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Pitts SC, Schlom J, Donahue RN. Soluble immune checkpoints: implications for cancer prognosis and response to immune checkpoint therapy and conventional therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:155. [PMID: 38822401 PMCID: PMC11141022 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal sampling of tumor tissue from patients with solid cancers, aside from melanoma and a few other cases, is often unfeasible, and thus may not capture the plasticity of interactions between the tumor and immune system under selective pressure of a given therapy. Peripheral blood analyses provide salient information about the human peripheral immunome while offering technical and practical advantages over traditional tumor biopsies, and should be utilized where possible alongside interrogation of the tumor. Some common blood-based biomarkers used to study the immune response include immune cell subsets, circulating tumor DNA, and protein analytes such as cytokines. With the recent explosion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) as a modality of treatment in multiple cancer types, soluble immune checkpoints have become a relevant area of investigation for peripheral immune-based biomarkers. However, the exact functions of soluble immune checkpoints and their roles in cancer for the most part remain unclear. This review discusses current literature on the production, function, and expression of nine soluble immune checkpoints - sPD-L1, sPD-1, sCTLA4, sCD80, sTIM3, sLAG3, sB7-H3, sBTLA, and sHVEM - in patients with solid tumors, and explores their role as biomarkers of response to ICI as well as to conventional therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery) in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Pitts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chavanton A, Mialhe F, Abrey J, Baeza Garcia A, Garrido C. LAG-3 : recent developments in combinational therapies in cancer. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 38702996 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of anticancer immune responses and in particular the action of immune checkpoint inhibitors that overcome T cell inhibition has revolutionized metastatic patients' care. Unfortunately, many patients are resistant to these innovative immunotherapies. Over the last decade, several immune checkpoint inhibitors, currently available in the clinic, have been developed, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4. More recently, other immune checkpoints have been characterized, among them lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3). LAG-3 has been the subject of numerous therapeutic studies and may be involved in cancer-associated immune resistance phenomena. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on LAG-3 as an immunotherapeutic target, particularly in combination with standard or innovative therapies. Indeed, many studies are looking at combining LAG-3 inhibitors with chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic treatments, or adoptive cell therapies to potentiate their antitumor effects and/or to overcome patients' resistance. We will particularly focus on the association therapies that are currently in phase III clinical trials and innovative combinations in preclinical phase. These new discoveries highlight the possibility of developing other types of therapeutic combinations currently unavailable in the clinic, which could broaden the therapeutic spectrum of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Chavanton
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC and « Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer », Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Flavie Mialhe
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC and « Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer », Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jimena Abrey
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC and « Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer », Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC and « Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer », Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC and « Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer », Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Center for Cancer Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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Kgokolo MCM, Malinga NZ, Steel HC, Meyer PWA, Smit T, Anderson R, Rapoport BL. Transforming growth factor-β1 and soluble co-inhibitory immune checkpoints as putative drivers of immune suppression in patients with basal cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2024; 42:101867. [PMID: 38308919 PMCID: PMC10847768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study compared the levels and possible associations between systemic soluble immune checkpoints (sICPs, n = 17) and a group of humoral modulators of immune suppressor cells (n = 7) in a cohort of patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC, n = 40) and a group of healthy control subjects (n = 20). The seven humoral modulators of immunosuppressor cells were represented by the enzymes, arginase 1 and fibroblast activation protein (FAP), the chemokine, RANTES (CCL5) and the cytokines, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), as well as the M2-type macrophage markers, soluble CD163 (sCD163) and sCD206. The plasma levels of six co-inhibitory sICPs, sCTLA-4, sLAG-3, sPD-1, sPD-L1, sTIM-3 and sPD-L2 were significantly elevated in the cohort of BCC patients (p<0.001-p<0.00001), while that of sBTLA was significantly decreased (p<0.006). Of the co-stimulatory sICPs, sCD27 and sGITR were significantly increased (p<0.0002 and p<0.0538) in the cohort of BCC patients, while the others were essentially comparable with those of the control participants; of the dual active sICPs, sHVEM was significantly elevated (p<0.00001) and TLR2 comparable with the control group. A correlation heat map revealed selective, strong associations of TGF-β1 with seven co-stimulatory (z = 0.618468-0.768131) and four co-inhibitory (z = 0.674040-0.808365) sICPs, as well as with sTLR2 (z = 0.696431). Notwithstanding the association of BCC with selective elevations in the levels of a large group of co-inhibitory sICPs, our novel findings also imply the probable involvement of TGF-β1 in driving immunosuppression in this malignancy, possibly via activation of regulatory T cells. Notably, these abnormalities were present in patients with either newly diagnosed or recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlatse C M Kgokolo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Nonkululeko Z Malinga
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen C Steel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pieter W A Meyer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Teresa Smit
- The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Saxonwold, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernardo L Rapoport
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Saxonwold, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Han S, Zhang Y, Yuan J, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Zhou S. sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 in plasma of patients with lung cancer and their clinical significance. Cytokine 2024; 176:156532. [PMID: 38330638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. We aim here to determine the soluble programmed death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) and soluble programmed death ligand-2 (sPD-L2) levels in the plasma of patients with lung cancer and evaluate the clinical significance. METHODS Plasma samples from 95 lung cancer patients and 55 healthy donors were collected, and the sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlations of the plasma sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 levels with clinicopathological status and survival of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS The sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 levels in plasma of lung cancer patients were 713.8 (240.6-3815) pg/ mL and 3233(1122-13955) pg/ mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the health donors 618.6 (189.1-1149) pg/ mL and 2182 (1133-3471) pg/ mL, and the plasma levels of sPD-L1 are correlated with sPD-L2. ROC results showed that both sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 were potential biomarker for lung cancer, and with a higher accuracy level when combined with CEA. Patients with Higher plasma sPD-L1 level (>713.75 pg/ mL) are associated with poor overall survival in advanced lung cancer patients (197 days vs 643 days). CONCLUSIONS The combination of sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 could be used as adjunctive diagnostic, High level of plasma sPD-L1 rather than sPD-L2 is associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Han
- The Aoyang Cancer Institute, The Affilated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, 215600 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Aoyang Cancer Institute, The Affilated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, 215600 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingzhi Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affilated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, 215600 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affilated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, 215600 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affilated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, 215600 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Affilated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, 215600 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital, Suzhou, 215200, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shuru Zhou
- The Aoyang Cancer Institute, The Affilated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang, 215600 Jiangsu, China.
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Raskova Kafkova L, Mierzwicka JM, Chakraborty P, Jakubec P, Fischer O, Skarda J, Maly P, Raska M. NSCLC: from tumorigenesis, immune checkpoint misuse to current and future targeted therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342086. [PMID: 38384472 PMCID: PMC10879685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is largely promoted by a multistep tumorigenesis process involving various genetic and epigenetic alterations, which essentially contribute to the high incidence of mortality among patients with NSCLC. Clinical observations revealed that NSCLC also co-opts a multifaceted immune checkpoint dysregulation as an important driving factor in NSCLC progression and development. For example, a deregulated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been noticed in 50-70% of NSCLC cases, primarily modulated by mutations in key oncogenes such as ALK, EGFR, KRAS, and others. Additionally, genetic association studies containing patient-specific factors and local reimbursement criteria expose/reveal mutations in EGFR/ALK/ROS/BRAF/KRAS/PD-L1 proteins to determine the suitability of available immunotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Thus, the expression of such checkpoints on tumors and immune cells is pivotal in understanding the therapeutic efficacy and has been extensively studied for NSCLC treatments. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge in NSCLC tumorigenesis, focusing on its genetic and epigenetic intricacies, immune checkpoint dysregulation, and the evolving landscape of targeted therapies. In the context of current and future therapies, we emphasize the significance of antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 interactions as the primary therapeutic strategy for immune system reactivation in NSCLC. Other approaches involving the promising potential of nanobodies, probodies, affibodies, and DARPINs targeting immune checkpoints are also described; these are under active research or clinical trials to mediate immune regulation and reduce cancer progression. This comprehensive review underscores the multifaceted nature, current state and future directions of NSCLC research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Raskova Kafkova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Joanna M. Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Prosenjit Chakraborty
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Jakubec
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Tuberculosis, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Fischer
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Tuberculosis, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jozef Skarda
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Petr Maly
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Park EJ, Lee CW. Soluble receptors in cancer: mechanisms, clinical significance, and therapeutic strategies. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:100-109. [PMID: 38182653 PMCID: PMC10834419 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble receptors are soluble forms of receptors found in the extracellular space. They have emerged as pivotal regulators of cellular signaling and disease pathogenesis. This review emphasizes their significance in cancer as diagnostic/prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. We provide an overview of the mechanisms by which soluble receptors are generated along with their functions. By exploring their involvement in cancer progression, metastasis, and immune evasion, we highlight the importance of soluble receptors, particularly soluble cytokine receptors and immune checkpoints, in the tumor microenvironment. Although current research has illustrated the emerging clinical relevance of soluble receptors, their therapeutic applications remain underexplored. As the landscape of cancer treatment evolves, understanding and targeting soluble receptors might pave the way for novel strategies for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Aprilia A, Handono K, Sujuti H, Sabarudin A, Winaris N. sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 as soluble marker candidates for detecting immunosenescence. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:9. [PMID: 38243300 PMCID: PMC10799430 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammaging, the characteristics of immunosenescence, characterized by continuous chronic inflammation that could not be resolved. It is not only affect older people but can also occur in young individuals, especially those suffering from chronic inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disease, malignancy, or chronic infection. This condition led to altered immune function and as consequent immune function is reduced. Detection of immunosenescence has been done by examining the immune risk profile (IRP), which uses flow cytometry. These tests are not always available in health facilities, especially in developing countries and require fresh whole blood samples. Therefore, it is necessary to find biomarkers that can be tested using stored serum to make it easier to refer to the examination. Here we proposed an insight for soluble biomarkers which represented immune cells activities and exhaustion, namely sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4. Those markers were reported to be elevated in chronic diseases that caused early aging and easily detected from serum samples using ELISA method, unlike IRP. Therefore, we conclude these soluble markers are beneficial to predict pathological condition of immunosenescence. AIM To identify soluble biomarkers that could replace IRP for detecting immunosenescence. CONCLUSION Soluble costimulatory molecule suchsCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 are potential biomarkers for detecting immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aprilia
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Kusworini Handono
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia.
| | - Hidayat Sujuti
- Opthamology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Sabarudin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Nuning Winaris
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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Andrzejczak A, Karabon L. BTLA biology in cancer: from bench discoveries to clinical potentials. Biomark Res 2024; 12:8. [PMID: 38233898 PMCID: PMC10795259 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints play a critical role in maintaining the delicate balance of immune activation in order to prevent potential harm caused by excessive activation, autoimmunity, or tissue damage. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is one of crucial checkpoint, regulating stimulatory and inhibitory signals in immune responses. Its interaction with the herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) plays an essential role in negatively regulating immune responses, thereby preserving immune homeostasis. In cancer, abnormal cells evade immune surveillance by exploiting checkpoints like BTLA. Upregulated BTLA expression is linked to impaired anti-tumor immunity and unfavorable disease outcomes. In preclinical studies, BTLA-targeted therapies have shown improved treatment outcomes and enhanced antitumor immunity. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of BTLA's biology, its role in various cancers, and its potential as a prognostic factor. Additionally, it explores the latest research on BTLA blockade in cancer immunotherapy, offering hope for more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrzejczak
- Laboratory of Genetics and Epigenetics of Human Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Karabon
- Laboratory of Genetics and Epigenetics of Human Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Räth U, Mester P, Schwarz H, Schmid S, Müller M, Buechler C, Pavel V. Soluble CD137: A Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Critically Ill Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17518. [PMID: 38139346 PMCID: PMC10744319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell depletion and functional impairment are characteristics of sepsis. CD137 is a costimulatory receptor on activated T cells, while soluble CD137 (sCD137) inhibits CD137 signaling. This study found elevated sCD137 levels in the plasma of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, or septic shock compared to healthy controls. The sCD137 levels negatively correlated with the C-reactive protein and positively with procalcitonin and interleukin-6. There was no difference in sCD137 levels based on ventilation, dialysis, or vasopressor treatment. Patients with SARS-CoV-2, Gram-positive, or Gram-negative bacterial infections had similar sCD137 levels as noninfected individuals. Notably, higher plasma sCD137 levels were observed in non-survivors compared to survivors in both the SIRS/sepsis group and the SARS-CoV-2 subgroup. In conclusion, plasma sCD137 levels are associated with severe illness and survival in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Räth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (U.R.); (P.M.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Patricia Mester
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (U.R.); (P.M.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Stephan Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (U.R.); (P.M.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (U.R.); (P.M.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (U.R.); (P.M.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Vlad Pavel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (U.R.); (P.M.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
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Ancel J, Dormoy V, Raby BN, Dalstein V, Durlach A, Dewolf M, Gilles C, Polette M, Deslée G. Soluble biomarkers to predict clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer treated by immune checkpoints inhibitors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1171649. [PMID: 37283751 PMCID: PMC10239865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1171649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the first cause of cancer-related death despite many therapeutic innovations, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). ICI are now well used in daily practice at late metastatic stages and locally advanced stages after a chemo-radiation. ICI are also emerging in the peri-operative context. However, all patients do not benefit from ICI and even suffer from additional immune side effects. A current challenge remains to identify patients eligible for ICI and benefiting from these drugs. Currently, the prediction of ICI response is only supported by Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor expression with perfectible results and limitations inherent to tumor-biopsy specimen analysis. Here, we reviewed alternative markers based on liquid biopsy and focused on the most promising biomarkers to modify clinical practice, including non-tumoral blood cell count such as absolute neutrophil counts, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. We also discussed soluble-derived immune checkpoint-related products such as sPD-L1, circulating tumor cells (detection, count, and marker expression), and circulating tumor DNA-related products. Finally, we explored perspectives for liquid biopsies in the immune landscape and discussed how they could be implemented into lung cancer management with a potential biological-driven decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ancel
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims, France
| | - Béatrice Nawrocki Raby
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims, France
| | - Véronique Dalstein
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims, France
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Anne Durlach
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims, France
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Maxime Dewolf
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Christine Gilles
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam Polette
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims, France
- Department of Biopathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Inserm UMR-S1250, P3Cell, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-SANTE, Reims, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
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Pan S, Zhao W, Li Y, Ying Z, Luo Y, Wang Q, Li X, Lu W, Dong X, Wu Y, Wu X. Prediction of risk and overall survival of pancreatic cancer from blood soluble immune checkpoint-related proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1189161. [PMID: 37256126 PMCID: PMC10225568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1189161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibition holds promise as a novel treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The clinical significance of soluble immune checkpoint (ICK) related proteins have not yet fully explored in PDAC. Methods We comprehensively profiled 14 soluble ICK-related proteins in plasma in 70 PDAC patients and 70 matched healthy controls. Epidemiological data of all subjects were obtained through structured interviews, and patients' clinical data were retrieved from electronical health records. We evaluated the associations between the biomarkers with the risk of PDAC using unconditional multivariate logistic regression. Consensus clustering (k-means algorithm) with significant biomarkers was performed to identify immune subtypes in PDAC patients. Prediction models for overall survival (OS) in PDAC patients were developed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Harrell's concordance index (C-index), time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve were utilized to evaluate performance of prediction models. Gene expressions of the identified ICK-related proteins in tumors from TCGA were analyzed to provide insight into underlying mechanisms. Results Soluble BTLA, CD28, CD137, GITR and LAG-3 were significantly upregulated in PDAC patients (all q < 0.05), and elevation of each of them was correlated with PDAC increased risk (all p < 0.05). PDAC patients were classified into soluble immune-high and soluble immune-low subtypes, using these 5 biomarkers. Patients in soluble immune-high subtype had significantly poorer OS than those in soluble immune-low subtype (log-rank p = 9.7E-03). The model with clinical variables and soluble immune subtypes had excellent predictive power (C-index = 0.809) for the OS of PDAC patients. Furthermore, the immune subtypes identified with corresponding genes' expression in PDAC tumor samples in TCGA showed an opposite correlation with OS to that of immune subtypes based on blood soluble ICK-related proteins (log-rank p =0.02). The immune-high subtype tumors displayed higher cytolytic activity (CYT) score than immune-low subtype tumors (p < 2E-16). Conclusion Five soluble ICK-related proteins were identified to be significantly associated with the risk and prognosis of PDAC. Patients who were classified as soluble immune-low subtype based on these biomarkers had better overall survival than those of the soluble immune-high subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Pan
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenting Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yizhan Li
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhijun Ying
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihong Luo
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiawei Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Lu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Goossens L, Goossens JF. Soluble TIM-3 as a biomarker of progression and therapeutic response in cancers and other of human diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115445. [PMID: 36739094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints inhibition is a privileged approach to combat cancers and other human diseases. The TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3) inhibitory checkpoint expressed on different types of immune cells is actively investigated as an anticancer target, with a dozen of monoclonal antibodies in (pre)clinical development. A soluble form sTIM-3 can be found in the plasma of patients with cancer and other diseases. This active circulating protein originates from the proteolytic cleavage by two ADAM metalloproteases of the membrane receptor shared by tumor and non-tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles. In most cancers but not all, overexpression of mTIM-3 at the cell surface leads to high level of sTIM-3. Similarly, elevated levels of sTIM-3 have been reported in chronic autoimmune diseases, inflammatory gastro-intestinal diseases, certain viral and parasitic diseases, but also in cases of organ transplantation and in pregnancy-related pathologies. We have analyzed the origin of sTIM-3, its methods of dosage in blood or plasma, its presence in multiple diseases and its potential role as a biomarker to follow disease progression and/or the treatment response. In contrast to sPD-L1 generated by different classes of proteases and by alternative splicing, sTIM-3 is uniquely produced upon ADAM-dependent shedding, providing a more homogenous molecular entity and a possibly more reliable molecular marker. However, the biological functionality of sTIM-3 remains insufficiently characterized. The review shed light on pathologies associated with an altered expression of sTIM-3 in human plasma and the possibility to use sTIM-3 as a diagnostic or therapeutic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Consulting Scientific Office, Lille (Wasquehal) 59290, France; University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Xavier Thuru
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Goossens
- University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Goossens
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France
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13
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Xiong X, Duan Z, Zhou H, Niu L, Luo Z, Li W. The relationship between soluble lymphocyte activation gene-3 and coronary artery disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988582. [PMID: 36247429 PMCID: PMC9558825 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble lymphocyte activation gene 3 (sLAG3) may be used for diagnosis or prognosis in various diseases. However, the relationship between sLAG3 and coronary artery disease (CAD) are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the levels of sLAG3 in patients with CAD, and its potential clinical association with the disease. Methods A total of 66 subjects (49 patients with CAD and 17 control subjects without CAD) were enrolled. The sLAG3 level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Clinical variables included demographics, biochemical markers, coronary angiography status, and ejection fraction of the heart (EF) were collected, and Gensini scores were calculated. LAG3 gene data was extracted from three datasets (GSE23561, GSE61144, GSE60993) in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to compare differential expression between CAD and control subjects. Results The sLAG3 level was significantly lower in the CAD vs. the controls (P < 0.05), and negatively associated with CAD [odds ratio (OR): 0.212, 95% confidential interval (CI): 0.060–0.746, P < 0.05]. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) of sLAG3 level was significant (P < 0.05). The sLAG3 level in subjects with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2 was lower compared to those with BMI < 24 kg/m2 (P < 0.05). The sLAG3 level was also negatively associated with BMI and diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05), though not associated with the Gensini scores or EF (P > 0.05). Lastly, the LAG3 gene expression in peripheral whole blood of patients with CAD were down-regulated compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion The sLAG3 level was negatively associated with the occurrence but not severity of CAD. Meanwhile, the sLAG3 was negatively associated with BMI and diabetes mellitus, suggesting the reduced sLAG3 might be a novel risk factor for developing CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zonggang Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Luo,
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Wei Li,
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Wang Q, He Y, Li W, Xu X, Hu Q, Bian Z, Xu A, Tu H, Wu M, Wu X. Soluble Immune Checkpoint-Related Proteins in Blood Are Associated With Invasion and Progression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887916. [PMID: 35874720 PMCID: PMC9296827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibition therapy has been achieved significant success in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the role of soluble immune checkpoint- related proteins in NSCLC remains obscure.MethodsWe evaluated the circulating levels of 14 immune checkpoint-related proteins panel (BTLA, LAG-3, GITR, IDO, PD-L2, PD-L1, PD-1, HVEM, Tim-3, CD28, CD27, CD80, CD137 and CTLA-4) and their associations with the risk of invasive disease and the risk of NSCLC in 43 pre-invasive (AIS), 81 invasive NSCLC (IAC) patients and matched 35 healthy donors using a multiplex Luminex assay. Gene expression in tumors from TCGA were analyzed to elucidate potential mechanisms. The multivariate logistic regression model was applied in the study. ROC(receiver operator characteristic) curve and calibration curve were used in the performance evaluation.ResultsWe found that sCD27, sCD80, CD137 and sPDL2 levels were significantly increased in IAC cases compared to AIS cases (P= 1.05E-06, 4.44E-05, 2.30E-05 and 1.16E-06, respectively), whereas sPDL1 and sPDL2 levels were significantly increased in NSCLC cases compared to healthy controls (P=3.25E-05 and 1.49E-05, respectively). Unconditional univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that increased sCD27, sCD80, sCD137, and sPDL2 were significantly correlated with the risk of invasive diseases. The model with clinical variables, sCD27 and sPDL2 demonstrated the best performance (AUC=0.845) in predicting the risk of IAC. CD27 and PDCD1LG2 (PDL2) showed significant association with cancer invasion signature in TCGA dataset.ConclusionOur study provides evidence that soluble immune checkpoint-related proteins may associate with the risk of IAC, and we further established an optimized multivariate predictive model, which highlights their potential application in the treatment of NSCLC patients. Future studies may apply these biomarkers to test their predictive value of survival and treatment outcome during immunotherapy in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchuan Wang
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue He
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Hu
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Bian
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Andi Xu
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huakang Tu
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xifeng Wu, ; Ming Wu,
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Center for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xifeng Wu, ; Ming Wu,
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