Aggregation Influence of Polyethyleneglycol Organic Solvents with Ionic Liquids BMIBF4and BMIPF6

Soft nanoconfinement of ionic liquids in lyotropic liquid crystals

Nanoconfinement of ionic liquids (ILs) influences their physicochemical properties. In this study, we investigate the effect of soft nanoconfinement imposed by lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) on ILs. The LLC ion gels are obtained through self-assembly of a short chain block copolymer (BCP) of polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide), PE-b-PEO, in ILs. The effect of confinement on the interaction of ions with PEO is investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption measurements. The results show that the synergistic effect on the CO₂ absorption capacity of LLC ion gels takes place as a result of confinement. Formation of IL pathways through the LLC increases the CO₂ solubility, absorption capacity, and absorption rate. Increasing the concentration of block copolymer in the LLC structure enhances the dissociation of ILs and consequently lowers CO₂ absorption. Therefore, the competing effects of confinement and IL-PEO interaction control the properties of LLC ion gels.

Failure Behavior and Damage Characteristics of Coal at Different Depths under Triaxial Unloading Based on Acoustic Emission

The depth effect of coal mechanical behavior seriously affects the safety and efficiency of deep coal mining. To explore the differences in failure behavior and damage characteristics of coal masses at different depths during the coal mining process, based on the consideration of in situ stress environment, physical properties, and mining disturbance of coal seams, triaxial unloading experiments with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring were conducted on coal samples at four different depths taken from the Pingdingshan coal mine area. The results showed that the AE activity of deep coal was more concentrated, and the cumulative AE energy of coal increased with increasing depth. The cumulative AE energy of the 1050-m coal sample was 69 times that of the 300-m coal sample. The b value representing the microcrack scale decreased with increasing depth, and the rupture degree of deep coal increased. The cracking mode of coal was classified and the failure behavior was analyzed. The cumulative tensile crack percentage of coal increased with increasing depth, and the tensile–shear composite failure occurred in the 300-m coal sample, whereas significant tensile failure occurred in the 1050-m coal sample. In addition, the damage evolution process of coal was divided into three stages, and the characteristic stress of coal was obtained. The ratio of crack initiation stress (σci) to peak stress (σc) increased with increasing depth, and the damage evolution process of deep coal was more rapid. The research results can provide useful guidance for disaster prevention and evaluation of surrounding rock stability during deep coal resource mining in the Pingdingshan coal mine area.

Microheterogeneity in imidazolium and piperidinium cation-based ionic liquids: 1D and 2D NMR studies

Existence of microheterogeneity of imidazolium and piperidinium cation-based ionic liquids (ILs) containing PF₆ and NTf₂ anions has been investigated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 2D NMR (especially NOESY and HOESY) has been employed for studying the interactions present between cation and anion as well as the intermolecular interaction among cations. HOESY spectrum shows that fluorine of anion ( PF6- and NTf2-) significantly interacts with proton of the cations. Combined results of HOESY and NOESY for imidazolium IL indicate that the PF6- and imidazolium cation are distributed in organized manner, resulting a heterogeneous environment in liquid state. We have also observed existence of heterogeneous environment for piperidinium cation-based ILs which is different from imidazolium ILs. It appears that existence of microheterogeneity in IL is ubiquitous and therefore open up the ILs field to revisit. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dynamic properties of imidazolium orthoborate ionic liquids mixed with polyethylene glycol studied by NMR diffusometry and impedance spectroscopy

We used ¹ H pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance to study the self-diffusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with average molecular mass of 200 and ions in mixtures of PEG with imidazolium bis(mandelato)borate (BMB) and imidazolium bis(oxalato)borate ionic liquids (ILs). The IL was mixed with PEG in the concentration range of 0-100 wt%. Within the temperature range of 295 to 353 K, the diffusion coefficient of BMB is slower than that of the imidazolium cation. The diffusion coefficients of PEG, as well as the imidazolium cation and BMB anions, differ under all experimental conditions tested. This demonstrates that the IL in the mixture is present in at least a partially dissociated state. Generally, increasing the concentration of PEG leads to an increase in the diffusion coefficients of PEG and both the ions and decreases their activation energy for diffusion. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift alteration analysis showed that the presence of PEG changes the chemical shifts of both ions but in different directions. Impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the ionic conductivity of the ILs mixed with PEG. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Self-diffusion and interactions in mixtures of imidazolium bis(mandelato)borate ionic liquids with polyethylene glycol: (1) H NMR study

We used (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance pulsed-field gradient to study the self-diffusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ions in a mixture of PEG and imidazolium bis(mandelato)borate ionic liquids (ILs) at IL concentrations from 0 to 10 wt% and temperatures from 295 to 370 K. PEG behaves as a solvent for these ILs, allowing observation of separate lines in (1) H NMR spectra assigned to the cation and anion as well as to PEG. The diffusion coefficients of PEG, as well as the imidazolium cation and bis(mandelato)borate (BMB) anion, differ under all experimental conditions tested. This demonstrates that the IL in the mixture is present in at least a partially dissociated state, while the lifetimes of the associated states of the ions and ions with PEG are less than ~30 ms. Generally, increasing the concentration of the IL leads to a decrease in the diffusion coefficients of PEG and both ions. The diffusion coefficient of the anion is less than that of the cation; the molecular mass dependence of diffusion of ions can be described by the Stokes-Einstein model. NMR chemical shift alteration analysis showed that the presence of PEG changes mainly the chemical shifts of protons belonging to imidazole ring of the cation, while chemical shifts of protons of anions and PEG remain unchanged. This demonstrated that the imidazolium cation interacts mainly with PEG, which most probably occurs through the oxygen of PEG and the imidazole ring. The BMB anion does not strongly interact with PEG, but it may be indirectly affected by PEG through interaction with the cation, which directly interacts with PEG.

Physicochemical properties of glycine-based ionic liquid [QuatGly-OEt][EtOSO(3)] (2-Ethoxy-1-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-2-oxoethanaminium ethyl sulfate) and its binary mixtures with poly(ethylene glycol) (M(w) = 200) at various temperatures

This work includes specific basic characterization of synthesized glycine-based Ionic Liquid (IL) [QuatGly-OEt][EtOSO₃] by NMR, elementary analysis and water content. Thermophysical properties such as density, ρ, viscosity, η, refractive index, n, and conductivity, κ, for the binary mixture of [QuatGly-OEt][EtOSO₃] with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [M_w = 200] are measured over the whole composition range. The temperature dependence of density and dynamic viscosity for neat [QuatGly-OEt][EtOSO₃] and its binary mixture can be described by an empirical polynomial equation and by the Vogel-Tammann-Fucher (VTF) equation, respectively. The thermal expansion coefficient of the ILs is ascertained using the experimental density results, and the excess volume expansivity is evaluated. The negative values of excess molar volume for the mixture indicate the ion-dipole interactions and packing between IL and PEG oligomer. The results of binary excess property (V_m^E ) and deviations (Δη, Δ_xn, Δ_Ψn, Δ_xR, and Δ_ΨR) are discussed in terms of molecular interactions and molecular structures in the binary mixture.

Effect of temperature on the physico-chemical properties of a room temperature ionic liquid (1-Methyl-3-pentylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) with polyethylene glycol oligomer

A systematic study of the effect of composition on the thermo-physical properties of the binary mixtures of 1-methyl-3-pentyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate [MPI][PF₆] with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [M_w = 400] is presented. The excess molar volume, refractive index deviation, viscosity deviation, and surface tension deviation values were calculated from these experimental density, ρ, refractive index, n, viscosity, η, and surface tension, γ, over the whole concentration range, respectively. The excess molar volumes are negative and continue to become increasingly negative with increasing temperature; whereas the viscosity and surface tension deviation are negative and become less negative with increasing temperature. The surface thermodynamic functions, such as surface entropy, enthalpy, as well as standard molar entropy, Parachor, and molar enthalpy of vaporization for pure ionic liquid, have been derived from the temperature dependence of the surface tension values.