microRNA‐206 is required for osteoarthritis development through its effect on apoptosis and autophagy of articular chondrocytes via modulating the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B‐mTOR pathway by targeting insulin‐like growth factor‐1

Mefenamic acid exhibits antitumor activity against osteosarcoma by impeding cell growth and prompting apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells and xenograft mice model

The study investigates the anticancer activity of mefenamic acid against osteosarcoma, shedding light on its underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Mefenamic acid exhibited robust inhibitory effects on the proliferation of MG-63, HOS, and H2OS osteosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, mefenamic acid induced cellular toxicity in MG63 cells, as evidenced by LDH leakage, reflecting its cytotoxic impact. Furthermore, mefenamic acid effectively suppressed the migration and invasion of MG-63 cells. Mechanistically, mefenamic acid induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells through mitochondrial depolarization, activation of caspase-dependent pathways, and modulation of the Bcl-2/Bax axis. Additionally, mefenamic acid promoted autophagy and inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, further contributing to its antitumor effects. The molecular docking studies provide compelling evidence that mefenamic acid interacts specifically and strongly with key proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, suggesting a novel mechanism by which mefenamic acid could exert anti-osteosarcoma effects. In vivo studies using a xenograft mouse model demonstrated significant inhibition of MG-63 tumor growth without adverse effects, supporting the translational potential of mefenamic acid as a safe and effective therapeutic agent against osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry staining corroborated the in vivo findings, highlighting mefenamic acid's ability to suppress tumor proliferation and inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway within the tumor microenvironment. Collectively, these results underscore the promising therapeutic implications of mefenamic acid in combating osteosarcoma, warranting further investigation for clinical translation and development.

Interleukin-17A stimulation induces alterations in Microglial microRNA expression profiles

BACKGROUND

Increased maternal interleukin (IL)-17A and activated microglia are pivotal factors contributing to the pathological phenotypes of maternal immune activation (MIA), developing neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. This study aimed to determine whether IL-17A affects the microglial microRNA (miRNA) profiles.

METHODS

The miRNA expression profiles of primary cultured microglia stimulated with recombinant IL-17A were examined comprehensively using miRNA sequencing and validated through qRT-PCR. The expressions of miRNAs target genes identified using bioinformatics, were investigated in microglia transfected with mimic miRNA. The target gene's expression was also examined in the fetal brains of the MIA mouse model induced by maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration.

RESULTS

Primary cultured microglia expressed the IL-17A receptor and increased proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthase 2 upon treatment with IL-17A. Among the three miRNAs with |log2FC | >1, only mmu-miR-206-3p expression was significantly up-regulated by IL-17A. Transfection with the mmu-miR-206-3p mimic resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of Hdac4 and Igf1, target genes of mmu-miR-206-3p. Hdac4 expression also significantly decreased in the LPS-induced MIA model.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-17A affected microglial miRNA profiles with upregulated mmu-miR-206-3p. These findings suggest that targeting the IL-17A/mmu-miR-206-3p pathway may be a new strategy for predicting MIA-related neurodevelopmental deficits and providing preventive interventions.

IMPACT

Despite the growing evidence of interleukin (IL)-17A and microglia in the pathology of maternal immune activation (MIA), the downstream of IL-17A in microglia is not fully known. IL-17A altered microRNA profiles and upregulated the mmu-miR-206-3p expression in microglia. The mmu-miR-206-3p reduced autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related gene expressions, Hdac4 and Igf1. The Hdac4 expression was also reduced in the brain of MIA offspring. The hsa-miR-206 sequence is consistent with that of mmu-miR-206-3p. This study may provide clues to pathological mechanisms leading to predictions and interventions for ASD children born to mothers with IL-17A-related disorders.

Regulatory mechanisms of autophagy-related ncRNAs in bone metabolic diseases

Bone metabolic diseases have been tormented and are plaguing people worldwide due to the lack of effective and thorough medical interventions and the poor understanding of their pathogenesis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are heterogeneous transcripts that cannot encode the proteins but can affect the expressions of other genes. Autophagy is a fundamental mechanism for keeping cell viability, recycling cellular contents through the lysosomal pathway, and maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment. There is growing evidence that ncRNAs, autophagy, and crosstalk between ncRNAs and autophagy play complex roles in progression of metabolic bone disease. This review investigated the complex mechanisms by which ncRNAs, mainly micro RNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), regulate autophagic pathway to assist in treating bone metabolism disorders. It aimed at identifying the autophagy role in bone metabolism disorders and understanding the role, potential, and challenges of crosstalk between ncRNAs and autophagy for bone metabolism disorders treatment.

Advances in understanding effects of miRNAs on apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in knee osteoarthritis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs. MicroRNAs-mediated signaling pathways play a critical regulatory role in inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in developing knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Given this, we searched databases, such as PubMed, using keywords including "miRNA," "knee osteoarthritis," "apoptosis," "autophagy," "pyroptosis", and their combinations. Through an extensive literature review, we conclude that miRNAs can be modulated through various signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and NLRP3/Caspase-1, to regulate apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in KOA. Furthermore, we note that P2X7R and HMGB1 may be crucial regulatory molecules involved in the interconnected regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in KOA. Additionally, we describe that miR-140-5p and miR-107 can modulate the advancement of KOA chondrocytes by targeting distinct molecules involved in apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that miRNAs may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the early prediction, diagnosis, and effective therapeutic approaches of KOA.

Ethanolic Extract of Propolis Modulates Autophagy-Related microRNAs in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes

Osteoarthritis is a multifactorial joint disease characterized by degeneration, and aging stands as a significant risk factor. Autophagy, a crucial cellular homeostasis mechanism, is influenced by aging and closely linked to cartilage health. This correlation between autophagy, cell death, and OA underscores its relevance in disease progression. MicroRNAs have emerged as autophagy regulators, with miRNA-based interventions showing promise in preclinical models. Remarkably, the ethanolic extract of propolis exhibits positive effects on autophagy-related proteins and healthy cartilage markers in an in vitro osteoarthritis model. The aim of this brief report was to evaluate through in silico analysis and postulate five microRNAs that could regulate autophagy proteins (AKT1, ATG5, and LC3) and assess whether the ethanolic extract of propolis could regulate the expression of these microRNAs. Among the examined miRNAs (miR-19a, miR-125b, miR-181a, miR-185, and miR-335), the ethanolic extract of propolis induced significant changes in four of them. Specifically, miR-125b responded to EEP by counteracting IL-1β-induced effects, while miR-181a, miR-185, and miR-335 exhibited distinct patterns of expression under EEP treatment. These findings unveil a potential link between miRNAs, EEP, and autophagy modulation in OA, offering promising therapeutic insights. Nevertheless, further validation and clinical translation are warranted to substantiate these promising observations.

The role of mechano growth factor in chondrocytes and cartilage defects: a concise review

Mechano growth factor (MGF), an isoform of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), is recognized as a typical mechanically sensitive growth factor and has been shown to play an indispensable role in the skeletal system. In the joint cavity, MGF is highly expressed in chondrocytes, especially in the damaged cartilage tissue caused by trauma or degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Cartilage is an extremely important component of joints because it functions as a shock absorber and load distributer at the weight-bearing interfaces in the joint cavity, but it can hardly be repaired once injured due to its lack of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. MGF has been proven to play an important role in chondrocyte cell behaviors, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammatory reactions and apoptosis, in and around the injury site. Moreover, under the normalized mechanical microenvironment in the joint cavity, MGF can sense and respond to mechanical stimuli, regulate chondrocyte activity, and maintain the homeostasis of cartilage tissue. Recent reports continue to explain its effects on various cell types and sport-related tissues, but its role in cartilage development, homeostasis and disease occurrence is still controversial, and its internal biological mechanism is still elusive. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in the role of MGF in chondrocytes and cartilage defects, including tissue repair at the macroscopic level and chondrocyte activities at the microcosmic level, and discuss the current state of research and potential gaps in knowledge.

Autophagy in the pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of post-traumatic osteoarthritis

Autophagy, as a fundamental mechanism for cellular homeostasis, is generally involved in the occurrence and progression of various diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease that often leads to pain, disability and economic loss in patients. Post-traumatic OA (PTOA) is a subtype of OA, accounting for >12% of the overall burden of OA. PTOA is often caused by joint injuries including anterior cruciate ligament rupture, meniscus tear and intra-articular fracture. Although a variety of methods have been developed to treat acute joint injury, the current measures have limited success in effectively reducing the incidence and delaying the progression of PTOA. Therefore, the pathogenesis and intervention strategy of PTOA need further study. In the past decade, the roles and mechanisms of autophagy in PTOA have aroused great interest in the field. It was revealed that autophagy could maintain the homeostasis of chondrocytes, reduce joint inflammatory level, prevent chondrocyte death and matrix degradation, which accordingly improved joint symptoms and delayed the progression of PTOA. Moreover, many strategies that target PTOA have been revealed to promote autophagy. In this review,  we summarize the roles and mechanisms of autophagy in PTOA and the current strategies for PTOA treatment that depend on autophagy regulation, which may be beneficial for PTOA patients in the future.

Exploring the role of non-coding RNAs in autophagy

As a self-degradative mechanism, macroautophagy/autophagy has a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis during critical periods in the development of cells. It also controls cellular damage through the eradication of damaged proteins and organelles. This process is accomplished by tens of ATG (autophagy-related) proteins. Recent studies have shown the involvement of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of autophagy. These transcripts mostly modulate the expression of ATG genes. Both long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to modulate the autophagy mechanism. Levels of several lncRNAs and miRNAs are altered in this process. In the present review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy in diverse contexts such as cancer, deep vein thrombosis, spinal cord injury, diabetes and its complications, acute myocardial infarction, osteoarthritis, pre-eclampsia and epilepsy.Abbreviations: AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ATG: autophagy-related; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; miRNA: microRNA.

Crosstalk Among circRNA/lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA in Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that is pervasive in life, and the incidence and mortality of OA are increasing, causing many adverse effects on people's life. Therefore, it is very vital to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of OA. ncRNA is a nonprotein-coding RNA that does not translate into proteins but participates in protein translation. At the RNA level, it can perform biological functions. Many studies have found that miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA are closely related to the course of OA and play important regulatory roles in transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation, which can be used as biological targets for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of OA. In this review, we summarized and described the various roles of different types of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in OA, the roles of different lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in OA, and the possible prospects of these ncRNAs in clinical application.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-206 promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in osteoarthritis by reducing Elf3

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as gene silencers involved in essential cell functions. The role of miR‐206 and E74‐like factor 3 (Elf3) has been identified in osteoarthritis (OA), while the effect of exosomal miR‐206 from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in OA remains largely unknown. Thus, we aim to explore the role of exosomal miR‐206 from BMSCs in OA with the involvement of Elf3. BMSCs and BMSC‐derived exosomes (BMSC‐exos) were obtained and identified. OA mouse models were constructed by anterior cruciate ligament transection and then treated with BMSC‐exos or BMSC‐exos containing miR‐206 mimic/inhibitor. The expression of miR‐206, Elf3, inflammatory factors, osteocalcin (OCN) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in mouse femoral tissues was assessed. The pathological changes in mouse femur tissues were observed. The mouse osteoblasts were identified and treated with untransfected or transfected BMSC‐exos, and then, the expression of miR‐206, Elf3, OCN and BMP2 was determined. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition level, OCN secretion, proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in osteoblasts were measured. MiR‐206 was down‐regulated while Elf3 was up‐regulated in OA animal and cellular models. Exosomal miR‐206 ameliorated inflammation and increased expression of OCN and BMP2 in mouse femoral tissues. Moreover, exosomal miR‐206 promoted ALP activity, calcium deposition level, OCN secretion and proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in OA osteoblasts. Overexpressed Elf3 reversed miR‐206 up‐regulation‐induced effects on OA osteoblasts. BMSC‐derived exosomal miR‐206 promotes proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in OA by reducing Elf3. Our research may provide novel targets for OA treatment.

Osteoarthritis year in review: genetics, genomics, epigenetics

OBJECTIVE

In this review, we have highlighted advances in genetics, genomics and epigenetics in the field of osteoarthritis (OA) over the past year.

METHODS

A literature search was performed using PubMed and the criteria: "osteoarthritis" and one of the following terms "genetic(s), genomic(s), epigenetic(s), epigenomic(s), noncoding RNA, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, lncRNA, circular RNA, RNA sequencing, single cell sequencing, or DNA methylation between April 1, 2019 and April 30, 2020.

RESULTS

We identified 653 unique publications, many studies spanned multiple search terms. We summarized advances relating to evolutionary genetics, pain, ethnicity specific risk factors, functional studies of gene variants, and interactions between coding and non-coding RNAs in OA pathogenesis.

CONCLUSIONS

Studies have identified variants contributing to OA susceptibility, candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as promising therapeutic candidates. Validation in multiple cohorts, multi-omics strategies, and machine learning aided computational analyses have all contributed to the strength of published literature. Open access data-sets, greater sample sizes to capture broader populations and understanding disease mechanisms by investigating the interactions between multiple tissue types will further aid in progress towards understanding and curing OA.

New insights into the interplay between miRNAs and autophagy in the aging of intervertebral discs

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has been widely known as a main contributor to low back pain which has a negative socioeconomic impact worldwide. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and serve key roles in the ageing process of intervertebral disc. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that maintains cellular homeostasis through recycling of nutrients and degradation of damaged or aged cytoplasmic organelles. Autophagy has been proposed as a "double-edged sword" and autophagy dysfunction of IVD cells is considered as a crucial reason of IDD. A rapidly growing number of recent studies demonstrate that both miRNAs and autophagy play important roles in the progression of IDD. Furthermore, accumulated research has indicated that miRNAs target autophagy-related genes and influence the onset and development of IDD. Hence, this review focuses mainly on the current findings regarding the correlations between miRNA, autophagy, and IDD and provides new insights into the role of miRNA-autophagy pathway involved in IDD pathophysiology.

Effects of GH/IGF axis on bone and cartilage

Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulate somatic growth, metabolism and many aspects of aging. As such, actions of GH/IGF have been studied in many tissues and organs over decades. GH and IGF-1 are part of the hypothalamic/pituitary somatotrophic axis that consists of many other regulatory hormones, receptors, binding proteins, and proteases. In humans, GH/IGF actions peak during pubertal growth and regulate skeletal acquisition through stimulation of extracellular matrix production and increases in bone mineral density. During aging the activity of these hormones declines, a state called somatopaguss, which associates with deleterious effects on the musculoskeletal system. In this review, we will focus on GH/IGF-1 action in bone and cartilage. We will cover many studies that have utilized congenital ablation or overexpression of members of this axis, as well as cell-specific gene-targeting approaches used to unravel the nature of the GH/IGF-1 actions in the skeleton in vivo.

Curcumin inhibits migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells through up-regulation of miR-206 and suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Curcumin has been proved to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, little is known about antimetastatic effects and molecular mechanisms of curcumin in NSCLC. In this study, we investigated the involvement of miR-206 in curcumin's anti-invasion and anti-migration in NSCLC. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by wound healing assay and transwell assay. MiRNA-206 expression was detected by real-time PCR. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Curcumin significantly inhibited migration and invasion in A549 cells, accompanied by significantly elevated miR-206 expression. Overexpression of miR-206 could inhibit migration and invasion of A549 cells, but it could also significantly decrease the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and AKT. The inhibition of miR-206 promoted cell migration, invasion and increased the phosphorylation level of mTOR and AKT. Furthermore, miR-206 mimics improved the inhibitory effects of curcumin on cell migration, invasion and the phosphorylation level of mTOR and AKT in A549 cells. On the contrary, MiR-206 inhibitors reversed the inhibitory effects of curcumin on cell migration, invasion and the phosphorylation level of mTOR and AKT. In conclusion, curcumin inhibited cell invasion and migration in NSCLC by elevating the expression of miR-206 which further suppressed the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

MiR-455-3p reduces apoptosis and alleviates degeneration of chondrocyte through regulating PI3K/AKT pathway

AIMS

This study aimed to explore the functions of miR-455-3p, PTEN, and PI3K/AKT pathway in osteoarthritis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used the human bone marrow stem cell (BMSC), healthy chondrocytes, osteoarthritis chondrocytes (OA), and the IL-1β/TNF-α-treated chondrocyte model to explore the relationship between miR-455-3p and PTEN. Mimic or inhibitor was used to transfect chondrocytes to determine whether miR-455-3p can regulate PTEN and influence COL2A1 and MMP13. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. A luciferase report was applied to verify the targeted binding. KO mice were applied to investigate PTEN and pAKT expression and the effect on chondrocytes in vivo.

KEY FINDINGS

MiR-455-3p and PTEN were reverse in chondrogenesis and healthy cartilage versus OA cartilage. Similar trends were noted in IL-1β model. PTEN and MMP13 decreased and COL2A1 increased after overexpressing miR-455-3p, whereas the inhibition showed opposite results. Flow cytometry showed that miR-455-3p could reduce the apoptosis of chondrocytes. The results of luciferase revealed that miR-455-3p could affect fluorescence activity of PTEN by targeting its 3'-UTR. Finally, we found a marked increased in the expression of PTEN in KO mice relative to WT mice, while pAKT levels decreased.

SIGNIFICANCE

It can be supported that miR-455-3p can reduce the apoptosis of chondrocytes and alleviate OA through regulating PI3K/AKT pathway, which may be expected to be a target for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Noncoding RNAs: New regulatory code in chondrocyte apoptosis and autophagy

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a bone and joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage degradation. In the face of global trends of population aging, OA is expected to become the fourth most common disabling disease by 2020. Nevertheless, the detailed pathogenesis of OA has not yet been elucidated. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, do not encode proteins but have recently emerged as important regulators of apoptosis and autophagy of chondrocytes, thereby highlighting a potential role in chondrocyte injury leading to OA onset and progression. We here review recent findings on these regulatory roles of ncRNAs to provide new directions for research on the pathogenesis of OA and offer new therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.

Non-Coding RNAs in Cartilage Development: An Updated Review

In the development of the skeleton, the long bones are arising from the process of endochondral ossification (EO) in which cartilage is replaced by bone. This complex process is regulated by various factors including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental elements. It is recognized that DNA methylation, higher-order chromatin structure, and post-translational modifications of histones regulate the EO. With emerging understanding, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified as another mode of EO regulation, which is consist of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). There is expanding experimental evidence to unlock the role of ncRNAs in the differentiation of cartilage cells, as well as the pathogenesis of several skeletal disorders including osteoarthritis. Cutting-edge technologies such as epigenome-wide association studies have been employed to reveal disease-specific patterns regarding ncRNAs. This opens a new avenue of our understanding of skeletal cell biology, and may also identify potential epigenetic-based biomarkers. In this review, we provide an updated overview of recent advances in the role of ncRNAs especially focus on miRNA and lncRNA in the development of bone from cartilage, as well as their roles in skeletal pathophysiology.

Modulated Autophagy by MicroRNAs in Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by articular cartilage regression. The etiology of OA is diverse, the exact pathogenesis of which remains unclear. Autophagy is a conserved maintenance mechanism in eukaryotic cells. Dysfunction of chondrocyte autophagy is regarded as a crucial pathogenesis of cartilage degradation in OA. MircoRNAs (miRNAs) are a category of small noncoding RNAs, acting as posttranscriptional modulators that regulate biological processes and cell signaling pathways via target genes. A series of miRNAs are involved in the progression of chondrocyte autophagy and are connected with numerous factors and pathways. This article focuses on the mechanisms of chondrocyte autophagy in OA and reviews the role of miRNA in their modulation. Potentially relevant miRNAs are also discussed in order to provide new directions for future research and improve our understanding of the autophagic network of miRNAs.