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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Dingle
- Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland
| | - J. M. McNab
- Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland
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Vogel G, Stoeckert I, Kröger W, Dobberstein I. Harn und Harnbereitung bei terrestrisch lebenden Vögeln. Untersuchungen am Truthuhn (Meleagris pavo L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1965.tb00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bennett DC, Hughes MR. Comparison of renal and salt gland function in three species of wild ducks. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3273-84. [PMID: 12909708 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three processes central to osmoregulation of marine birds were compared in three species of ducks that differ in habitat affinity, diet and saline tolerance. These processes are filtration of Na+ and water from the plasma by the kidneys, their reabsorption along the renal tubules, and secretion by the salt glands. Barrow's goldeneyes Bucephala islandica, the most marine species, have the highest rates for all three processes and only this species can secrete all the infused salt via the salt glands. Rates of all three processes are lower in mallards Anas platyrhynchos, the most freshwater species. Following saline acclimation, mallards could excrete all the infused Na+ by a combined Na+ excretion of the kidneys and salt glands. Canvasbacks Aythya valisineria, despite being more saline tolerant than mallards, are unable to excrete all the infused Na+. They produce a large volume of urine (like mallards) that has a low [Na+] (like goldeneyes). Salt gland secretion Na+ concentration did not differ among the three species, but only goldeneyes secrete at a rate sufficient to eliminate all infused Na+ via the salt glands. Differences in saline tolerance of these ducks species cannot be fully explained by differences in their filtration, reabsorption and secretion of Na+ and water, suggesting that the intestinal tract plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin C Bennett
- Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Gale GR, Smith AB, Jones MM, Singh PK. Evidence of active transport of cadmium complexing dithiocarbamates into renal and hepatic cells in vivo. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1992; 71:452-6. [PMID: 1480554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A study was made of the effects of certain inhibitors of transport systems on the actions of four cadmium (Cd) complexing N,N-disubstituted dithiocarbamates (DTCs) in mobilizing murine renal and hepatic Cd in vivo. Probenecid, the prototypical antagonist of organic anion transport in the kidney, when given 1 hr prior to each DTC, sharply suppressed the DTC-induced reduction of renal Cd but was virtually without effect on mobilization of Cd from liver. Sulfinpyrazone, which blocks tubular reabsorption of uric acid and also inhibits transport of a variety of organic acids, inhibited markedly the mobilization of both renal and hepatic Cd by DTCs. Phlorizin, an inhibitor of tubular sugar reabsorption, did not affect the Cd mobilizing actions of DTCs in any consistent fashion. We propose that the high degree of selectivity of DTCs in mobilizing renal and hepatic Cd is dependent, at least in part, upon active transport of DTCs into these tissues via the organic anion transport systems. This report presents the first evidence that compounds of the (R)2NCSS- class may gain access to intracellular space by an active, carrier-mediated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Gale
- Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401-5799
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Abstract
A physiological investigation on an outbreak of diuresis syndrome in commercial broiler breeder hens was carried out. Daily water consumption increased 4-fold and daily manure wet weight increased two-fold in affected hens. 2. The syndrome did not have a genetic basis. It was associated with kidney dysfunction which, once acquired, was not alleviated by changing the diet, the drinking water, or the environment. Diuresis ceased when water intake was restricted and returned when water was again made freely available. 3. The syndrome was not caused by nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. Key changes in kidney function associated with diuresis included: increased urine flow, decreased urine osmolality, reduced glomerular filtration rates, increased fraction of the glomerular filtration rate excreted as urine and decreased urinary hydrogen ion concentrations. 4. Preliminary histopathological findings and the physiological patterns of kidney dysfunction indicated that the diuresis syndrome was associated with permanent kidney damage, probably caused by the Arkansas strain of infectious bronchitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Pollet RA, Glatz CE, Dyer DC. The pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline orally administered to turkeys: influence of citric acid and Pasteurella multocida infection. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS 1985; 13:243-64. [PMID: 4087164 DOI: 10.1007/bf01065655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the absorption and disposition of chlortetracyline (CTC) in the healthy and diseased (fowl cholera) turkey. The CTC was given (with and without citric acid) as an oral (15 mg/kg) or i.v. (1 mg/kg) dose. When minerals (0.3 g/L Ca2+, 0.1 g/L Mg2+) were dissolved in the bird's drinking water, the model indicated that the addition of citric acid (mass ratio of 10 citrate: 1 CTC) increased the fraction of dose absorbed from 0.06 to 0.16; once absorbed, the fractions of drug eliminated by renal excretion, biliary secretion, and chemical decomposition were 50, 46, and 4%, respectively. The presence of fowl cholera appeared to increase plasma levels by increasing the intestinal permeability and lowering the hepatic and/or renal clearance.
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Abstract
Graded concentrations of ochratoxin A (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 micrograms/g of feed) incorporated into the diet of turkey poults from hatching until 3 weeks of age resulted in a decreased growth rate, enlarged proventriculus and gizzard, and a regressed thymus (all at 4 and 8 micrograms/g) and the sizes of liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius were unaffected. Feed conversion ratio increased from 1.63 (control value) to 2.07 (8 micrograms/g). Mortality was increased significantly (P less than .05) at 8 micrograms/g. Water consumption and plasma uric acid were increased at 4 and 8 micrograms/g. Plasma glucose and the dry weight of the kidneys decreased significantly at 8 micrograms/g while total plasma proteins, prothrombin time, plasma carotenoids, and phenol red clearance rate were unaltered. A leucocytopenia, which was primarily a lymphocytopenia, was observed at 4 and 8 micrograms/g. Heterophils decreased while basophils increased at 8 micrograms/g. The oral LD50 for day-old and 3-week-old poults was 4.63 +/- .31 and 7.84 +/- .94 mg/kg, respectively. Intraperitoneally, the value for day-old birds was .16 +/- .03 +/- mg/kg and for 3-week-old birds was .34 +/- .09 mg/kg. These data suggest that ochratoxin is a potent nephrotoxin in turkeys, but that ochratoxicosis in turkeys differs markedly from the disease in other species.
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Odlind B. A modified Sperber technique for direct estimation of true renal tubular excretion fraction. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1978; 103:404-12. [PMID: 102110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Sperber technique in the hen is particularly suitable for the study of renal tubular secretion. However, results obtained with this technique vary considerably, due to an unpredictable and highly variable shunting of renal portal blood. In an attempt to get a total and stable renal perfusion by portal blood from the leg, appropriate shunt vessels were ligated. This procedure was found to force all portal blood from the leg to perfuse the ligated kidney, without affecting the symmetry of glomerular filtration or renal clearance of 125-I-Na-o-iodohippurate between the kidneys. In conclusion, the abolition of renal portal shunt flow allows use of the Sperber technique for a direct estimation of the true tubular excretion fraction (TTEF) of a substance. Thus, TTEFPAH, a measure of the tubular excretion efficiency of para-amino-hippuric acid, was found to be about 70%. The stable renal perfusion in ligated animals will also facilitate comparative studies of renal tubular excretion in the hen. Moreover, no animal has to be rejected due to a low renal perfusion of portal blood. Furthermore, the use of ligated hens makes it unnecessary to use markers for the renal perfusion of portal blood when steady-state experiments are performed. Finally, the total renal perfusion of portal blood in ligated animals will facilitate the demonstration of a secretory component in the renal handling of substances with a low affinity for the renal transport system.
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Tung HT, Wyatt RD, Thaxton P, Hamilton PB. Impairment of kidney function during aflatoxicosis. Poult Sci 1973; 52:873-8. [PMID: 4754044 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0520873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Cooke HJ, Young JA. Development of glomerular filtration rate and electrolyte and osmolal clearance in the late-embryonic and newly hatched chicken. Pflugers Arch 1970; 318:315-24. [PMID: 4988919 DOI: 10.1007/bf00586971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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ADDENDUM. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1961. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1961.tb01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Newberne P, Laerdal OA, O’Dell B. A Surgical Method for the Separation of Urine and Feces in Young Chickens. Poult Sci 1957. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0360821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Smith WW, Smith HW. PROTEIN BINDING OF PHENOL RED, DIODRAST, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES IN PLASMA. J Biol Chem 1938. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)74075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Shannon JA. The renal excretion of phenol red by the aglomerular fishes, Opsanus tau and Lophius piscatorius. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1938. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030110215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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