1
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Das S, McIvor C, Greener A, Suwita C, Argent SP, O'Duill ML. 2,2-Difluoroethylation of Heteroatom Nucleophiles via a Hypervalent Iodine Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410954. [PMID: 38900650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The 2,2-difluoroethyl group is an important lipophilic hydrogen bond donor in medicinal chemistry, but its incorporation into small molecules is often challenging. Herein, we demonstrate electrophilic 2,2-difluoroethylation of thiol, amine and alcohol nucleophiles with a hypervalent iodine reagent, (2,2-difluoro-ethyl)(aryl)iodonium triflate, via a proposed ligand coupling mechanism. This transformation offers a complementary strategy to existing 2,2-difluoroethylation methods and allows access to a wide range of 2,2-difluoroethylated nucleophiles, including the drugs Captopril, Normorphine and Mefloquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte McIvor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Greener
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte Suwita
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Miriam L O'Duill
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
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2
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He C, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Cao W, Feng X. Asymmetric catalytic nitrooxylation and azidation of β-keto amides/esters with hypervalent iodine reagents. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01634b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed enantioselective nitrooxylation and azidation of cyclic and acyclic β-keto amides/esters with hypervalent iodine(iii) reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqiang He
- Key laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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3
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Kalim J, Duhail T, Pietrasiak E, Anselmi E, Magnier E, Togni A. Direct Trifluoromethylation of Alcohols Using a Hypervalent Iodosulfoximine Reagent. Chemistry 2021; 27:2638-2642. [PMID: 33241882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The direct trifluoromethylation of a variety of aliphatic alcohols using a hypervalent iodosulfoximine reagent afforded the corresponding ethers in moderate to good yields (14-72 %). Primary, secondary, and even tertiary alcohols, including examples derived from natural products, underwent this transformation in the presence of catalytic amounts of zinc bis(triflimide). Typical reaction conditions involved a neat mixture of 6.0 equivalents of the alcohol with 1.0 equivalent of the reagent, with the majority of reactions complete within 2 h with 2.5 mol % of the Lewis acid catalyst. Furthermore, experimental evidence was provided that the C-O bond-forming process occurred via the coordination of the alcohol to the iodine atom and subsequent reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorna Kalim
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Duhail
- CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Ewa Pietrasiak
- Pahong University of Science and Technology, Pahong, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Calvo R, Le Tellier A, Nauser T, Rombach D, Nater D, Katayev D. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of a Hypervalent-Iodine-Based Nitrooxylating Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17162-17168. [PMID: 32530081 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis and characterization of a hypervalent-iodine-based reagent that enables a direct and selective nitrooxylation of enolizable C-H bonds to access a broad array of organic nitrate esters is reported. This compound is bench stable, easy-to-handle, and delivers the nitrooxy (-ONO2 ) group under mild reaction conditions. Activation of the reagent by Brønsted and Lewis acids was demonstrated in the synthesis of nitrooxylated β-keto esters, 1,3-diketones, and malonates, while its activity under photoredox catalysis was shown in the synthesis of nitrooxylated oxindoles. Detailed mechanistic studies including pulse radiolysis, Stern-Volmer quenching studies, and UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry reveal a unique single-electron-transfer (SET)-induced concerted mechanistic pathway not reliant upon generation of the nitrate radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxan Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Le Tellier
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Rombach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Darryl Nater
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Calvo R, Le Tellier A, Nauser T, Rombach D, Nater D, Katayev D. Synthese, Charakterisierung und Reaktivität eines Nitrooxylierungsreagenzes basierend auf einer hypervalenten Iodverbindung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxan Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Antoine Le Tellier
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Schweiz
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - David Rombach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Darryl Nater
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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6
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Mai BK, Himo F. Mechanisms of Metal-Catalyzed Electrophilic F/CF3/SCF3 Transfer Reactions from Quantum Chemical Calculations. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Wang R, George J, Potts SK, Kremer M, Dronskowski R, Englert U. The many flavours of halogen bonds - message from experimental electron density and Raman spectroscopy. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2019; 75:1190-1201. [PMID: 31484805 PMCID: PMC6727171 DOI: 10.1107/s205322961901132x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental electron-density studies based on high-resolution diffraction experiments allow halogen bonds between heavy halogens to be classified. The topological properties of the electron density in Cl...Cl contacts vary smoothly as a function of the interaction distance. The situation is less straightforward for halogen bonds between iodine and small electronegative nucleophiles, such as nitrogen or oxygen, where the electron density in the bond critical point does not simply increase for shorter distances. The number of successful charge-density studies involving iodine is small, but at least individual examples for three cases have been observed. (a) Very short halogen bonds between electron-rich nucleophiles and heavy halogen atoms resemble three-centre-four-electron bonds, with a rather symmetric heavy halogen and without an appreciable σ hole. (b) For a narrow intermediate range of halogen bonds, the asymmetric electronic situation for the heavy halogen with a pronounced σ hole leads to rather low electron density in the (3,-1) critical point of the halogen bond; the properties of this bond critical point cannot fully describe the nature of the associated interaction. (c) For longer and presumably weaker contacts, the electron density in the halogen bond critical point is only to a minor extent reduced by the presence of the σ hole and hence may be higher than in the aforementioned case. In addition to the electron density and its derived properties, the halogen-carbon bond distance opposite to the σ hole and the Raman frequency for the associated vibration emerge as alternative criteria to gauge the halogen-bond strength. We find exceptionally long C-I distances for tetrafluorodiiodobenzene molecules in cocrystals with short halogen bonds and a significant red shift for their Raman vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Janine George
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Chemin des Étoiles 8/L7.03.01, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Shannon Kimberly Potts
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Marius Kremer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Richard Dronskowski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Jlich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-HPC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ulli Englert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Matsumoto K, Nakajima M, Nemoto T. Determination of the best functional and basis sets for optimization of the structure of hypervalent iodines and calculation of their first and second bond dissociation enthalpies. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Masaya Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba University Chiba Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN Saitama Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba University Chiba Japan
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9
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Calvo R, Comas-Vives A, Togni A, Katayev D. Taming Radical Intermediates for the Construction of Enantioenriched Trifluoromethylated Quaternary Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxan Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Cerdanyla del Vallès 08193 Catalonia Spain
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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10
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Calvo R, Comas-Vives A, Togni A, Katayev D. Taming Radical Intermediates for the Construction of Enantioenriched Trifluoromethylated Quaternary Carbon Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1447-1452. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxan Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Cerdanyla del Vallès 08193 Catalonia Spain
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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11
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Mai BK, Szabó KJ, Himo F. Mechanisms of Rh-Catalyzed Oxyfluorination and Oxytrifluoromethylation of Diazocarbonyl Compounds with Hypervalent Fluoroiodine. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kálmán J. Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Wang R, Kalf I, Englert U. Insight into trifluoromethylation – experimental electron density for Togni reagent I. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34287-34290. [PMID: 35548651 PMCID: PMC9087471 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimentally observed electron density for the “Togni reagent” explains the interaction of the hypervalent iodine atom with a nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - I. Kalf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - U. Englert
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
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13
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Pinto de Magalhães H, Togni A, Lüthi HP. Importance of Nonclassical σ-Hole Interactions for the Reactivity of λ3-Iodane Complexes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11799-11805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Halua Pinto de Magalhães
- Departement of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Togni
- Departement of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Peter Lüthi
- Departement of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Theoretical study of Lewis acid activation models for hypervalent fluoroiodane reagent: The generality of “F-coordination” activation model. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Sreenithya A, Surya K, Sunoj RB. Hypercoordinate iodine(III) promoted reactions and catalysis: an update on current mechanistic understanding. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
| | - K. Surya
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
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16
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Zhang J, Szabó KJ, Himo F. Metathesis Mechanism of Zinc-Catalyzed Fluorination of Alkenes with Hypervalent Fluoroiodine. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiji Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kálmán J. Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Zhou B, Yan T, Xue XS, Cheng JP. Mechanism of Silver-Mediated Geminal Difluorination of Styrenes with a Fluoroiodane Reagent: Insights into Lewis-Acid-Activation Model. Org Lett 2016; 18:6128-6131. [PMID: 27934395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination mediated by the cyclic hypervalent fluoroiodane reagent (1) often requires an exogenous Lewis acid. The widely accepted Lewis-acid-activation model is that a given Lewis acid binds to the oxygen atom of 1 (O-coordination) to polarize the I-O bond. Computational studies of silver-mediated geminal difluorination of styrenes with 1 reveal a new "F-coordination" model that is energetically much preferred over the commonly accepted "O-coordination" model. The calculations rationalize the regioselective formation of the geminal difluorination product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Li M, Xue XS, Guo J, Wang Y, Cheng JP. An Energetic Guide for Estimating Trifluoromethyl Cation Donor Abilities of Electrophilic Trifluoromethylating Reagents: Computations of X-CF3 Bond Heterolytic Dissociation Enthalpies. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3119-26. [PMID: 26999452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work established an energetic guide for estimating the trifluoromethyl cation-donating abilities (TC(+)DA) of electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents through computing X-CF3 bond (X = O, S, Se, Te, and I) heterolytic dissociation enthalpies. TC(+)DA values for a wide range of popular reagents were derived on the basis of density functional calculations (M06-2X). A good correspondence has been identified between the computed TC(+)DA values and the experimentally observed relative trifluoromethylating capabilities of the reagents. Substituent effects hold good linear free energy relationships on the TC(+)DAs of the most widely used reagents including Umemoto reagent, Yagupolskii-Umemoto reagent, and Togni reagents, which allow their trifluoromethylating capabilities to be rationally tuned by substituents and thus extend their synthetic utility. All the information disclosed in this work would contribute to future rational exploration of the electrophilic trifluoromethylation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Sala O, Santschi N, Jungen S, Lüthi HP, Iannuzzi M, Hauser N, Togni A. S-Trifluoromethylation of Thiols by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: A Joint Experimental and Computational Study. Chemistry 2016; 22:1704-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sala
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nico Santschi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Organisch Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität; Münster Corrensstrasse 40 Münster Germany
| | - Stefan Jungen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hans Peter Lüthi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- University of Zurich; Department of Chemistry; Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nicole Hauser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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20
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Pinto de Magalhães H, Lüthi HP, Bultinck P. Exploring the role of the 3-center–4-electron bond in hypervalent λ3-iodanes using the methodology of domain averaged Fermi holes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:846-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
λ3-Iodanes are shown to express pronounced 3-center–4-electron bonds whose strength strongly correlates with the kind of ligands, thereby allowing to modulate the reactivity of these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Peter Lüthi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Gent
- Belgium
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21
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Beaulieu S, Legault CY. Mechanistic insights on the iodine(III)-mediated α-oxidation of ketones. Chemistry 2015; 21:11206-11. [PMID: 26118902 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of α-substituted carbonyl compounds is of great importance due to their ubiquity in both natural and man-made biologically active compounds. The field of hypervalent iodine chemistry has been a great contributor to access these molecules. For example, the α-oxidation of carbonyl compounds has been one of the most investigated iodine(III)-mediated stereoselective transformations. Yet, it is also the transformation that has met the most challenge in terms of achieving high stereoselectivities. The different mechanistic pathways of the iodine(III)-mediated α-tosyloxylation of ketones have been investigated. The calculations suggest an unprecedented iodine(III)-promoted enolization process. Indications that iodonium intermediates could serve as proficient Lewis acids are reported. This concept could have broad impact and foster new developments in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Beaulieu
- Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemistry, CCVC, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1 (Canada) http://cyl.recherche.usherbrooke.ca
| | - Claude Y Legault
- Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemistry, CCVC, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1 (Canada) http://cyl.recherche.usherbrooke.ca.
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22
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Ling L, Liu K, Li X, Li Y. General Reaction Mode of Hypervalent Iodine Trifluoromethylation Reagent: A Density Functional Theory Study. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501892s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ling
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- College
of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Xinqian Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yuxue Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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23
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Sala O, Lüthi HP, Togni A, Iannuzzi M, Hutter J. Dividing a complex reaction involving a hypervalent iodine reagent into three limiting mechanisms by ab initio molecular dynamics. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:785-94. [PMID: 25766580 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The electrophilic N-trifluoromethylation of MeCN with a hypervalent iodine reagent to form a nitrilium ion, that is rapidly trapped by an azole nucleophile, is thought to occur via reductive elimination (RE). A recent study showed that, depending on the solvent representation, the S(N)2 is favoured to a different extent over the RE. However, there is a discriminative solvent effect present, which calls for a statistical mechanics approach to fully account for the entropic contributions. In this study, we perform metadynamic simulations for two trifluoromethylation reactions (with N- and S-nucleophiles), showing that the RE mechanism is always favoured in MeCN solution. These computations also indicate that a radical mechanism (single electron transfer) may play an important role. The computational protocol based on accelerated molecular dynamics for the exploration of the free energy surface is transferable and will be applied to similar reactions to investigate other electrophiles on the reagent. Based on the activation parameters determined, this approach also gives insight into the mechanistic details of the trifluoromethylation and shows that these commonly known mechanisms mark the limits within which the reaction proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sala
- ETH Zurich, Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Sreenithya A, Sunoj RB. Mechanistic insights on iodine(III) promoted metal-free dual C-H activation involved in the formation of a spirocyclic bis-oxindole. Org Lett 2014; 16:6224-7. [PMID: 25420189 DOI: 10.1021/ol503161g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of a metal-free, phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) promoted, dual aryl C-H activation of an anilide to a spirocyclic bis-oxindole is examined using density functional theory (M06-2X). The most preferred pathway proceeds through the involvement of a novel iodonium ion intermediate and a pivotal trifluoroacetate counterion. The two sequential aryl C-H activations, assisted by trifluoroacetate as well as the superior leaving group ability of PhI, facilitate the formation of spirocyclic bis-oxindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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