsulfatase A (ARSA), serine protease 37 (PRSS37), serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 2 (SPINK2) and equatorin (EQTN) significantly increased compared with the frozen control group. CONCLUSIONS Modification of membrane cholesterol and GPL mixtures in spermatozoa enhances their acrosome protein integrity by inhibiting early apoptotic changes and spontaneous acrosome reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hezavehei
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Banihashem St Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Banihashem St Tehran 16635-148, Iran; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University
| | - Rohoullah Fathi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Banihashem St Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Banihashem St Tehran 16635-148, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Banihashem St Tehran 16635-148, Iran.
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13
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Gholami D, Noori AR, Mohammadkhani M, Emruzi Z, Riazi GH. The long-term effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on microtubule dynamicity in rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 693:108574. [PMID: 32898566 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies reported that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is an essential drug as an anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory agent. However, the mechanism by which Δ9-THC causes these events remains to be elucidated. We attempted to investigate the in vivo studies of Δ9-THC on brain microtubule dynamicity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The microtubule polymerization, secondary and tertiary structures of α/β-tubulins, as well as the AChE activity, were evaluated in the experimental groups. The significantly lowest optical density and initial rate of polymerization was observed in THC 3 mg/kg, THC 9 mg/kg, and THC 18 mg/kg treated groups. The content of secondary and tertiary structures of α/β-tubulins was significantly affected in treated groups. The AChE activity was significantly lower in treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. These data highlight the microtubule dynamicity as a molecular target for Δ9-THC, which affects memory dysfunction. However, Δ9-THC can be inhibited the AChE activity and provide an improved therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Gholami
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Noori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Mohammadkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Emruzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Riazi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Schulz M, Risopatrón J, Uribe P, Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Sánchez R. Human sperm vitrification: A scientific report. Andrology 2020; 8:1642-1650. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Schulz
- Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine and Molecular Endocrinology Center of Translational Medicine‐Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT‐BIOREN) Faculty of Medicine Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
- Department of Preclinical Science Faculty of Medicine Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Jennie Risopatrón
- Department of Basic Science Faculty of Medicine Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Pamela Uribe
- Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine and Molecular Endocrinology Center of Translational Medicine‐Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT‐BIOREN) Faculty of Medicine Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Evgenia Isachenko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Vladimir Isachenko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Raúl Sánchez
- Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine and Molecular Endocrinology Center of Translational Medicine‐Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT‐BIOREN) Faculty of Medicine Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
- Department of Preclinical Science Faculty of Medicine Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
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15
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A novel approach for human sperm cryopreservation with AFPIII. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:169-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Luvoni GC, Colombo M. Cold case: Small animal gametes cryobanking. Theriogenology 2020; 150:445-451. [PMID: 32164990 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm preservation of animals, whether they are valuable domestic breeds or rare species, is the main goal of gamete cryobanking. Dogs and cats act as models for this purpose thanks to the wide availability of biological material which can be employed to experiment protocols that can then be applied to wild animals. This review is focused on spermatozoa, oocytes and gonadal tissues cryobanking in small domestic animals, which is still an unsolved case. Like in a courtroom, evidences of cryoinjuries affecting cellular structures will be presented, penalties as loss of functionality due to cellular alterations will be described, and appeal as strategies to protect gametes from damages or rescue their functionality will be discussed. Differences and similarities between single cell or tissue cryopreservation will be highlighted, together with the rationale for the choice of one type of preservation or another and the fundamental principles which they are based on. The deep analysis of different aspects that still hamper the success of cryopreservation in small animals can help clarify where research is most needed. Therefore, as in a cold case, investigation should remain open in order to hopefully find the solution and make these procedures more and more efficient in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cecilia Luvoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare "Carlo Cantoni", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare "Carlo Cantoni", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Gholami D, Ghaffari SM, Riazi G, Fathi R, Benson J, Shahverdi A, Sharafi M. Electromagnetic field in human sperm cryopreservation improves fertilizing potential of thawed sperm through physicochemical modification of water molecules in freezing medium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221976. [PMID: 31487313 PMCID: PMC6728042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of water molecules as the main compositions of the freezing media can be affected by the electromagnetic fled. The purpose of this study was to apply extremely low repetition rate electromagnetic fields (ELEFs) to change the molecular network of water molecules existing in freezing media used for human sperm cryopreservation. First, different time periods and pulsed electromagnetic fields were used to evaluate the physiochemical properties of water. The lowest rate of cluster size, surface tension, viscosity, and density was observed for water samples exposed to 1000 Hz ELEF for 60 min (P < 0.05) that could be results in small ice crystal formation. Therefore, this treatment was selected for further evaluations in human sperm freezing because there was minimal probability of amorphous ice crystallization in this group. To assess fertilizing potential, human semen samples were subjected to ELEF (1000 Hz) water-made freezing medium and cryopreserved. The highest percentage of total motility, progressive motility, viability, membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA integrity, and TAC were obtained in frozen ELEF as compared to other groups. The percentage of viable spermatozoa (Annexin V-/PI-) in frozen ELEF was significantly higher than in frozen control. The level of ROS was significantly lower in frozen ELEF when compared to frozen control. It can be concluded that the modification of physicochemical properties of water existing in cryopreservation media by ELEF is a suitable strategy to improve the outcome of cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Gholami
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Fathi
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | - James Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Gholami D, Riazi G, Fathi R, Sharafi M, Shahverdi A. Comparison of polymerization and structural behavior of microtubules in rat brain and sperm affected by the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:41. [PMID: 31464580 PMCID: PMC6716927 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microtubule proteins are able to produce electromagnetic fields and have an important role in memory formation, and learning. Therefore, microtubules have the potential to be affected by exogenous electromagnetic fields. This study aimed to examine the comparison of microtubule polymerization and its structural behavior in brain and sperm affected by 50 Hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELEF). Results Twenties adult male rats were randomly and equally divided into control and experimental groups, to evaluate the effect of 50 Hz ELEF on the sperm and brain functions. Plus-maze, serum testosterone and corticosterone, and sperm evaluation were performed. Next, the semen and brain samples were obtained, and they were divided into four experimental groups for investigation of microtubule polymerization. There was no significant difference in testosterone and, corticosterone levels, anxiety behaviors, and sperm morphology between control and ELEF-exposure groups. The sperm viability, total and progressive motility were significantly higher in the ELEF-exposed group than that of the control group. The microtubule polymerization in sperm ELEF was significantly higher than in other groups. The secondary and tertiary structures of tubulins were significantly affected in the brain, and sperm ELEF groups. Conclusion It seems that the polymerization of microtubules and conformational changes of tubulin dimers are improved by ELEF application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Gholami
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Fathi
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharafi
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Poultry Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology at Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran. .,Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Dariush G, Gholamhossein R, Rouhollah F, Mahmood GS, Abdolhossein S, Mohsen S, Loghman A. The Application of Ultrasonic Vibration in Human Sperm Cryopreservation as a Novel Method for the Modification of Physicochemical Characteristics of Freezing Media. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10066. [PMID: 31296942 PMCID: PMC6624318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of ultrasonic vibration was performed to modify the water molecules as the main compositions of the freezing medium used for human sperm cryopreservation. Different time periods of ultrasonic vibration (ULV) at the frequency of 28 kHz were applied for the evaluation of physicochemical properties of the water molecules. The most significant bubble size, zeta potential, and pH were obtained for the water molecules exposed to ultrasonic vibrations for 18 minutes and this time period was selected for further experiments due to the optimum results. In the next stage, semen samples were diluted with freezing medium containing ULV-exposed water and then cryopreserved. All the semen parameters were significantly reduced in cryopreserved groups as compared with the fresh control group. The highest percentage of total and progressive motility, viability, membrane and DNA integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in frozen ULV compared with the frozen control. The rate of apoptosis in frozen ULV was significantly lower than that of in the frozen control. Furthermore, the gene expression ratios of α- and β-tubulins were significantly increased during cryopreservation, while the expression ratio of the tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP) gene was decreased. Similar results were also observed when the protein levels of the genes mentioned earlier were evaluated by the ELISA method. Therefore, the changes in physicochemical properties of the freezing medium of human sperm cryopreservation using ULV can improve the quality of frozen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholami Dariush
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Embryology, Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | - Riazi Gholamhossein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fathi Rouhollah
- Department of Embryology, Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahverdi Abdolhossein
- Department of Embryology, Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sharafi Mohsen
- Department of Embryology, Reproduction Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACER, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Poultry Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alaei Loghman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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