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Shichi S, Sugiyama K, Asahi Y, Shirakawa C, Nakamoto H, Kimura S, Wakizaka K, Aiyama T, Nagatsu A, Orimo T, Kakisaka T, Taketomi A. Diacylglycerol kinase alpha is a proliferation marker of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with the prognosis. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7238. [PMID: 38716625 PMCID: PMC11077429 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has a high recurrence rate and a poor prognosis. Thus, the development of effective treatment and prognostic biomarkers is required. High expression of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) is a prognostic factor for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the relationship between DGKα expression and prognosis in ICC has not been reported. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-DGKα antibody was performed on surgical specimens of ICC (n = 69). First, DGKα expression in cancer cells was qualitatively classified into four groups (-, 1+, 2+, 3+) and divided into two groups (DGKα- and DGKα+1 + to 3+). The relationship between clinical features and DGKα expression was analyzed. Second, Ki-67 expression was evaluated as a cell proliferation marker. The number of Ki-67-positive cells was counted, and the relationship with DGKα expression was examined. RESULTS DGKα IHC divided the patients into a DGKα+ group (1+: n = 15; 2+: n = 5; 3+: n = 5) and a DGKα- group (-: n = 44). In the DGKα+ group, patients were older and had advanced disease. Both overall survival and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were significantly worse in the DGKα+ patients. DGKα+ was identified as an independent prognostic factor for RFS by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the number of Ki-67-positive cells increased in association with the staining levels of DGKα. CONCLUSION Pathological DGKα expression in ICC was a cancer proliferation marker associated with recurrence. This suggests that DGKα may be a potential therapeutic target for ICC.
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Grants
- 22fk0210091h0002 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
- 18K19571 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 19H03724 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 21K19516 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 22H03142 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Shichi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Ko Sugiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Yoh Asahi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Chisato Shirakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Hiroki Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Saori Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Kazuki Wakizaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Takeshi Aiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Akihisa Nagatsu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Orimo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery IHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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Martin-Salgado M, Ochoa-Echeverría A, Mérida I. Diacylglycerol kinases: A look into the future of immunotherapy. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:100999. [PMID: 37949728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer still represents the second leading cause of death right after cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer provoked around 10 million deaths in 2020, with lung and colon tumors accounting for the deadliest forms of cancer. As tumor cells become resistant to traditional therapeutic approaches, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for tumor control. T lymphocytes are key players in immune responses against tumors. Immunosurveillance allows identification, targeting and later killing of cancerous cells. Nevertheless, tumors evolve through different strategies to evade the immune response and spread in a process called metastasis. The ineffectiveness of traditional strategies to control tumor growth and expansion has led to novel approaches considering modulation of T cell activation and effector functions. Program death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed promising results in the early 90s and nowadays are still being exploited together with other drugs for several cancer types. Other negative regulators of T cell activation are diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA). In T cells, DGKα and DGKζ limit the PLCγ/Ras/ERK axis thus attenuating DAG mediated signaling and T cell effector functions. Upregulation of either of both isoforms results in impaired Ras activation and anergy induction, whereas germline knockdown mice showed enhanced antitumor properties and more effective immune responses against pathogens. Here we review the mechanisms used by DGKs to ameliorate T cell activation and how inhibition could be used to reinvigorate T cell functions in cancer context. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved upon T cell activation will help to improve current therapies with DAG promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Salgado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Ane Ochoa-Echeverría
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain.
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3
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Wichroski M, Benci J, Liu SQ, Chupak L, Fang J, Cao C, Wang C, Onorato J, Qiu H, Shan Y, Banas D, Powles R, Locke G, Witt A, Stromko C, Qi H, Zheng X, Martin S, Ding M, Gentles R, Meanwell N, Velaparthi U, Olson R, Wee S, Tenney D, Parker CG, Cravatt BF, Lawrence M, Borzilleri R, Lees E. DGKα/ζ inhibitors combine with PD-1 checkpoint therapy to promote T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh1892. [PMID: 37878674 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. Although PD-1 blockade is effective in a subset of patients with cancer, many fail to respond because of either primary or acquired resistance. Thus, next-generation strategies are needed to expand the depth and breadth of clinical responses. Toward this end, we designed a human primary T cell phenotypic high-throughput screening strategy to identify small molecules with distinct and complementary mechanisms of action to PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Through these efforts, we selected and optimized a chemical series that showed robust potentiation of T cell activation and combinatorial activity with αPD-1 blockade. Target identification was facilitated by chemical proteomic profiling with a lipid-based photoaffinity probe, which displayed enhanced binding to diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) in the presence of the active compound, a phenomenon that correlated with the translocation of DGKα to the plasma membrane. We further found that optimized leads within this chemical series were potent and selective inhibitors of both DGKα and DGKζ, lipid kinases that constitute an intracellular T cell checkpoint that blunts T cell signaling through diacylglycerol metabolism. We show that dual DGKα/ζ inhibition amplified suboptimal T cell receptor signaling mediated by low-affinity antigen presentation and low major histocompatibility complex class I expression on tumor cells, both hallmarks of resistance to PD-1 blockade. In addition, DGKα/ζ inhibitors combined with αPD-1 therapy to elicit robust tumor regression in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Together, these findings support targeting DGKα/ζ as a next-generation T cell immune checkpoint strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wichroski
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joseph Benci
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Louis Chupak
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jie Fang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Carolyn Cao
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Cindy Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Joelle Onorato
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Hongchen Qiu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yongli Shan
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dana Banas
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ryan Powles
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory Locke
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Abigail Witt
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caitlyn Stromko
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Huilin Qi
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiaofan Zheng
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Scott Martin
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Min Ding
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Gentles
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicholas Meanwell
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Upender Velaparthi
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Richard Olson
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Susan Wee
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Daniel Tenney
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Lawrence
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Emma Lees
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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4
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Chupak L, Wichroski M, Zheng X, Ding M, Martin S, Allard C, Shi J, Gentles R, Meanwell NA, Fang J, Tenney D, Tokarski J, Cao C, Wee S. Discovery of Potent, Dual-Inhibitors of Diacylglycerol Kinases Alpha and Zeta Guided by Phenotypic Optimization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:929-935. [PMID: 37465293 PMCID: PMC10351048 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a phenotypic screening and optimization strategy to discover compounds that block intracellular checkpoint signaling in T-cells. We identified dual DGKα and ζ inhibitors notwithstanding the modest similarity between α and ζ relative to other DGK isoforms. Optimized compounds produced cytokine release and T-cell proliferation consistent with DGK inhibition and potentiated an immune response in human and mouse T-cells. Additionally, lead inhibitor BMS-502 demonstrated dose-dependent immune stimulation in the mouse OT-1 model, setting the stage for a drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Chupak
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Wichroski
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xiaofan Zheng
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Min Ding
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott Martin
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher Allard
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jianliang Shi
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United
States
| | - Robert Gentles
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United
States
| | - Jie Fang
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United
States
| | - Daniel Tenney
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United
States
| | - John Tokarski
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United
States
| | - Carolyn Cao
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United
States
| | - Susan Wee
- Bristol
Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United
States
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5
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Tan J, Zhong M, Hu Y, Pan G, Yao J, Tang Y, Duan H, Jiang Y, Shan W, Lin J, Liu Y, Huang J, Zheng H, Zhou Y, Fu G, Li Z, Xu B, Zha J. Ritanserin suppresses acute myeloid leukemia by inhibiting DGKα to downregulate phospholipase D and the Jak-Stat/MAPK pathway. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:118. [PMID: 37392305 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory or relapsed (R/R) AML is the most challenging form of AML to treat. Due to frequent genetic mutations, therapy alternatives are limited. Here, we identified the role of ritanserin and its target DGKα in AML. Several AML cell lines and primary patient cells were treated with ritanserin and subjected to cell proliferation, apoptosis and gene analyses with CCK-8 assay, Annexin V/PI assay and Western blotting, respectively. We also evaluated the function of the ritanserin target diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) in AML by bioinformatics. In vitro experiments have revealed that ritanserin inhibits AML progression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and it shows an anti-AML effect in xenograft mouse models. We further demonstrated that the expression of DGKα was elevated in AML and correlated with poor survival. Mechanistically, ritanserin negatively regulates SphK1 expression through PLD signaling, also inhibiting the Jak-Stat and MAPK signaling pathways via DGKα. These findings suggest that DGKα may be an available therapeutic target and provide effective preclinical evidence of ritanserin as a promising treatment for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Guangchao Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Yao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Hongpeng Duan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihang Shan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewen Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Huijian Zheng
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Gravina T, Boggio CMT, Gorla E, Racca L, Polidoro S, Centonze S, Ferrante D, Lunghi M, Graziani A, Corà D, Baldanzi G. Role of Diacylglycerol Kinases in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1877. [PMID: 37509516 PMCID: PMC10377028 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) play dual roles in cell transformation and immunosurveillance. According to cancer expression databases, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exhibits significant overexpression of multiple DGK isoforms, including DGKA, DGKD and DGKG, without a precise correlation with specific AML subtypes. In the TGCA database, high DGKA expression negatively correlates with survival, while high DGKG expression is associated with a more favorable prognosis. DGKA and DGKG also feature different patterns of co-expressed genes. Conversely, the BeatAML and TARGET databases show that high DGKH expression is correlated with shorter survival. To assess the suitability of DGKs as therapeutic targets, we treated HL-60 and HEL cells with DGK inhibitors and compared cell growth and survival with those of untransformed lymphocytes. We observed a specific sensitivity to R59022 and R59949, two poorly selective inhibitors, which promoted cytotoxicity and cell accumulation in the S phase in both cell lines. Conversely, the DGKA-specific inhibitors CU-3 and AMB639752 showed poor efficacy. These findings underscore the pivotal and isoform-specific involvement of DGKs in AML, offering a promising pathway for the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Notably, the DGKA and DGKH isoforms emerge as relevant players in AML pathogenesis, albeit DGKA inhibition alone seems insufficient to impair AML cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gravina
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Teresa Boggio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Gorla
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luisa Racca
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Centonze
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrante
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Monia Lunghi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28110 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Corà
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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7
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Numagami Y, Hoshino F, Murakami C, Ebina M, Sakane F. Distinct regions of Praja-1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase selectively bind to docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol kinase δ. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159265. [PMID: 36528254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl (18:0/22:6)-phosphatidic acid (PA) interacts with and activates Praja-1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (full length: 615 aa) to ubiquitinate and degrade the serotonin transporter (SERT). SERT modulates serotonergic system activity and is a therapeutic target for depression, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) δ2 (full length: 1214 aa) interacts with Praja-1 in addition to SERT and generates 18:0/22:6-PA, which binds and activates Praja-1. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of Praja-1 with 18:0/22:6-PA and DGKδ2 in more detail. We first found that the N-terminal one-third region (aa 1-224) of Praja-1 bound to 18:0/22:6-PA and that Lys141 in the region was critical for binding to 18:0/22:6-PA. In contrast, the C-terminal catalytic domain of Praja-1 (aa 446-615) interacted with DGKδ2. Additionally, the N-terminal half of the catalytic domain (aa 309-466) of DGKδ2 intensely bound to Praja-1. Moreover, the N-terminal region containing the pleckstrin homology and C1 domains (aa 1-308) and the C-terminal half of the catalytic domain (aa 762-939) of DGKδ2 weakly associated with Praja-1. Taken together, these results reveal new functions of the N-terminal (aa 1-224) and C-terminal (aa 446-615) regions of Praja-1 and the N-terminal half of the catalytic region (aa 309-466) of DGKδ2 as regulatory domains. Moreover, it is likely that the DGKδ2-Praja-1-SERT heterotrimer proximally arranges the 18:0/22:6-PA-producing catalytic domain of DGKδ2, the 18:0/22:6-PA-binding regulatory domain of Praja-1, the ubiquitin-protein ligase catalytic domain of Praja-1 and the ubiquitination acceptor site-containing SERT C-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Numagami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ebina
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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8
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Yachida N, Hoshino F, Murakami C, Ebina M, Miura Y, Sakane F. Saturated fatty acid- and/or monounsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidic acids selectively interact with heat shock protein 27. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103019. [PMID: 36791913 PMCID: PMC10023972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) α, which is a key enzyme in the progression of cancer and, in contrast, in T-cell activity attenuation, preferentially produces saturated fatty acid (SFA)- and/or monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-containing phosphatidic acids (PAs), such as 16:0/16:0-, 16:0/18:0-, and 16:1/16:1-PA, in melanoma cells. In the present study, we searched for the target proteins of 16:0/16:0-PA in melanoma cells and identified heat shock protein (HSP) 27, which acts as a molecular chaperone and contributes to cancer progression. HSP27 more strongly interacted with PA than other phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Moreover, HSP27 is more preferentially bound to SFA- and/or MUFA-containing PAs, including 16:0/16:0- and 16:0/18:1-PAs, than PUFA-containing PAs, including 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA. Furthermore, HSP27 and constitutively active DGKα expressed in COS-7 cells colocalized in a DGK activity-dependent manner. Notably, 16:0/16:0-PA, but not phosphatidylcholine or 16:0/16:0-phosphatidylserine, induced oligomer dissociation of HSP27, which enhances its chaperone activity. Intriguingly, HSP27 protein was barely detectable in Jurkat T cells, while the protein band was intensely detected in AKI melanoma cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that SFA- and/or MUFA-containing PAs produced by DGKα selectively target HSP27 and regulate its cancer-progressive function in melanoma cells but not in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yachida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ebina
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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9
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Hoshino F, Nakayama M, Furuta M, Murakami C, Kato A, Sakane F. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-specific phospholipase C β1 selectively binds dipalmitoyl and distearoyl phosphatidic acids via Lys946 and Lys951. Lipids 2022; 57:289-302. [PMID: 36054018 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) β1 hydrolyzes 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl (18:0/20:4)-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4,5-bisphosphate to produce diacylglycerol, which is converted to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), in the PtdIns cycle and plays pivotal roles in intracellular signal transduction. The present study identified PLCβ1 as a PtdOH-binding protein using PtdOH-containing liposomes. Moreover, the comparison of the binding of PLCβ1 to various PtdOH species, including 14:0/14:0-PtdOH, 16:0/16:0-PtdOH, 16:0/18:1-PtdOH, 18:0/18:1-PtdOH, 18:0/18:0-PtdOH, 18:1/18:1-PtdOH, 18:0/20:4-PtdOH, and 18:0/22:6-PtdOH, indicated that the interaction of PLCβ1 with 16:0/16:0-PtdOH was the strongest. The PLCβ1-binding activity of 18:0/18:0-PtdOH was almost the same as the binding activity of 16:0/16:0-PtdOH. Furthermore, the binding of PLCβ1 to 16:0/16:0-PtdOH was substantially stronger than 16:0/16:0-phosphatidylserine, 16:0/16:0/16:0/16:0-cardiolipin, 16:0/16:0-PtdIns, and 18:0/20:4-PtdIns. We revealed that a PLCβ1 mutant whose Lys946 and Lys951 residues were replaced with Glu (PLCβ1-KE) did not interact with 16:0/16:0-PtdOH and failed to localize to the plasma membrane in Neuro-2a cells. Retinoic acid-dependent increase in neurite length and numbers was significantly inhibited in PLCβ1-expressing cells; however, this considerable attenuation was not detected in the cells expressing PLCβ1-KE. Overall, these results strongly suggest that PtdOHs containing only saturated fatty acids, including 16:0/16:0-PtdOH, which are not derived from the PtdIns cycle, selectively bind to PLCβ1 and regulate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maika Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masataka Furuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Takahashi D, Yonezawa K, Okizaki Y, Caaveiro JMM, Ueda T, Shimada A, Sakane F, Shimizu N. Ca 2+ -induced structural changes and intramolecular interactions in N-terminal region of diacylglycerol kinase alpha. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4365. [PMID: 35762720 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are multi-domain lipid kinases that modulate the levels of lipid messengers, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to its α isozyme (DGKα) as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. However, little progress has been made on the structural biology of DGKs, and a detailed understanding of the Ca2+ -triggered activation of DGKα, for which the N-terminal domains likely play a critical role, remains unclear. We have recently shown that Ca2+ binding to DGKα-EF induces conformational changes from a protease-susceptible "open" conformation in the apo state to a well-folded one in its holo state. Here, we further studied the structural properties of DGKα N-terminal (RVH and EF) domains using a series of biophysical techniques. We first revealed that the N-terminal RVH domain is a novel Ca2+ -binding domain, but the Ca2+ -induced conformational changes mainly occur in the EF domain. This was corroborated by NMR experiments showing that the EF domain adopts a molten-globule like structure in the apo state. Further analyses using SEC-SAXS and NMR indicate that the partially unfolded EF domain interacts with RVH domain, likely via hydrophobic interactions in the absence of Ca2+ , and this interaction is modified in the presence of Ca2+ . Taken together, these results present novel insights into the structural rearrangement of DGKα N-terminal domains upon binding to Ca2+ , which is essential for the activation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Protein Structure, Function, and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kento Yonezawa
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Digital Green-Innovation (CDG), Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yuki Okizaki
- Department of Protein Structure, Function, and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jose M M Caaveiro
- Department of Global Healthcare, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Department of Protein Structure, Function, and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimada
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Immune Checkpoint Receptors Signaling in T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073529. [PMID: 35408889 PMCID: PMC8999077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the receptors negatively modulating lymphocyte function is rapidly advancing, driven by success in tumor immunotherapy. As a result, the number of immune checkpoint receptors characterized from a functional perspective and targeted by innovative drugs continues to expand. This review focuses on the less explored area of the signaling mechanisms of these receptors, of those expressed in T cells. Studies conducted mainly on PD-1, CTLA-4, and BTLA have evidenced that the extracellular parts of some of the receptors act as decoy receptors for activating ligands, but in all instances, the tyrosine phosphorylation of their cytoplasmatic tail drives a crucial inhibitory signal. This negative signal is mediated by a few key signal transducers, such as tyrosine phosphatase, inositol phosphatase, and diacylglycerol kinase, which allows them to counteract TCR-mediated activation. The characterization of these signaling pathways is of great interest in the development of therapies for counteracting tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte exhaustion/anergy independently from the receptors involved.
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12
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DGKZ promotes TGFβ signaling pathway and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer by suppressing lipid raft-dependent endocytosis of TGFβR2. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:105. [PMID: 35115500 PMCID: PMC8814002 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKZ) is a diacylglycerol kinase that metabolizes diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidic acid, and its function in breast cancer progression remains unclear. In this study, via screening of a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library containing lipid metabolic genes, DGKZ was identified as a potential prometastatic gene. We first confirmed that high DGKZ expression correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in patients. Next, knockout of DGKZ in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines were found to significantly inhibit metastatic behaviors in vitro and in vivo, whereas its overexpression increased the metastatic potential of cell lines. Mechanistic studies based on RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis indicated that DGKZ might regulate cell metastasis by promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of DGKZ activated the TGFβ/TGFβR2/Smad3 signaling pathway by inhibiting the degradation of TGFβR2 through suppression of caveolin/lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. Moreover, the caveolin/lipid raft-dependent endocytosis of TGFβR2 was regulated by the metabolite phosphatidic acid, which might alter TGFβR2 partitioning in lipid rafts and nonlipid rafts by affecting the fluidity of the plasma membrane. These findings suggested that DGKZ is a novel promoter of metastasis and that it could be a potential prognostic indicator in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
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Sakane F, Hoshino F, Ebina M, Sakai H, Takahashi D. The Roles of Diacylglycerol Kinase α in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205190. [PMID: 34680338 PMCID: PMC8534027 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Diacylglycerol (DG) kinase (DGK) phosphorylates DG to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). DGKα is highly expressed in several refractory cancer cells, including melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioblastoma cells, attenuates apoptosis, and promotes proliferation. In cancer cells, PA produced by DGKα plays an important role in proliferation/antiapoptosis. In addition to cancer cells, DGKα is highly abundant in T cells and induces a nonresponsive state (anergy), representing the main mechanism by which advanced cancers avoid immune action. In T cells, DGKα induces anergy through DG consumption. Therefore, a DGKα-specific inhibitor is expected to be a dual effective anticancer treatment that inhibits cancer cell proliferation and simultaneously activates T cell function. Moreover, the inhibition of DGKα synergistically enhances the anticancer effects of programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand 1 blockade. Taken together, DGKα inhibition provides a promising new treatment strategy for refractory cancers. Abstract Diacylglycerol (DG) kinase (DGK) phosphorylates DG to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). The α isozyme is activated by Ca2+ through its EF-hand motifs and tyrosine phosphorylation. DGKα is highly expressed in several refractory cancer cells including melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioblastoma cells. In melanoma cells, DGKα is an antiapoptotic factor that activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through the atypical protein kinase C (PKC) ζ-mediated phosphorylation of NF-κB. DGKα acts as an enhancer of proliferative activity through the Raf–MEK–ERK pathway and consequently exacerbates hepatocellular carcinoma progression. In glioblastoma and melanoma cells, DGKα attenuates apoptosis by enhancing the phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4A1–mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway. As PA activates PKCζ, Raf, and PDE, it is likely that PA generated by DGKα plays an important role in the proliferation/antiapoptosis of cancer cells. In addition to cancer cells, DGKα is highly abundant in T cells and induces a nonresponsive state (anergy), which represents the main mechanism by which advanced cancers escape immune action. In T cells, DGKα attenuates the activity of Ras-guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein, which is activated by DG and avoids anergy through DG consumption. Therefore, a DGKα-specific inhibitor is expected to be a dual effective anticancer treatment that inhibits cancer cell proliferation and simultaneously enhances T cell functions. Moreover, the inhibition of DGKα synergistically enhances the anticancer effects of programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand 1 blockade. Taken together, DGKα inhibition provides a promising new treatment strategy for refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (F.H.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-43-290-3695
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (F.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Masayuki Ebina
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (F.H.); (M.E.)
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
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14
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Okada N, Sugiyama K, Shichi S, Shirai Y, Goto K, Sakane F, Kitamura H, Taketomi A. Combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with diacylglycerol kinase alpha inhibition and anti-programmed cell death-1 ligand blockade. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:889-903. [PMID: 34482409 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) augments proliferation and suppresses apoptosis of cancer cells and induces T lymphocyte anergy. We investigated the dual effects of DGKα inhibition on tumorigenesis and anti-tumor immunity with the aim of establishing a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer. We examined the effects of a DGKα inhibitor (DGKAI) on liver cancer cell proliferation and cytokine production by immune cells in vitro and on tumorigenesis and host immunity in a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse model. Oral DGKAI significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in model mice. Tumor infiltration of T cells and dendritic cells was also enhanced in mice treated with DGKAI, and the production of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was increased. Depletion of CD8+ T cells reduced the effect of DGKAI. Furthermore, interferon-γ stimulation augmented the expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand (PD-L1) on cancer cells, and DGKAI plus an anti-PD-L1 antibody strongly suppressed the tumor growth. These results suggest that DGKα inhibition may be a promising new treatment strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ko Sugiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shichi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Division of Functional Immunology, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
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15
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Bozelli JC, Yune J, Takahashi D, Sakane F, Epand RM. Membrane morphology determines diacylglycerol kinase α substrate acyl chain specificity. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21602. [PMID: 33977628 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100264r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA). In humans, the alpha isoform (DGKα) has emerged as a potential target in the treatment of cancer due to its anti-tumor and pro-immune responses. However, its mechanism of action at a molecular level is not fully understood. In this work, a systematic investigation of the role played by the membrane in the regulation of the enzymatic properties of human DGKα is presented. By using a cell-free system with purified DGKα and model membranes of variable physical and chemical properties, it is shown that membrane physical properties determine human DGKα substrate acyl chain specificity. In model membranes with a flat morphology; DGKα presents high enzymatic activity, but it is not able to differentiate DAG molecular species. Furthermore, DGKα enzymatic properties are insensitive to membrane intrinsic curvature. However, in the presence of model membranes with altered morphology, specifically the presence of physically curved membrane structures, DGKα bears substrate acyl chain specificity for palmitic acid-containing DAG. The present results identify changes in membrane morphology as one possible mechanism for the depletion of specific pools of DAG as well as the production of specific pools of PA by DGKα, adding an extra layer of regulation on the interconversion of these two potent lipid-signaling molecules. It is proposed that the interplay between membrane physical (shape) and chemical (lipid composition) properties guarantee a fine-tuned signal transduction system dependent on the levels and molecular species of DAG and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Bozelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny Yune
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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16
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Diacylglycerol Kinase alpha in X Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease Type 1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115816. [PMID: 34072296 PMCID: PMC8198409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases are intracellular enzymes that control the balance between the secondary messengers diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. DGKα and DGKζ are the prominent isoforms that restrain the intensity of T cell receptor signalling by metabolizing PLCγ generated diacylglycerol. Thus, their activity must be tightly controlled to grant cellular homeostasis and refine immune responses. DGKα is specifically inhibited by strong T cell activating signals to allow for full diacylglycerol signalling which mediates T cell response. In X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 1, deficiency of the adaptor protein SAP results in altered T cell receptor signalling, due in part to persistent DGKα activity. This activity constrains diacylglycerol levels, attenuating downstream pathways such as PKCθ and Ras/MAPK and decreasing T cell restimulation induced cell death. This is a form of apoptosis triggered by prolonged T cell activation that is indeed defective in CD8+ cells of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 patients. Accordingly, inhibition or downregulation of DGKα activity restores in vitro a correct diacylglycerol dependent signal transduction, cytokines production and restimulation induced apoptosis. In animal disease models, DGKα inhibitors limit CD8+ expansion and immune-mediated tissue damage, suggesting the possibility of using inhibitors of diacylglycerol kinase as a new therapeutic approach.
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Liu K, Xue B, Bai G, Zhang W. Downregulation of Diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGKZ) suppresses tumorigenesis and progression of cervical cancer by facilitating cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1517-1529. [PMID: 33926342 PMCID: PMC8806244 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1918505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGKZ) participates in cancer progression. Here, the current work aims to identify the functional role of DGKZ in cervical cancer (CC). DGKZ expression in cervical cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal cervical tissues was assessed using Immunohistochemistry assay. SiHa and HeLa cells were transfected with lentivirus plasmids (sh-DGKZ or sh-NC) to evaluate the effects of DGKZ knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution in vitro. Furthermore, BALB/c nude mice were injected subcutaneously with Lentivirus-sh-DGKZ-SiHa cells or Lentivirus-sh-NC-SiHa cells to analyze the influence of DGKZ silencing on tumor growth of CC in vivo. Moreover, the potential molecular mechanisms were predicted by GO and KEGG analysis and preliminarily explored through PathScan Analysis. Elevated DGKZ expression in cervical tumor was observed. Downregulation of DGKZ repressed proliferation and boosted apoptosis of SiHa and HeLa cells and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. In addition, Knockdown of DGKZ restrained tumor growth in tumor xenograft mice. Importantly, GO and KEGG analysis displayed that differentially expressed proteins induced by silence of DGKZ were mostly enriched in autophagy or mitophagy, indicating that the functions of DGKZ on cell proliferation and tumor growth may be associated with autophagy or mitophagy. PathScan analysis presented that PI3K-AKT and TAK1-NF-κB signaling pathways were prominently inhibited in SiHa cells transfected with sh-DGKZ. In summary, downregulation of DGKZ impeded cell proliferation, boosted cell apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest to suppress tumorigenesis and progression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xi'an North Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Biyun Xue
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guiqin Bai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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18
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Suzuki Y, Asami M, Takahashi D, Sakane F. Diacylglycerol kinase η colocalizes and interacts with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 3 in response to osmotic shock. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101006. [PMID: 33997319 PMCID: PMC8100535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) η translocates from the cytoplasm to punctate vehicles via osmotic shock. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 3 (MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) 15) is also reported to respond to osmotic shock. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the subcellular localization of DGKη and ASK3 expressed in COS-7 cells under osmotic stress. We found that DGKη was almost completely colocalized with ASK3 in punctate structures in response to osmotic shock. In contrast, DGKδ, which is closely related to DGKη structurally, was not colocalized with ASK3, and DGKη failed to colocalize with another MAPKKK, C-Raf, even under osmotic stress. The structures in which DGKη and ASK3 localized were not stained with stress granule makers. Notably, DGKη strongly interacted with ASK3 in an osmotic shock-dependent manner. These results indicate that DGKη and ASK3 undergo osmotic shock-dependent colocalization and associate with each other in specialized structures. DGKη translocates from the cytoplasm to punctate vehicles via osmotic stress. DGKη colocalizes with ASK3 in punctate vehicles in response to osmotic shock. DGKη interacts with ASK3 in response to osmotic shock. The punctate vesicles are unique and specialized for DGKη and ASK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Maho Asami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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19
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Bozelli JC, Aulakh SS, Epand RM. Membrane shape as determinant of protein properties. Biophys Chem 2021; 273:106587. [PMID: 33865153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids play a role in the modulation of a variety of biological processes. This is often achieved through fine-tuned changes in membrane physical and chemical properties. While some membrane physical properties (e.g., curvature, lipid domains, fluidity) have received increased scientific attention over the years, only recently has membrane shape emerged as an active modulator of protein properties. Biological membranes are mostly found organized into a lipid bilayer arrangement, in which the spontaneous shape is an intrinsically flat, planar morphology (in relation to the size of proteins). However, it is known that many cells and organelles have non-planar morphologies. In addition, perturbations in membrane morphology occur in a variety of biological processes. Recent studies have shown that membrane shape can modulate a variety of biological processes by determining protein properties. While membrane shape generation modulates proteins via changes in membrane mechanical properties, membrane shape recognition regulates proteins by providing the optimal surface for interaction. Hence, membranes have evolved an elegant mechanism to couple mesoscopic perturbations to molecular properties and vice-versa. In this review, the regulation of the enzymatic properties of two isoforms of mammalian diacylglycerol kinase, which play important roles in cellular signal transductions, will be used to exemplify the recent advancements in the field of membrane shape recognition, as well as future challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Bozelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sukhvershjit S Aulakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Potential role of diacylglycerol kinases in immune-mediated diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:1637-1658. [PMID: 32608491 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism promoting exacerbated immune responses in allergy and autoimmunity as well as those blunting the immune control of cancer cells are of primary interest in medicine. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are key modulators of signal transduction, which blunt diacylglycerol (DAG) signals and produce phosphatidic acid (PA). By modulating lipid second messengers, DGK modulate the activity of downstream signaling proteins, vesicle trafficking and membrane shape. The biological role of the DGK α and ζ isoforms in immune cells differentiation and effector function was subjected to in deep investigations. DGK α and ζ resulted in negatively regulating synergistic way basal and receptor induced DAG signals in T cells as well as leukocytes. In this way, they contributed to keep under control the immune response but also downmodulate immune response against tumors. Alteration in DGKα activity is also implicated in the pathogenesis of genetic perturbations of the immune function such as the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 1 and localized juvenile periodontitis. These findings suggested a participation of DGK to the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying several immune-mediated diseases and prompted several researches aiming to target DGK with pharmacologic and molecular strategies. Those findings are discussed inhere together with experimental applications in tumors as well as in other immune-mediated diseases such as asthma.
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21
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Nagarajan SR, Butler LM, Hoy AJ. The diversity and breadth of cancer cell fatty acid metabolism. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:2. [PMID: 33413672 PMCID: PMC7791669 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-020-00237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cellular metabolism exhibits distinguishing features that collectively enhance biomass synthesis while maintaining redox balance and cellular homeostasis. These attributes reflect the complex interactions between cell-intrinsic factors such as genomic-transcriptomic regulation and cell-extrinsic influences, including growth factor and nutrient availability. Alongside glucose and amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism supports tumorigenesis and disease progression through a range of processes including membrane biosynthesis, energy storage and production, and generation of signaling intermediates. Here, we highlight the complexity of cellular fatty acid metabolism in cancer, the various inputs and outputs of the intracellular free fatty acid pool, and the numerous ways that these pathways influence disease behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa R Nagarajan
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Takao S, Akiyama R, Sakane F. Combined inhibition/silencing of diacylglycerol kinase α and ζ simultaneously and synergistically enhances interleukin-2 production in T cells and induces cell death of melanoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:494-506. [PMID: 33399248 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The α-isozyme of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) enhances cancer cell proliferation and, conversely, it promotes the nonresponsive immune state known as T-cell anergy. Moreover, a DGKα-selective inhibitor, CU-3, induced cell death in cancer-derived cells and simultaneously enhanced T-cell interleukin-2 production. In addition to DGKα, DGKζ is also known to induce T-cell anergy. In the present study, we examined whether combined inhibition/silencing of DGKα and DGKζ synergistically enhanced T-cell activity. Combined treatment with CU-3 or DGKα-small interfering RNA (siRNA) and DGKζ-siRNA more potently enhanced T-cell receptor-crosslink-dependent interleukin-2 production in Jurkat T cells than treatment with either alone. Intriguingly, in addition to activating T cells, dual inhibition/silencing of DGKα and DGKζ synergistically reduced viability and increased caspase 3/7 activity in AKI melanoma cells. Taken together, these results indicate that combined inhibition/silencing of DGKα and DGKζ simultaneously and synergistically enhances interleukin-2 production in T cells and induces cell death in melanoma. Therefore, dual inhibition/silencing of these DGK isozymes represents an ideal therapy that potently attenuates cancer cell proliferation and simultaneously enhances immune responses that impact anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Takao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rino Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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23
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New Era of Diacylglycerol Kinase, Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatidic Acid-Binding Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186794. [PMID: 32947951 PMCID: PMC7555651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Mammalian DGK consists of ten isozymes (α–κ) and governs a wide range of physiological and pathological events, including immune responses, neuronal networking, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fragile X syndrome, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. DG and PA comprise diverse molecular species that have different acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Because the DGK activity is essential for phosphatidylinositol turnover, which exclusively produces 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-DG, it has been generally thought that all DGK isozymes utilize the DG species derived from the turnover. However, it was recently revealed that DGK isozymes, except for DGKε, phosphorylate diverse DG species, which are not derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover. In addition, various PA-binding proteins (PABPs), which have different selectivities for PA species, were recently found. These results suggest that DGK–PA–PABP axes can potentially construct a large and complex signaling network and play physiologically and pathologically important roles in addition to DGK-dependent attenuation of DG–DG-binding protein axes. For example, 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PA produced by DGKδ interacts with and activates Praja-1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase acting on the serotonin transporter, which is a target of drugs for obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders, in the brain. This article reviews recent research progress on PA species produced by DGK isozymes, the selective binding of PABPs to PA species and a phosphatidylinositol turnover-independent DG supply pathway.
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24
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Kambayashi T, Deshpande DA. The role of diacylglycerol kinases in allergic airway disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 51:50-58. [PMID: 32836013 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an obstructive inflammatory airway disease. Airway obstruction is mediated by hyperresponsive airway smooth muscle cell contraction, which is induced and compounded by inflammation caused by T lymphocytes. One important signal transduction pathway that is involved in the activation of these cell types involves the generation of a lipid second messenger known as diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG levels are controlled in cells by a negative regulator known as DAG kinase (DGK). In this review, we discuss how the DAG signaling pathway attenuates the pathological function of immune cells and airway smooth muscle cells in allergic airway disease and asthma. Furthermore, we discuss how the enhancement of the DAG signaling pathway through the inhibition of DGK may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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25
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Subcellular Localization Relevance and Cancer-Associated Mechanisms of Diacylglycerol Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155297. [PMID: 32722576 PMCID: PMC7432101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of reports suggests a significant involvement of the phosphoinositide (PI) cycle in cancer development and progression. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are very active in the PI cycle. They are a family of ten members that convert diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA), two-second messengers with versatile cellular functions. Notably, some DGK isoforms, such as DGKα, have been reported to possess promising therapeutic potential in cancer therapy. However, further studies are needed in order to better comprehend their involvement in cancer. In this review, we highlight that DGKs are an essential component of the PI cycle that localize within several subcellular compartments, including the nucleus and plasma membrane, together with their PI substrates and that they are involved in mediating major cancer cell mechanisms such as growth and metastasis. DGKs control cancer cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis by regulating Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways. In addition, some DGKs control cancer cell migration by regulating the activities of the Rho GTPases Rac1 and RhoA.
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26
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Polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidic acids selectively interact with L-lactate dehydrogenase A and induce its secondary structural change and inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158768. [PMID: 32717303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) consists of various molecular species that have different fatty acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions; and consequently, mammalian cells contain at least 50 structurally distinct PA molecular species. However, the different roles of each PA species are poorly understood. In the present study, we attempted to identify dipalmitoyl (16:0/16:0)-PA-binding proteins from mouse skeletal muscle using liposome precipitation and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We identified L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) A, which catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to lactate and is a key checkpoint of anaerobic glycolysis critical for tumor growth, as a 16:0/16:0-PA-binding protein. LDHA did not substantially associate with other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphoinositides and cardiolipin at physiological pH (7.4), indicating that LDHA specifically bound to PA. Interestingly, 18:0/18:0-, 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA also interacted with LDHA, and their binding activities were stronger than 16:0/16:0-PA at pH 7.4. Moreover, circular dichroism spectrometry showed that 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA, but not 16:0/16:0- or 18:0/18:0-PA, significantly reduced the α-helical structure of LDHA. Furthermore, 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA attenuated LDH activity. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that LDHA is a PA-binding protein and is a unique PA-binding protein that is structurally and functionally controlled by associating with 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA.
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27
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Hayashi D, Wang L, Ueda S, Yamanoue M, Ashida H, Shirai Y. The mechanisms of ameliorating effect of a green tea polyphenol on diabetic nephropathy based on diacylglycerol kinase α. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11790. [PMID: 32678222 PMCID: PMC7366667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy (DN) by inhibiting protein kinase C. However, these efforts have not been successful in human trials, suggesting that novel therapeutic strategies are required. Thus far, it has been reported that green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) improved albuminuria in DN in a human trial. Our previous study revealed that activation of diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) plays a crucial role in the amelioration of DN and that EGCg activates DGKα. Here, we investigated whether and how DGKα contributes to the amelioration of DN upon stimulation by EGCg by using streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic model mice. Our results revealed that EGCg ameliorated albuminuria in DN through DGKα in vivo, and methylated EGCg, which has higher absorption in the plasma improved albuminuria in DN effectively. Additionally, we showed that c-Src mediated EGCg-induced DGKα translocation and colocalized with the 67 kDa laminin receptor, which is an EGCg receptor. Furthermore, EGCg attenuated the loss of podocytes in DN by preventing a decrease in focal adhesion under high glucose conditions. Our results indicate that the DGKα pathway is an attractive therapeutic target and that activating this pathway is a novel strategy for treating DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-Cho 1-1, Nada-Ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-Cho 1-1, Nada-Ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-Cho 1-1, Nada-Ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamanoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-Cho 1-1, Nada-Ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-Cho 1-1, Nada-Ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-Cho 1-1, Nada-Ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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28
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Liu CS, Schmezer P, Popanda O. Diacylglycerol Kinase Alpha in Radiation-Induced Fibrosis: Potential as a Predictive Marker or Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2020; 10:737. [PMID: 32477950 PMCID: PMC7235333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an efficient tool in cancer treatment, but it brings along the risk of side effects such as fibrosis in the irradiated healthy tissue thus limiting tumor control and impairing quality of life of cancer survivors. Knowledge on radiation-related fibrosis risk and therapeutic options is still limited and requires further research. Recent studies demonstrated that epigenetic regulation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKA) is associated with radiation-induced fibrosis. However, the specific mechanisms are still unknown. In this review, we scrutinized the role of DGKA in the radiation response and in further cellular functions to show the potential of DGKA as a predictive marker or a novel target in fibrosis treatment. DGKA was reported to participate in immune response, lipid signaling, exosome production, and migration as well as cell proliferation, all processes which are suggested to be critical steps in fibrogenesis. Most of these functions are based on the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA) at plasma membranes, but DGKA might have also other, yet not well-known functions in the nucleus. Current evidence summarized here underlines that DGKA activation may play a central role in fibrosis formation post-irradiation and shows a potential of direct DGKA inhibitors or epigenetic modulators to attenuate pro-fibrotic reactions, thus providing novel therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shan Liu
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmezer
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odilia Popanda
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Palmitic acid- and/or palmitoleic acid-containing phosphatidic acids are generated by diacylglycerol kinase α in starved Jurkat T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:1054-1060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Lu Q, Murakami C, Murakami Y, Hoshino F, Asami M, Usuki T, Sakai H, Sakane F. 1‐Stearoyl‐2‐docosahexaenoyl‐phosphatidic acid interacts with and activates Praja‐1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase acting on the serotonin transporter in the brain. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1787-1796. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Maho Asami
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Takako Usuki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research Organization for Research and Academic Information Shimane University Izumo Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
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31
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Murakami C, Hoshino F, Sakai H, Hayashi Y, Yamashita A, Sakane F. Diacylglycerol kinase δ and sphingomyelin synthase-related protein functionally interact via their sterile α motif domains. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2932-2947. [PMID: 31980461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The δ isozyme of diacylglycerol kinase (DGKδ) plays critical roles in lipid signaling by converting diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). We previously demonstrated that DGKδ preferably phosphorylates palmitic acid (16:0)- and/or palmitoleic acid (16:1)-containing DG molecular species, but not arachidonic acid (20:4)-containing DG species, which are recognized as DGK substrates derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover, in high glucose-stimulated myoblasts. However, little is known about the origin of these DG molecular species. DGKδ and two DG-generating enzymes, sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) 1 and SMS-related protein (SMSr), contain a sterile α motif domain (SAMD). In this study, we found that SMSr-SAMD, but not SMS1-SAMD, co-immunoprecipitates with DGKδ-SAMD. Full-length DGKδ co-precipitated with full-length SMSr more strongly than with SMS1. However, SAMD-deleted variants of SMSr and DGKδ interacted only weakly with full-length DGKδ and SMSr, respectively. These results strongly suggested that DGKδ interacts with SMSr through their respective SAMDs. To determine the functional outcomes of the relationship between DGKδ and SMSr, we used LC-MS/MS to investigate whether overexpression of DGKδ and/or SMSr in COS-7 cells alters the levels of PA species. We found that SMSr overexpression significantly enhances the production of 16:0- or 16:1-containing PA species such as 14:0/16:0-, 16:0/16:0-, 16:0/18:1-, and/or 16:1/18:1-PA in DGKδ-overexpressing COS-7 cells. Moreover, SMSr enhanced DGKδ activity via their SAMDs in vitro Taken together, these results strongly suggest that SMSr is a candidate DG-providing enzyme upstream of DGKδ and that the two enzymes represent a new pathway independent of phosphatidylinositol turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Arranz-Nicolás J, Mérida I. Biological regulation of diacylglycerol kinases in normal and neoplastic tissues: New opportunities for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 75:100663. [PMID: 31706704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, the arsenal of anti-cancer therapies has evolved to target T lymphocytes and restore their capacity to destroy tumor cells. However, the clinical success is limited, with a large number of patients that never responds and others that ultimately develop resistances. Overcoming the hypofunctional state imposed by solid tumors to T cells has revealed critical but challenging due to the complex strategies that tumors employ to evade the immune system. The Diacylglycerol kinases (DGK) limit DAG-dependent functions in T lymphocytes and their upregulation in tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes contribute to limit T cell cytotoxic potential. DGK blockade could reinstate T cell attack on tumors, limiting at the same time tumor cell growth, thanks to the DGK positive input into several oncogenic pathways. In this review we summarize the latest findings regarding the regulation of specific DGK isoforms in healthy and anergic T lymphocytes, as well as their contribution to oncogenic phenotypes. We will also revise the latest advances in the search for pharmacological inhibitors and their potential as anti-cancer agents, either alone or in combination with immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arranz-Nicolás
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Yamada H, Mizuno S, Honda S, Takahashi D, Sakane F. Characterization of α-synuclein N-terminal domain as a novel cellular phosphatidic acid sensor. FEBS J 2019; 287:2212-2234. [PMID: 31722116 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the localization and dynamics of the intracellular bioactive lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) is important for understanding diverse biological phenomena. Although several PA sensors have been developed, better ones are still needed for comprehensive PA detection in cells. We recently found that α-synuclein (α-Syn) selectively and strongly bound to PA in vitro. Here, we revealed that the N-terminal region of α-Syn (α-Syn-N) specifically bound to PA, with a dissociation constant of 6.6 μm. α-Syn-N colocalized with PA-producing enzymes, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) β at the plasma membrane (PM), myristoylated DGKζ at the Golgi apparatus, phorbol ester-stimulated DGKγ at the PM, and phospholipase D2 at the PM and Golgi but not with the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-producing enzyme in COS-7 cells. However, α-Syn-N failed to colocalize with them in the presence of their inhibitors and/or their inactive mutants. These results indicate that α-Syn-N specifically binds to cellular PA and can be applied as an excellent PA sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Shotaro Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
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Honda S, Murakami C, Yamada H, Murakami Y, Ishizaki A, Sakane F. Analytical Method for Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ Activity in Cells Using Protein Myristoylation and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2019; 54:763-771. [PMID: 31736090 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Specific inhibitors of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) ζ can be promising anticancer medications via the activation of cancer immunity. Although the detection of cellular activities of target enzymes is essential for drug screening in addition to in vitro assays, it is difficult to detect the activity of DGKζ in cells. In the present study, we generated AcGFP-DGKζ cDNA with a consensus N-myristoylation sequence at the 5' end (Myr-AcGFP-DGKζ) to target DGKζ to membranes. Using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) (LC-MS/MS), we showed that Myr-AcGFP-DGKζ, but not AcGFP-DGKζ without the myristoylation sequence, substantially augmented the levels of several phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) species. In contrast to Myr-AcGFP-DGKζ, its inactive mutant did not exhibit an increase in PtdOH production, indicating that the increase in PtdOH production was DGK activity-dependent. This method will be useful in chemical compound selection for the development of drugs targeting DGKζ and can be applicable to various soluble (nonmembrane bound) lipid-metabolizing enzymes, including other DGK isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ayuka Ishizaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Wang Y, Xu C, Xu B, Li L, Li W, Wang W, Wu M. Xiaoai Jiedu Recipe Inhibits Proliferation and Metastasis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Blocking the P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7538-7546. [PMID: 31590176 PMCID: PMC6792514 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Its major histopathological subtype is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Xiaoai Jiedu recipe (XJR) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that can suppress growth and invasion of tumor cells. Here, we assessed the antitumor effect of XJR on NSCLC explored the underlying mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three concentrations of XJR (low, middle, and high) were used to treat A549 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assay were used to measure proliferation of A549 cells. Apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-associated proteins was measured by Western blot analysis. Transwell and scratch wound healing assay were used to assess invasion and migration, respectively, of A549 cells. The expression of p38 MAPK pathway-associated proteins were measured using Western blot analysis. RESULTS XJR suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of A549 cells, especially in the high-dose group. The expression of Bcl-2 was reduced with increasing expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9. Invasion and migration abilities of A549 cells were inhibited after XJR treatment. XJR treatment decreased the expression levels of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38), p-ERK, and p-JNK in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that XJR can inhibit proliferation, invasion, and migration, and induce apoptosis of NSCLC by blocking the p38 MAPK pathway, which shows the potential of XJR as a new treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Endoscopic Center of Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Endoscopic Center of Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Bin Xu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Wenting Li
- Institute of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Wang
- Endoscopic Center of Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Mianhua Wu
- Institute of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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