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Zhang JM, Wang HQ, Li HF, Mei XJ, Zhang YH, Zheng H. Electronic Structure, Aromaticity, and Magnetism of Minimum-Sized Regular Dodecahedral Endohedral Metallofullerenes Encapsulating Rare Earth Atoms. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:35197-35208. [PMID: 39157101 PMCID: PMC11325400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A series of minimally sized regular dodecahedron-embedded metallofullerene REC20 clusters (RE = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd) as basic units of nanoassembled materials with tunable magnetism and UV sensitivity have been explored using density functional theory (DFT). The contribution of the 4f orbital of the rare earth atom at the center of the C20 cage to the frontier molecular orbital of REC20 gives the REC20 cluster additional stability. The AdNDP orbitals of the four REC20 superatoms that conform to the spherical jellium model indicate that through natural population analysis and spin density diagrams, we observe a monotonic increase in the magnetic moment from Ce to Gd. This is attributed to the increased number of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals of lanthanide rare earth atoms. The UV-visible spectrum of REC20 clusters shows strong absorption in the mid-UV and near-UV bands. REC20 clusters encapsulating lanthanide rare earth atoms stand out for their tunable magnetism, UV sensitivity, and stability, making them potential new self-assembly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Zhang
- College
of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College
of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- College
of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Hui-Fang Li
- College
of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Xun-Jie Mei
- College
of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Yong-Hang Zhang
- College
of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College
of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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2
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Wu Y, Zhou Z, Xu D, Jiang Y, Zhou D, Wang Z. Dual Stabilization of a Tri-Metallofullerene Radical Er 3@C 80: Exohedral Derivatization and Endohedral Three-Center Bonding. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300912. [PMID: 38369921 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The enclosed space within fullerene molecules, capable of trapping metal clusters, offers an opportunity to investigate the behavior of metal atoms in a highly confined sub-nanometer environment. However, the studies on trimetallofullerenes M3@C80 have been very limited due to their difficult obtainability. In this paper, we present a new method for obtaining a tri-metallofullerene Er3@C80 through exohedral modification of the fullerene cage. Our findings reveal that Er3@C80 exhibits a radical character and can react with the dichlorobenzene radical to generate a stable derivative Er3@C80PhCl2. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond in the center of the fullerene cage. This bond serves to counterbalance the Coulomb repulsion between the Er ions. Consequently, both exohedral derivatization and endohedral three-center bonding contribute to the substantial stability of Er3@C80PhCl2. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the Er3 cluster within the molecule possesses a rigid triangle structure. The availability of M3@C80 derivatives opens avenues for future investigations into interactions among metal atoms, such as magnetic coupling, within fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Dingyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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3
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Gao Y, Jennifer G A, Varathan E, Schreckenbach G. Understanding the Coordination Chemistry of Am III/Cm III in the DOTA Cavity: Insights from Energetics and Electronic Structure Theory. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3229-3237. [PMID: 36748113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The minor actinides Am/Cm show multiple possibilities for coordination, providing great opportunities for their extraction and adsorption separation. Herein, we report complexation in an aqueous medium of AmIII/CmIII in the DOTA (H4DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) cavity with axial ligands (OH-, F-, and H2O), based on the energetics and electronic structure properties using density functional theory (DFT). The formation and substitution reactions of OH--capped complexes are more likely to occur due to their enhanced hydration Gibbs free energies, followed by F-, and then H2O. Both the longer An-ODOTA bond lengths and the larger bite angle (∠O-An-O) in the OH--capped complexes reflect the enhanced coordination provided by the axial ligand, slightly less so for F-. Energy decomposition analysis based on the electronic structure supports the preference for OH--capped complexes with a near-perfect balance between attractive and repulsive contributions toward the interaction. Furthermore, molecular orbital analysis revealed that the frontier molecular orbitals of Am and Cm complexes are substantially different; that is, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) compositions of the Am complexes are all contributed by 5f, while the HOMO and LUMO compositions of the Cm complexes are derived from 5f and 6d, respectively. Finally, the metal-exchange reactions demonstrate competitive complexation of DOTA toward AmIII over CmIII for the OH--capped system. These results imply the importance of coordination chemistry in actinide chemistry in general and specifically in AmIII/CmIII solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Abigail Jennifer G
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elumalai Varathan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Soyarslan K, Ortatepe B, Yurduguzel B, Güllüoğlu MT, Erdogdu Y. An investigation into the structural, electronic, and non-linear optical properties in C N (N = 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, and 38) fullerene cages. J Mol Model 2022; 28:352. [PMID: 36222939 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempts to investigate the structural, electronic, and non-linear optical properties of CN (N = 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, and 38) fullerene cages based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). In the DFT calculations, the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and CAM-B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) level of theories were used. The isomers of each fullerene have been received from the Fullerene Structure Library. These isomers have optimized using the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p). The results included optimization of the neutral and ionic state structures according to their multiplicity. Geometries, optimization energies, relative energies, frequencies, HOMO, LUMO, and HOMO-LUMO gap of these stable fullerene cages have been predicted by B3LYP/6-311G(d,p). Afterwards, the most stable structures have been re-optimized using the CAM-B3LYP /6-311 + + G(d,p). Finally, non-linear optical properties, Fukui functions, density of state, electron affinity, and ionization potential values of the most stable fullerene cages have been found out by the DFT/ CAM-B3LYP /6-311 + + G(d,p) level of theory. All calculation results have been compared with both C60 fullerene and the relevant literature on corresponding fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Soyarslan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Ortatepe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Yurduguzel
- Programme of Electric and Energy, Kaman Technical Vocational School of Higher Education, Ahi Evran University, 40040, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - M T Güllüoğlu
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Y Erdogdu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
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5
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Fang B, Dai X, Li B, Qu Y, Li YQ, Zhao M, Yang Y, Li W. Self-assembly of ultra-small-sized carbon nanoparticles in lipid membrane disrupts its integrity. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 4:163-172. [PMID: 36132950 PMCID: PMC9417506 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although nanomaterials are widely studied in biomedical applications, the major concern of nanotoxicity still exists. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted on the interactions of various biomolecules with various types of nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene etc. However, the size effect of nanomaterials is poorly documented, especially ultra-small particles. Here, the interactions of the smallest carbon nanoparticle (NP), C28, with the cell membrane were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that similar to fullerene C60, the C28 NPs can self-assemble into stable clusters in water. Inside the membrane, the C28 NPs are more prone to aggregate to form clusters than C60 NPs. The reason for C28 aggregation is characterized by the potential of mean force (PMF) and can be explained by the polarized nature of C28 NPs while the acyl chains of lipids are nonpolar. At the C28 cluster regions, the thickness of the membrane is significantly reduced by the C28 aggregation. Accordingly, the membrane loses its structural integrity, and translocation of water molecules through it was observed. Thus, these results predict a stronger cytotoxicity to cells than C60 NPs. The present findings might shed light on the understanding of the cytotoxicity of NPs with different sizes and would be helpful for the potential biomedical applications of carbon NPs, especially as antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fang
- School of Physics, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Xing Dai
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Baoyu Li
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- School of Physics, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- School of Physics, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- School of Physics, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Physics, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
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6
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Low-Energy Electron Elastic Collisions with Actinide Atoms Am, Cm, Bk, Es, No and Lr: Negative-Ion Formation. ATOMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms9040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rigorous Regge-pole method is used to investigate negative-ion formation in actinide atoms through electron elastic total cross sections (TCSs) calculation. The TCSs are found to be characterized generally by negative-ion formations, shape resonances and Ramsauer-Townsend(R-T) minima, and they exhibit both atomic and fullerene molecular behavior near the threshold. Additionally, a polarization-induced metastable cross section with a deep R-T minimum is identified near the threshold in the Am, Cm and Bk TCSs, which flips over to a shape resonance appearing very close to the threshold in the TCSs for Es, No and Lr. We attribute these new manifestations to size effects and orbital collapse significantly impacting the polarization interaction. From the TCSs unambiguous and reliable ground, metastable and excited states negative-ion binding energies (BEs) for Am−, Cm−, Bk−, Es−, No− and Lr− anions formed during the collisions are extracted and compared with existing electron affinities (EAs) of the atoms. The novelty of the Regge-pole approach is in the extraction of the negative-ion BEs from the TCSs. We conclude that the existing theoretical EAs of the actinide atoms and the recently measured EA of Th correspond to excited anionic BEs.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Center for Informatics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, U. P., India
- Dr. Vijay Kumar Foundation, 1969 Sector 4, Gurgaon 122001, Haryana, India
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8
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Ostrowski S, Garnuszek P, Dobrowolski JC. Endohedral isomerism in model achiral and chiral La@C 58N 2 systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 231:117791. [PMID: 31992498 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral structures with La0 or La3+ encapsulated in chiral (1,16)C58N2 or achiral (1,4)C58N2 diazafullerenes were studied at the B3LYP/G-31G*/SDD level. Two stable locations of La0 and La3+ are possible in each cage but only with La0@(1,16)C58N2 can the two isomers coexist. We found that an AIM determined hapticity of the endohedral species selectively differentiates the systems. We predict that there will always exist IR and Raman bands which allow for them to be identified in the presence of the parent cage. For the La0@(1,16) C58N2 molecules and the parent diazafullerene, the Raman spectra are likely to reveal a pre-resonance effect even at 785 nm and it seems possible to selectively excite only one isomer. The calculated electronic spectra suggested a chance to determine the less populated diazafullerene in the presence of the more populated one, be it chiral or achiral. For the chiral endohedral isomers, the calculated VCD spectra are quite dissimilar and the two endohedral isomers and the parent heterofullerene seem to be easily detected. Eventually, we defined the endohedral isomerism as follows: The endohedral isomerism is the phenomenon whereby an internal individuum captured in a cage can occupy more than one stable position without changing the cage connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Ostrowski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna-Street, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 7 A. Sołtana-Street, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
| | - Jan Cz Dobrowolski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna-Street, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland.
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Gu YX, Li QZ, Zhao P, Zhao X. Encapsulation of Monometal Uranium into Fullerenes C 2n (2 n = 70-74): Important Ionic U 4+C 2n4- Characters and Covalent U-Cage Bonding Interactions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10629-10636. [PMID: 31389690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By using density functional theory calculations combined with statistical thermodynamic analyses, the stabilization performance of a series of fullerene cages C2n (2n = 70-74) via encapsulating monometal uranium was systematically and thoroughly investigated. Results indicate that fullerene cages D5h(8149)-C70 and D3h(14246)-C74 obeying the isolated pentagon rule and C2(10612)-C72 featured with one pentalene moiety were the most promising candidates to encage uranium. Subsequent Mulliken spin density distribution and frontier molecular orbital analyses suggest that four formal electron transfer occurs from monometal U to above the carbon cages. There also exists a high degree of covalent character between the atom U and fullerenes C2n based on Mayer bond order and quantum theory of atoms in molecule (QTAIM) analyses, indicative of the cooperative stabilization by both ionic and covalent bonding interactions. In addition, investigations on the above-mentioned U@C2n isomers and other favorable candidates (U@Cs(8094)-C70, U@C1(10610)-C72, U@C1(13393)-C74, and U@C1(14049)-C74) reveal that these isomers could be closely linked via simple C2 addition and Stone-Wales transformation. These results will provide a systematic understanding on U-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) and also might be helpful for further exploration of EMF growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Gu
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Qiao-Zhi Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
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Endohedral Fullerene Fe@C 28 Adsorbed on Au(111) Surface as a High-Efficiency Spin Filter: A Theoretical Study. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081068. [PMID: 31349620 PMCID: PMC6722963 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study on the adsorption and spin transport properties of magnetic Fe@C28 using Ab initio calculations based on spin density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green’s function techniques. Fe@C28 tends to adsorb on the bridge sites in the manner of C–C bonds, and the spin-resolved transmission spectra of Fe@C28 molecular junctions exhibit robust transport spin polarization (TSP). Under small bias voltage, the transport properties of Fe@C28 are mainly determined by the spin-down channel and exhibit a large spin polarization. When compressing the right electrode, the TSP is decreased, but high spin filter efficiency (SFE) is still maintained. These theoretical results indicate that Fe@C28 with a large magnetic moment has potential applications in molecular spintronics.
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Cai W, Chen CH, Chen N, Echegoyen L. Fullerenes as Nanocontainers That Stabilize Unique Actinide Species Inside: Structures, Formation, and Reactivity. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1824-1833. [PMID: 31260256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene carbon cages can encapsulate a wide variety of atoms, ions, clusters, or small molecules inside, resulting in stable compounds with unusual structures and electronic properties. These compounds are collectively defined as endohedral fullerenes. The most studied endohedral fullerenes are those containing metal atoms or ions inside, and these are referred to as endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). For EMFs, the inner isolated space of the fullerene cages can lead to the stabilization of unique clusters, which are otherwise not synthetically accessible. This offers an excellent environment and opportunity for investigating the nature of previously unobserved metal-metal, metal-non-metal, and metal-fullerene interactions, which are of fundamental interest and importance. Up until now, most of the work in this field has been mainly focused on the rare-earth metals and related elements (groups II, III, and IV). The encapsulation of other elements of the periodic table could potentially lead to totally new structures and bonding motifs and to material properties beyond those of the existing EMFs. Actinides were originally explored as encapsulated elements in fullerenes when Smalley et al. ( Science 1992 , 257 , 1661 ) reported mass spectral evidence of actinide endohedral fullerenes back in 1992. However, the full characterization of these actinide endohedral fullerenes, including single crystal X-ray diffractometric analyses, was not reported until very recently, in 2017. In this Account, we highlight some recent advances made in the field of EMF compounds, focusing primarily on the molecular and electronic structures of novel actinide-based EMFs, new evidence for the formation mechanisms of EMFs, and the influence of the entrapped species on the reactivity and regiochemistry of EMF compounds. We recently reported that some monometallic actinide EMFs represent the first examples of tetravalent metals encapsulated inside fullerenes that exhibit considerably stronger host-guest interactions when compared to those observed for the lanthanide EMFs. These unusually strong metal-cage interactions, along with very high mobilities of the actinides inside the fullerene cages at high temperatures, result in the stabilization of unexpected non-IPR (isolated pentagon rule) fullerene cages encapsulating only one metal ion. Strikingly, such covalent stabilization factors had never been previously observed, although Sm@C2v(19138)-C76 was the first reported mono-EMF with a non-IPR cage, see details below. In addition, we showed that a long sought-after actinide-actinide bond was obtained upon encapsulation of U2 inside an Ih(7)-C80 fullerene cage. More interestingly, we demonstrated that actinide multiple bonds, which are very difficult to prepare by conventional synthetic methods, are stabilized when trapped inside fullerene cages. A totally unexpected and previously unreported uranium carbide cluster, U═C═U, was fully characterized inside an EMF, U2C@Ih(7)-C80, which, for the first time, clearly exhibits two unsupported axial U═C double bonds that are ∼2.03 Å long. We also discovered that synthetic bis-porphyrin nanocapsules exhibit exquisitely selective complexation of some of these uranium endohedral compounds, providing the basis for a nonchromatographic EMF purification method for actinide EMFs. Regarding EMF formation mechanisms, we suggested that novel carbide EMF structures, that is, Sc2C2@Cs(hept)-C88, are likely key intermediates in a bottom-up fullerene growth process. Additionally, the structural correlation between chiral carbon cages during a bottom-up growth process was shown to be enantiomer-dependent. The influence of the encapsulated clusters on the chemical reactivity of EMFs is discussed at the end, which showed that the regioselectivities of multiple additions to the fullerene cages are remarkably controlled by the encapsulated metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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12
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Jin J, Pan S, Jin X, Lei S, Zhao L, Frenking G, Zhou M. Octacarbonyl Anion Complexes of the Late Lanthanides Ln(CO) 8 - (Ln=Tm, Yb, Lu) and the 32-Electron Rule. Chemistry 2019; 25:3229-3234. [PMID: 30566753 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The lanthanide octacarbonyl anion complexes Ln(CO)8 - (Ln=Tm, Yb, Lu) were produced in the gas phase and detected by mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the carbonyl stretching-frequency region. By comparison of the experimental CO-stretching frequencies with calculated data, which are strongly red-shifted with respect to free CO, the Yb(CO)8 - and Lu(CO)8 - complexes were determined to possess octahedral (Oh ) symmetry and a doublet X2 A2u (Yb) and singlet X1 A1g (Lu) electronic ground state, whereas Tm(CO)8 - exhibits a D4h equilibrium geometry and a triplet X3 B1g ground state. The analysis of the electronic structures revealed that the metal-CO attractive forces come mainly from covalent orbital interactions, which are dominated by [Ln(d)]→(CO)8 π backdonation and [Ln(d)]←(CO)8 σ donation (contributes ≈77 and 16 % to covalent bonding, respectively). The metal f orbitals play a very minor role in the bonding. The electronic structure of all three lanthanide complexes obeys the 32-electron rule if only those electrons that occupy the valence orbitals of the metal are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular, Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shujun Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular, Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular, Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of, Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Celaya CA, Muñiz J, Sansores LE. Structure, stability, and electronic structure properties of quasi-fullerenes Cn-q (n = 42, 48 and 60) doped with transition metal atoms (M = Sc, Ti, V and Cr): A Density Functional Theory study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Muñoz-Castro A, King RB. Formation of Spherical Aromatic Endohedral Metallic Fullerenes. Evaluation of Magnetic Properties of M@C 28 (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf) from DFT calculations. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:15251-15258. [PMID: 29166009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The small C28 cage has been shown experimentally to encapsulate titanium, zirconium, and hafnium (M), among other elements. Here, we explore computationally its magnetic response properties accounting for both global and local shielding tensors. Our results exhibit a continuous shielding region for M@C28 for an orientation-averaged applied field thereby differing from that observed for the hollow C28 structure. Moreover, under a specific orientation of the applied field a long-ranged shielding cone is obtained supporting the spherical aromatic behavior expected by the 2(N + 1)2 Hirsch rule for M@C28, standing for its particular abundance. The comparison between the hollow and endohedral C28 fullerenes exhibits a characteristic long-range behavior at the outside region of the structure. The particular shape of the local chemical shift anisotropy tensor at a representative carbon atom exhibits inherent patterns as a consequence of the spherical aromatic behavior. This shows the capabilities from NMR experiments to account for the nonaromatic → aromatic variation. We envisage that the current approach will be beneficial in comparative studies of aromatic and electronic structure properties, to gain a deeper understanding of the geometrical and electronic structure situation in other endohedral species beyond that available from the information provided by routine NMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Universidad Autonoma de Chile , Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.,Relativistic Molecular Physics Group, Universidad Andres Bello , Republica 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Wang Y, Morales-Martínez R, Zhang X, Yang W, Wang Y, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM, Feng L, Wang S, Chen N. Unique Four-Electron Metal-to-Cage Charge Transfer of Th to a C82 Fullerene Cage: Complete Structural Characterization of Th@C3v(8)-C82. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5110-5116. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Wang
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Roser Morales-Martínez
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yaxing Wang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lai Feng
- Soochow
Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), College of
Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory
of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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