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Sauer M, Haubner C, Richter G, Ehler J, Mencke T, Mitzner S, Margraf S, Altrichter J, Doß S, Nöldge-Schomburg G. Impaired Cell Viability and Functionality of Hepatocytes After Incubation With Septic Plasma-Results of a Second Prospective Biosensor Study. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1448. [PMID: 29988573 PMCID: PMC6026797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver dysfunction (LD) and liver failure are associated with poor outcome in critically ill patients. In patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, LD occurred in nearly 19% of patients. An early diagnosis of LD at time of initial damage of the liver can lead to a better prognosis of these patients because an early start of therapy is possible. We performed a second prospective study with septic patients to test a new cell-based cytotoxicity device (biosensor) to evaluate clinical relevance for early diagnosis of LD and prognostic capacity. In the clinical study, 99 intensive care unit patients were included in two groups. From the patients of the septic group (n = 51, SG), and the control (non-septic) group [n = 49, control group (CG)] were drawn 20 ml blood at inclusion, after 3, and 7 days for testing with the biosensor. Patients’ data were recorded for hospital survival, organ function, and demographic data, illness severity [acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II-, sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores], cytokines, circulating-free deoxyribonucleic acid/neutrophil-derived extracellular traps (cf-DNA/NETs), microbiological results, and pre-morbidity. For the developed cytotoxicity test, the human liver cell line HepG2/C3A was used. Patients’ plasma was incubated in a microtiter plate assay with the test cells and after 6 days incubation the viability (trypan blue staining, XTT-test) and functionality (synthesis of albumin, cytochrome 1A2 activity) was analyzed. An impairment of viability and functionality of test cells was only seen in the SG compared with the CG. The plasma of non-survivors in the SG led to a more pronounced impairment of test cells than the plasma of survivors at inclusion. In addition, the levels of cf-DNA/NETs were significantly higher in the SG at inclusion, after 3, and after 7 days compared with the CG. The SG showed an in-hospital mortality of 24% and the values of bilirubin, APACHE II-, and SOFA scores were markedly higher at inclusion than in the CG. Hepatotoxicity of septic plasma was already detected with the liver cell-based biosensor at inclusion and also in the course of disease. The biosensor may be a tool for early diagnosis of LD in septic patients and may have prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Extracorporeal Immunomodulation (EXIM), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cristof Haubner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Richter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Ehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Mencke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Mitzner
- Extracorporeal Immunomodulation (EXIM), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Rostock, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Margraf
- Extracorporeal Immunomodulation (EXIM), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jens Altrichter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sandra Doß
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriele Nöldge-Schomburg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Sauer M, Haubner C, Mencke T, Nöldge-Schomburg G, Mitzner S, Altrichter J, Stange J. Impaired cell functions of hepatocytes incubated with plasma of septic patients. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:609-16. [PMID: 22370970 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The development of liver failure is a major problem in septic patients. In this prospective clinical experimental study the hepatotoxicity of plasma from septic and non-septic patients was tested. METHODS AND SUBJECTS The basic test components consist of human liver cells (HepG2/C3A) used in a standardized microtiter plate assay. After incubation with patient's plasma viability of cells (XTT-test), the cytochrome 1A2 activity and synthesis of micro albumin were measured. Subjects (28) enrolled comprise the septic shock group (SSG, n=10), the non-septic group (NSG, n=5) and the healthy volunteers group (HVG, n=13). RESULTS The 28-day mortality was 30% in the SSG. The APACHE II-, SOFA-, and SAPS-scores and the values of bilirubin and prothrombin time as INR were significantly higher in the SSG than in the NSG. The cytochrome 1A2 activity and the release of albumin were significantly reduced in HepG2/C3A cells incubated with plasma of the SSG (p<0.05). The cytochrome 1A2 activities were higher in survivors compared to non-survivors at the time point 0 and were increasing in survivors and decreasing in non-survivors within 54 h in the SSG. In the SSG there was a significant decrease in IL-10 and IL-8 between inclusion and 54 h. Values of IL-6, TNF alpha and IL-10 were significantly lower in the NSG compared with the values of the SSG at inclusion and after 54 h. CONCLUSION The plasma of patients with septic shock impaired cellular functions of HepG2/C3A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
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PARK YEONHWA, ALBRIGHT KARENJ, STORKSON JAYNEM, LIU WEI, PARK YOOHEON, PARIZA MICHAELW. INFLUENCE OF STEARIDONIC ACID ON LIPOPROTEIN SECRETION AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN HEPG2 CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effects of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and cognates on apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cells. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dehn PF, White CM, Conners DE, Shipkey G, Cumbo TA. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HEPG2) CELL LINE AS AN IN VITRO MODEL FOR CADMIUM TOXICITY STUDIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 40:172-82. [PMID: 15479122 DOI: 10.1290/1543-706x(2004)40<172:cothhc>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical indicators and in vitro models, if they mimic in vivo responses, offer potentially sensitive tools for inclusion in toxicity assessment programs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the HepG2 cell line would mimic known in vivo or in vitro (or both) responses of mammalian systems when confronted with cadmium (Cd2+). Uptake and compartmentalization of Cd2+, metallothionein (MT) compartmentalization, and glutathione (GSH) depletion were examined. In addition, several cytotoxic and stress effects, e.g., viability (neutral red [NR] uptake, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiozole-2-yl]-2,5,-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide [MTT] dye conversion, and live/dead [L/D]), membrane damage (lactate dehydrogenase leakage), metabolic activity (adenosine triphosphate levels), and detoxification capabilities (GSH content, cytochrome P4501A1/2 [EROD (ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase)] activity, and MT induction), were measured in both naive (no previous exposure) and Cd2+ preexposed cells. Cadmium uptake increased during a 24-h period. Metallothionein induction occurred in response to both Cd2+ and ZnCl2; however, Cd2+ was the more potent inducer. Both Cd2+ and MT were localized primarily in the cytoplasmic compartment. All biochemical responses, except EROD, showed concentration- response relationships, after 24-h exposure to Cd2+ (ranges 0-3 ppm [26.7 microM]). Cadmium effects were reduced in preexposed cells, indicating adaptive tolerance or increased resistance had occurred. Twenty-four-hour LC50, dose causing death of 50% of the test subjects, values were 0.97, 0.69, and 0.80 ppm (8.7, 6.2, and 7.2 microM) for naive cells and 1.45, 1.21, and 1.39 ppm (12.9, 10.7, and 12.3 microM) for preexposed cells based on the NR, MTT, and L/D assays, respectively. These data indicate that this carcinoma cell line is a useful in vitro model for cadmium toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Dehn
- Biology Department, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14208, USA.
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Bakillah A, Zhou Z, Luchoomun J, Hussain MM. Measurement of apolipoprotein B in various cell lines: correlation between intracellular levels and rates of secretion. Lipids 1997; 32:1113-8. [PMID: 9358438 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have standardized simple but sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassays to understand a relationship between intracellular levels and secretion rates of apoB. The assays were based on commercially available antibodies and were specific to human apoB. A monoclonal antibody, 1D1, was immobilized on microtiter wells and incubated with different amounts of low density lipoproteins to obtain a standard curve. Conditioned media were added to other wells in parallel, and the amount of apoB was quantitated from a linear regression curve. To standardize conditions for the measurement of intracellular apoB, cells were homogenized and solubilized with different concentrations of taurocholate. We found that 0.5% taurocholate was sufficient to solubilize all the apoB in HepG2, Caco-2, and McA-RH7777 cells. Next, a standard curve was prepared in the presence of taurocholate and used to determine intracellular levels of apoB in different cell lines. The intracellular levels (pmol/mg cell protein) and the rates of secretion (pmol/mg/h) of apoB100 were positively correlated (r2 = 0.81, P = 0.0009) in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, a positive correlation (r2 = 0.88, P < 0.0001) was found between intracellular and secreted apoB42 in stably transfected McA-RH7777 cells. In contrast, no correlation was observed for human apoB28 and apoB18 in stably transfected cells that were secreted either partially associated or completely unassociated with lipoproteins. These studies indicated that the rate of secretion of lipid-associated apoB, but not the lipid-free apoB, was tightly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakillah
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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Goldberg DM, Hahn SE, Parkes JG. Beyond alcohol: beverage consumption and cardiovascular mortality. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 237:155-87. [PMID: 7664473 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06069-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews epidemiological investigations which have identified an inverse relationship between alcohol consumption and death from coronary heart disease: evidence from studies of mixed populations as well as of single-sex populations have, on the whole, demonstrated that this relationship is independent of sex or age. This 'cardioprotective effect' of alcohol can be explained, at least in part, by ethanol-related increases in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduced platelet coagulability. With certain beverages, especially red wine, phenolic compounds may provide additional protection by altering eicosanoid metabolism in favour of increased prostacyclin and decreased thromboxane synthesis, as well as antioxidant functions which prevent the peroxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Trans-resveratrol, a tri-hydroxy stilbene present in the skins of specific grape cultivars, is a constituent of certain red wines which may play a crucial role in modulating lipoprotein metabolism, eicosanoid synthesis, oxidation and coagulation. Preliminary studies using the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 are described, demonstrating that this compound has no effect upon cell viability or overall protein synthesis in these cells, and at high concentrations DNA synthesis as measured by radioactive thymidine incorporation is enhanced. Reduced intracellular concentration and secretion of apolipoprotein B have been shown to occur in response to resveratrol although a clear dose-dependency has not yet been demonstrated. The mechanisms underlying these changes as well as the effects upon the synthesis and secretion of other apolipoproteins are under active investigation in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Goldberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Parkes JG, Randell EW, Olivieri NF, Templeton DM. Modulation by iron loading and chelation of the uptake of non-transferrin-bound iron by human liver cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1243:373-80. [PMID: 7727512 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(94)00162-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic non-transferrin-bound Fe (NTBI) flux and its regulation were characterized by measuring the uptake of Fe from [59Fe]/nitrilotriacetate (NTA) complexes in control and Fe-loaded cultures of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Exposure to ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) for 1 to 7 days resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in the rate of NTBI uptake. In contrast to previous studies showing a dependence of the rate of Fe uptake on extracellular Fe, this was positively correlated with total cellular Fe content. The Fe3+ chelating agents deferoxamine (DFO), 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (CP 020) and 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (CP 094) prevented or diminished the increase in NTBI transport when present during Fe loading and reversed the stimulation in pre-loaded cells in relation to their abilities to decrease intracellular iron. Although saturation of the Fe uptake process was not achieved in control cells, kinetic modelling to include linear diffusion-controlled processes yielded estimated parameters of Km = 4.3 microM and Vmax = 2.6 fmol/micrograms protein/min for the underlying process. There was a significant increase in the apparent Vmax (31.2 fmol/micrograms protein per min) for NTBI uptake in Fe-loaded cells, suggesting that Fe loading increases the number of a rate-limiting carrier site for Fe. Km also increased to 15.2 microM, comparable to values reported when whole liver is perfused with FeSO4. We conclude that HepG2 cells possess a transferrin-independent mechanism of Fe accumulation that responds reversibly to a regulatory intracellular Fe pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Parkes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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