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Vlashi R, Zhang X, Li H, Chen G. Potential therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:339-367. [PMID: 38055160 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an incapacitating and one of the most common physically degenerative conditions with an assorted etiology and a highly complicated molecular mechanism that to date lacks an efficient treatment. The capacity to design biological networks and accurately modify existing genomic sites holds an apt potential for applications across medical and biotechnological sciences. One of these highly specific genomes editing technologies is the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism, referred to as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, which is a defense mechanism constituted by CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) directed by small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) that bind to target DNA through Watson-Crick base pairing rules where subsequent repair of the target DNA is initiated. Up-to-date research has established the effectiveness of the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism in targeting the genetic and epigenetic alterations in OA by suppressing or deleting gene expressions and eventually distributing distinctive anti-arthritic properties in both in vitro and in vivo osteoarthritic models. This review aims to epitomize the role of this high-throughput and multiplexed gene editing method as an analogous therapeutic strategy that could greatly facilitate the clinical development of OA-related treatments since it's reportedly an easy, minimally invasive technique, and a comparatively less painful method for osteoarthritic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexhina Vlashi
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Haibo Li
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
- Ningbo Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Embryogenic Diseases, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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van Helvoort E, van der Heijden E, van Roon J, Eijkelkamp N, Mastbergen S. The Role of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 in Osteoarthritic Joint Disease: A Systematic Narrative Review. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221098167. [PMID: 35549461 PMCID: PMC9251827 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221098167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A fusion protein of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 (IL4-10 FP) was developed as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD), and chondroprotection, anti-inflammation, and analgesia have been suggested. To better understand the mechanisms behind its potential as DMOAD, this systematic narrative review aims to assess the potential of IL-4, IL-10 and the combination of IL-4 and IL-10 for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It describes the chondroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of IL-4, IL-10, and IL4-10 FP. DESIGN PubMed and Embase were searched for publications that were published from 1990 until May 21, 2021 (moment of search). Key search terms were: Osteoarthritis, Interleukin-4, and Interleukin-10. This yielded 2,479 hits, of which 43 were included in this review. RESULTS IL-4 and IL-10 showed mainly protective effects on osteoarthritic cartilage in vitro and in vivo, as did IL4-10 FP. Both cytokines showed anti-inflammatory effects, but also proinflammatory effects. Only in vitro IL4-10 FP showed purely anti-inflammatory effects, indicating that proinflammatory effects of one cytokine can be counteracted by the other when given as a combination. Only a few studies investigated the analgesic effects of IL-4, IL-10 or IL4-10 FP. In vitro, IL-4 and IL4-10 FP were able to decrease pain mediators. In vivo, IL-4, IL-10, and IL4-10 FP were able to reduce pain. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this review describes overlapping, but also different modes of action for the DMOAD effects of IL-4 and IL-10, giving an explanation for the synergistic effects found when applied as combination, as is the case for IL4-10 FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M. van Helvoort
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,E.M. van Helvoort, Department of
Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Postbus
85500, Internal Mail No. G02.232, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E. van der Heijden
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J.A.G. van Roon
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Center of Translational Immunology, UMC
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. Eijkelkamp
- Center of Translational Immunology, UMC
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S.C. Mastbergen
- Department of Rheumatology &
Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Khella CM, Horvath JM, Asgarian R, Rolauffs B, Hart ML. Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Approaches to Prevent or Delay Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA) of the Knee Joint with a Focus on Sustained Delivery Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8005. [PMID: 34360771 PMCID: PMC8347094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of knee PTOA after knee trauma. While a comprehensive therapy capable of preventing or delaying post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) progression after knee joint injury does not yet clinically exist, current literature suggests that certain aspects of early post-traumatic pathology of the knee joint may be prevented or delayed by anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions. We discuss multifaceted therapeutic approaches that may be capable of effectively reducing the continuous cycle of inflammation and concomitant processes that lead to cartilage degradation as well as those that can simultaneously promote intrinsic repair processes. Within this context, we focus on early disease prevention, the optimal timeframe of treatment and possible long-lasting sustained delivery local modes of treatments that could prevent knee joint-associated PTOA symptoms. Specifically, we identify anti-inflammatory candidates that are not only anti-inflammatory but also anti-degenerative, anti-apoptotic and pro-regenerative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Melanie L. Hart
- G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs—University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (C.M.K.); (J.M.H.); (R.A.); (B.R.)
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4
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Dong C, Fu T, Ji J, Li Z, Gu Z. The role of interleukin-4 in rheumatic diseases. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:747-754. [PMID: 29655253 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatism is a group of diseases, most of which are autoimmune diseases, that violate joints, bones, muscles, blood vessels and related soft tissue. As is well known, cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of several rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritides, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, the role of interleukin-4 (IL-4), which may participate in the mechanism of rheumatism, have been discovered. It is reported that IL-4 takes part in the regulation of T cell activation, differentiation, proliferation, and survival of different T cell types. IL-4 also has an immunomodulatory effect on B cells, mast cells, macrophages, and many cell types. A review of the literature on functions of IL-4 in rheumatic diseases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Ji
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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5
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Kyostio-Moore S, Berthelette P, Cornell CS, Nambiar B, Figueiredo MD. Hyaluronic acid synthase-2 gene transfer into the joints of Beagles by use of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:505-517. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Madej W, Buma P, van der Kraan P. Inflammatory conditions partly impair the mechanically mediated activation of Smad2/3 signaling in articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:146. [PMID: 27334538 PMCID: PMC4918093 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Joint trauma, which is frequently related with mechanical overloading of articular cartilage, is a well-established risk for osteoarthritis (OA) development. Additionally, reports show that trauma leads to synovial joint inflammation. In consequence, after joint trauma, cartilage is influenced by deleterious excessive loading combined with the catabolic activity of proinflammatory mediators. Since the activation of TGF-β signaling by loading is considered to be a key regulatory pathway for maintaining cartilage homeostasis, we tested the effect of proinflammatory conditions on mechanically mediated activation of TGF-β/Smad2/3P signaling in cartilage. Methods Cartilage explants were subjected to dynamic mechanical compression in the presence of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) or osteoarthritic synovium-conditioned medium (OAS-CM). Subsequently, the activation of the Smad2/3P pathway was monitored with QPCR analysis of reporter genes and additionally the expression of receptors activating the Smad2/3P pathway was analyzed. Finally, the ability for mechanically mediated activation of Smad2/3P was tested in human OA cartilage. Results IL-1β presence during compression did not impair the upregulation of Smad2/3P reporter genes, however the results were affected by IL-1β-mediated upregulations in unloaded controls. OAS-CM significantly impaired the compression-mediated upregulation of bSmad7 and Tgbfb1. IL-1β suppressed the compression-mediated bAlk5 upregulation where 12 MPa compression applied in the presence of OAS-CM downregulated the bTgfbr2. Mechanically driven upregulation of Smad2/3P reporter genes was present in OA cartilage. Conclusions Proinflammatory conditions partly impair the mechanically mediated activation of the protective TGF-β/Smad2/3P pathway. Additionally, the excessive mechanical compression, applied in the presence of proinflammatory conditions diminishes the expression of the type II TGF-β receptor, a receptor critical for maintenance of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Madej
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, route 547, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, route 272, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Buma
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, route 547, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, route 272, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Ashraf S, Cha BH, Kim JS, Ahn J, Han I, Park H, Lee SH. Regulation of senescence associated signaling mechanisms in chondrocytes for cartilage tissue regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:196-205. [PMID: 26190795 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes undergo slow senescence and dedifferentiation during in vitro expansion, restricting successful cartilage regeneration. A complete understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in the senescence and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes is essential in order to better characterize chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering applications. During expansion, cell fate is determined by the change in expression of various genes in response to aspects of the microenvironment, including oxidative stress, mechanical stress, and unsuitable culture conditions. Rapid senescence or dedifferentiation not only results in the loss of the chondrocytic phenotype but also enhances production of inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes. This review focuses on the two groups of genes that play direct and indirect roles in the induction of senescence and dedifferentiation. Numerous degenerative signaling pathways associated with these genes have been reported. Upregulation of the genes interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), p53, p16, p21, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is responsible for the direct induction of senescence, whereas downregulation of the genes transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), indirectly induces senescence. In senescent and dedifferentiated chondrocytes, it was found that TGF-β, BMP-2, SOX9, and IGF-1 are downregulated, while the levels of IL-1β, p53, p16, p21, and p38 MAPK are upregulated followed by inhibition of the normal molecular functioning of the chondrocytes. This review helps to elucidate the underlying mechanism in degenerative cartilage disease, which may help to improve cartilage tissue regeneration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ashraf
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - B-H Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J-S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - I Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59, Yatap-ro Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Kyeunggi-do, 463-712, South Korea.
| | - H Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - S-H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
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8
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Human osteoarthritic cartilage shows reduced in vivo expression of IL-4, a chondroprotective cytokine that differentially modulates IL-1β-stimulated production of chemokines and matrix-degrading enzymes in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96925. [PMID: 24819779 PMCID: PMC4018406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In osteoarthritis (OA), an inflammatory environment is responsible for the imbalance between the anabolic and catabolic activity of chondrocytes and, thus, for articular cartilage derangement. This study was aimed at providing further insight into the impairment of the anabolic cytokine IL-4 and its receptors in human OA cartilage, as well as the potential ability of IL-4 to antagonize the catabolic phenotype induced by IL-1β. Methodology/Principal Findings The in vivo expression of IL-4 and IL-4 receptor subunits (IL-4R, IL-2Rγ, IL-13Rα1) was investigated on full thickness OA or normal knee cartilage. IL-4 expression was found to be significantly lower in OA, both in terms of the percentage of positive cells and the amount of signal per cell. IL-4 receptor type I and II were mostly expressed in mid-deep cartilage layers. No significant difference for each IL-4 receptor subunit was noted. IL-4 anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic activity was assessed in vitro in the presence of IL-1β and/or IL-4 for 24 hours using differentiated high density primary OA chondrocyte also exhibiting the three IL-4 R subunits found in vivo. Chemokines, extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and their inhibitors were evaluated at mRNA (real time PCR) and protein (ELISA or western blot) levels. IL-4 did not affect IL-1β-induced mRNA expression of GRO-α/CXCL1, IL-8/CXCL8, ADAMTS-5, TIMP-1 or TIMP-3. Conversely, IL-4 significantly inhibited RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, MMP-13 and ADAMTS-4. These results were confirmed at protein level for RANTES/CCL5 and MMP-13. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate for the first time that OA cartilage has a significantly lower expression of IL-4. Furthermore, we found differences in the spectrum of biological effects of IL-4. The findings that IL-4 has the ability to hamper the IL-1β-induced release of both MMP-13 and CCL5/RANTES, both markers of OA chondrocytes, strongly indicates IL-4 as a pivotal anabolic cytokine in cartilage whose impairment impacts on OA pathogenesis.
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9
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van Meegeren MER, Roosendaal G, Jansen NWD, Wenting MJG, van Wesel ACW, van Roon JAG, Lafeber FPJG. IL-4 alone and in combination with IL-10 protects against blood-induced cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:764-72. [PMID: 22503813 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been reported that interleukin (IL)-10 limits blood-induced cartilage damage. Our aim was to study the effect of IL-4 alone and in combination with IL-10 on blood-induced cartilage damage. DESIGN Healthy human full thickness cartilage explants were cultured for 4 days in the presence of 50% v/v blood. IL-4, IL-10, or a combination of both cytokines was added during blood exposure. Cartilage matrix turnover was determined after a recovery period; additionally cytokine production, chondrocyte apoptosis, and expression of the IL-4 and IL-10 receptors were analyzed directly after exposure. RESULTS Blood-induced damage to the cartilage matrix was limited by IL-4 in a dose-dependent way (P<0.05). Also IL-10 limited this damage, although to a lesser extent (P<0.03). The effect of IL-4 plus IL-10 was more pronounced and protective than IL-10 alone (P<0.05). Production of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was limited by both IL-4 and IL-10 (P<0.05), but more strongly by IL-4. Blood-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes was limited by IL-4 and the combination, and not by IL-10 alone. No direct beneficial effect of IL-4 or IL-10 on cartilage was found, however, the chondrocyte receptor expression of both cytokine receptors was upregulated by exposure to blood. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that IL-4 alone and in combination with IL-10 prevents blood-induced cartilage damage. Expectedly, anti-inflammatory effects on monocytes in the blood fraction and protective effects on chondrocytes are both involved. IL-4 in combination with IL-10 might be used to prevent blood-induced joint damage as a result of trauma or surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E R van Meegeren
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vinatier C, Gauthier O, Masson M, Malard O, Moreau A, Fellah BH, Bilban M, Spaethe R, Daculsi G, Guicheux J. Nasal chondrocytes and fibrin sealant for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 89:176-85. [PMID: 18431767 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid constructs associating a biodegradable matrix and autologous chondrocytes hold promise for the treatment of articular cartilage defects. In this context, our objective was to investigate the potential use of nasal chondrocytes associated with a fibrin sealant for the treatment of articular cartilage defects. The phenotype of primary nasal chondrocytes (NC) from human (HNC) and rabbit (RNC) origin were characterized by RT-PCR. The ability of constructs associating fibrin sealant and NC to form a cartilaginous tissue in vivo was investigated, firstly in a subcutaneous site in nude mice and secondly in an articular cartilage defect in rabbit. HNC express type II collagen and aggrecan, the two major hallmarks of a chondrocytic phenotype. Furthermore, when injected subcutaneously into nude mice within a fibrin sealant, these chondrocytes were able to form a cartilage-like tissue. Our data indicate that RNC also express type II collagen and aggrecan and maintained their phenotype in three-dimensional culture within a fibrin sealant. Moreover, treatment of rabbit articular cartilage defects with autologous RNC embedded in a fibrin sealant led to the formation of a hyalin-like repair tissue. The use of fibrin sealant containing hybrid autologous NC therefore appears as a promising approach for cell-based therapy of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vinatier
- INSERM, U 791, Laboratory for Osteo-articular and Dental Tissue Engineering, University of Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, 44042, France
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11
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El Mabrouk M, Qureshi HY, Li WQ, Sylvester J, Zafarullah M. Interleukin-4 antagonizes oncostatin M and transforming growth factor beta-induced responses in articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:588-97. [PMID: 17546624 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) stimulates cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by inducing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS; a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1) induces cartilage repair in joints but in excessive amounts, promotes inflammation. OSM and TGF-beta1 also induce tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), an important natural inhibitor of MMPs, aggrecanases, and tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE), the principal proteases involved in arthritic inflammation and cartilage degradation. We studied cartilage protective mechanisms of the antiinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-4 (IL-4). IL-4 strongly (MMP-13 and TIMP-3) or minimally (ADAMTS-4) suppressed OSM-induced gene expression in chondrocytes. IL-4 did not affect OSM-stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), protein 38 (p38), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Stat1. Lack of additional suppression with their inhibitors suggested that MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and TIMP-3 inhibition was independent of these mediators. IL-4 also downregulated TGF-beta1-induced TIMP-3 gene expression, Smad2, and JNK phosphorylation. Additional suppression of TIMP-3 RNA by JNK inhibitor suggests JNK implication. The cartilage protective effects of IL-4 in animal models of arthritis may be due to its inhibition of MMPs and ADAMTS-4 expression. However, suppression of TIMP-3 suggests caution for using IL-4 as a cartilage protective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Mabrouk
- Department of Medicine and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Magne D, Palmer G, Barton JL, Mézin F, Talabot-Ayer D, Bas S, Duffy T, Noger M, Guerne PA, Nicklin MJH, Gabay C. The new IL-1 family member IL-1F8 stimulates production of inflammatory mediators by synovial fibroblasts and articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R80. [PMID: 16646978 PMCID: PMC1526623 DOI: 10.1186/ar1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Six novel members of the IL-1 family of cytokines were recently identified, primarily through the use of DNA database searches for IL-1 homologues, and were named IL-1F5 to IL-1F10. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IL-1F8 on primary human joint cells, and examined the expression of the new IL-1 family members in human and mouse joints. Human synovial fibroblasts (hSFs) and human articular chondrocytes (hACs) expressed the IL-1F8 receptor (IL-1Rrp2) and produced pro-inflammatory mediators in response to recombinant IL-1F8. IL-1F8 mRNA expression was increased in hSFs upon stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines, whereas in hACs IL-1F8 mRNA expression was constitutive. However, IL-1F8 protein was undetectable in hSF and hAC culture supernatants. Furthermore, although IL-1β protein levels were increased in inflamed human and mouse joint tissue, IL-1F8 protein levels were not. IL-1F8 levels in synovial fluids were similar to or lower than those in matched serum samples, suggesting that the joint itself is not a major source of IL-1F8. Serum levels of IL-1F8 were similar in healthy donors, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and septic shock, and did not correlate with inflammatory status. Interestingly however, we observed high IL-1F8 levels in several serum samples in all groups. In conclusion, IL-1F8 exerts proinflammatory effects in primary human joint cells. Joint and serum IL-1F8 protein levels did not correlate with inflammation, but they were high in some human serum samples tested, including samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It remains to be determined whether circulating IL-1F8 can contribute to joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Magne
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jenny L Barton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francoise Mézin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Talabot-Ayer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvette Bas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Trevor Duffy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Noger
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Andre Guerne
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin JH Nicklin
- Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Medical Research, Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Chondrocytes are the single cellular component of hyaline cartilage. Under physiologic conditions, they show steady-state equilibrium between anabolic and catabolic activities that maintains the structural and functional integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Implicit in the loss of cartilage matrix that is associated with osteoarthritis is that there is a disturbance in the regulation of synthetic (anabolic) and resorptive (catabolic) activities of the resident chondrocytes that results in a net loss of cartilage matrix components and deterioration in the structural and functional properties of the cartilage. Multiple mechanisms likely are involved in the disturbance of chondrocyte remodeling activities in OA. They include the development of acquired or age-related alterations in chondrocyte function, the effects of excessive mechanical loading, and the presence of dysregulated cytokine activities. Cytokines are soluble or cell-surface molecules that play an essential role in mediating cell-cell interactions. It is possible to classify the cytokines that regulate cartilage remodeling as catabolic, acting on target cells to increase products that enhance matrix degradation; as anticatabolic, tending to inhibit or antagonize the activity of the catabolic cytokines; and as anabolic, acting on chondrocytes to increase synthetic activity. This review will focus on the role of proinflammatory cytokines and their roles in mediating the increased matrix degradation that characterizes the osteoarthritic cartilage lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Goldring
- Rheumatology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Abstract
A mixed population of lymphocytes from a healthy donor co-existed with an established culture of allogeneic chondrosarcoma cells, during which time the tumor cells changed from malignantly transformed to benign fibroblast-like morphology; from multilayered to a monolayered growth pattern; lost their potency to grow in colonies in soft agar; and showed signs of senescence. A discussion of possible molecular mechanisms for this event is offered. If there are as yet undiscovered lymphokines that can induce reversal of the malignant geno/phenotype, the cognate gene(s) should be cloned for genetic engineering and for the mass production of the corresponding molecular mediators for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Sinkovics
- Cancer Institue, St. Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida College of Medicine, 3001 W Dr Martinr Luther King Jr Blvd, Tampa, USA
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15
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Schuerwegh AJ, Dombrecht EJ, Stevens WJ, Van Offel JF, Bridts CH, De Clerck LS. Influence of pro-inflammatory (IL-1 alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4) cytokines on chondrocyte function. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:681-7. [PMID: 12954239 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokines produced by inflammatory cells play a pivotal role in synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. To investigate the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and subsequently the possible beneficial role of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4) on chondrocyte viability (necrosis/apoptosis), proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production. METHODS Primary bovine chondrocytes were cultured until monolayers were obtained. Cells were incubated with cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-6) at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ng/mL. After 48 h, the viability of the chondrocytes was measured flow cytometrically with propidium iodide. Proliferation was determined by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The morphology of the chondrocytes, including presence of apoptotic nuclei, was evaluated by a May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining. In addition, the number of apoptotic chondrocytes was detected flow cytometrically with a TUNEL technique and annexin-V/propidium iodide staining. NO production was evaluated using a spectrophotometric assay, based upon the Griess reaction. RESULTS The viability and proliferation of bovine chondrocytes decreased after incubation with 100 ng/mL IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma. In contrast, incubation of chondrocytes with IL-4 or IL-6 had no influence on the viability or the proliferation of cells. IL-1 alpha was able to enhance NO production in a dose dependent manner. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced NO production only at the highest concentration (100 ng/mL), whereas IL-4 and IL-6 did not. There was a dose dependent increase in apoptosis of bovine chondrocytes cultured in the presence of IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha. This effect could not be prevented by preincubation with IL-4. Preincubation with IL-4 diminished IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha induced NO production and increased proliferation of chondrocytes. In an additional experiment, incubation of human chondrocytes with anti-Fas did not induce apoptosis as measured by annexin-V/propidium iodide staining. CONCLUSIONS Pro-inflammatory cytokines are able to induce apoptosis, whereas IL-4 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine can inhibit the effect of IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha on NO production and proliferation of bovine chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schuerwegh
- Department of Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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