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Bracey LT, Paigen K. The N haplotype of the murine beta-glucuronidase gene is altered in both its systemic regulation and its response to androgen induction. Biochem Genet 1989; 27:1-15. [PMID: 2712822 DOI: 10.1007/bf00563014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new haplotype of the beta-glucuronidase gene complex, [Gus]N, has been characterized following its transfer from the PAC/Cr strain to the standard strain C57BL/6J. The N haplotype contains a novel structural gene allele which encodes an allozyme differing from all previously characterized allozymes in both size and charge. Altered systemic regulation is exhibited by the [Gus]N haplotype. Multiple tissues contain levels of GUS protein that are 60 +/- 15% those found in the standard B haplotype. The regulatory mechanism for reduction is complex, involving tissue-specific changes in both enzyme synthesis and enzyme turnover. The changes in GUS protein synthesis do not result from changes in GUS mRNA levels. Instead, the amount of mature enzyme formed per mRNA molecule, or translational yield, is altered. These regulatory changes parallel those seen in other systemic regulatory variants of GUS which are also altered in translational yield. A commonality of mechanism among systemic regulatory variants of this gene is suggested. The N haplotype is also exceptional in the nature of its response to androgenic induction in kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells. The time course for GUS induction consists of a lag period followed by a progressive increase in mRNA, rate of enzyme synthesis, and enzyme activity. For the [Gus]N haplotype the lag is of an exceptionally short duration and the plateau is of a greater magnitude than for any haplotype previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Bracey
- Department of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Klonowska MT, Klonowski W. Intrinsic physical instability of the proteins with short half-time: possible role in aging and in carcinogenesis. Biosystems 1988; 21:135-9. [PMID: 3355883 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(88)90006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different proteins have vastly different lifetime in cells, some survive as long as or even longer than the cell does, whereas others survive for just minutes. Proteins showing short half-times play an extremely important role as cellular regulators, in particular in controlling cell mitosis and in carcinogenesis. These proteins probably possess an intrinsic physical instability, i.e. they are biologically active only while being in a meta-stable non-equilibrium state resulting from the very mechanisms of protein biosynthesis on ribosomes. Aging of these proteins consists of internal equilibration through protein chain folding rather than in accumulation of errors due to intermolecular interactions. We want to attract more attention to such fast (short-lived) proteins. The question of what determines these protein lifetimes is of practical as well as theoretical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Klonowska
- Department of Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Kenney FT, Lee KL. Turnover of Gene Products in the Control of Gene Expression. Bioscience 1982. [DOI: 10.2307/1308940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Samaniego FC, Berry F, Dice JF. Selective depletion of small basic non-glycosylated proteins in diabetes. Biochem J 1981; 198:149-57. [PMID: 7325991 PMCID: PMC1163221 DOI: 10.1042/bj1980149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Degradative rates of small basic non-glycosylated proteins are preferentially enhanced in rat liver cytosol during severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Synthetic rates of these classes of proteins are not selectively enhanced in diabetes, so small basic non-glycosylated proteins should be depleted from liver cytosol as a consequence of this disease. To test this hypothesis, proteins were analysed from normal animals, from diabetic animals receiving insulin and from diabetic animals after insulin withdrawal for 3 days. The proteins were separated according to subunit molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, according to isoelectric point by isoelectric focusing and according to carbohydrate content by affinity chromatography with concanavalin A linked to agarose. Severe uncontrolled diabetes is associated with the predicted depletion of small basic non-glycosylated proteins from liver cytosol. The preferential degradation and loss of these protein classes may be of considerable physiological importance to the animal.
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Kulkarni SB, Netrawali MS, Pradhan DS. Nature of RNAs synthesised in rat liver in response to hydrocortisone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1979; 13:269-80. [PMID: 446884 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(79)90086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on hybridization of [32P]HnRNA from hydrocortisone-treated rat liver with rat-liver DNA, in competition with unlabelled liver HnRNA from hormone-deficient and treated rats, revealed marked differences in their nucleotide sequence homologies. It was found that the hormone-induced new species of HnRNAs were transcribed both on middle-repetitive and non-repetitive sequences of DNA. However similar differences in the sequence homologies were not detectable in respect of mRNA derived from livers of hydrocortisone-administered and adrenalectomised rats. The results imply that the new species of HnRNA synthesized following hormone treatment may be confined to the nucleus.
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Chan YL, Shih JC. Degradation of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase after glucagon treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 526:100-6. [PMID: 687644 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(78)90294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Using a single-isotope and immune precipitation technique the half-life (t 1/2) of hepatic phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase (aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.--, Number not yet assigned) from glucagon-treated rats was determined to be 2.8 days, similar to that of the control rats (t 1/2 = 3.3 days). The half-life of rat liver total soluble proteins also remained unchanged after glucagon treatment (t 1/2 = 2.7 days in glucagon-treated rats; t 1/2 = 2.8 days in normal). Thus, glucagon has no effect on the degradation of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase. Furthermore, the degradation rates are similar for both the holoenzyme and the apoenzyme of phenylalanine:pyruvate transaminase.
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Jefferson LS, Pegg AE. Studies on ornithine decarboxylase activity in the isolated perfused rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 484:177-87. [PMID: 889842 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Corte LD, Callingham BA. The influence of age and adrenalectomy on rat heart monoamine oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26:407-15. [PMID: 849333 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Age differences in platelet protein biosynthesis and catabolism. Bull Exp Biol Med 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00802795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Borisova TA, Raben NA. Comparison of ribonuclease isolated from the liver and pancreas of burned and intact rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00804918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bhargava MM, Feigelson M. Studies on the mechanisms of histidase development in rat skin and liver. II. Alterations in enzyme levels and synthetic rates during development. Dev Biol 1976; 48:226-36. [PMID: 1254082 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Effect of protease inhibitors on protein degradation in rat hepatoma cells I. Effect on general protein degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(74)90197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kominami E, Kobayashi K, Kominami S, Katunuma N. Properties of a Specific Protease for Pyridoxal Enzymes and Its Biological Role. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Katunuma N, Kominami E, Kominami S, Kito K. Mode of action of specific inactivating enzymes for pyridoxal enzymes and NAD-dependent enzymes and their biological significance. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1972; 10:289-306. [PMID: 4347314 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(72)90019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gibson DM, Lyons RT, Scott DF, Muto Y. Synthesis and degradation of the lipogenic enzymes of rat liver. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1972; 10:187-204. [PMID: 4653823 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(72)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fausto N. The control of ornithine decarboxylase activity during liver regeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 238:116-28. [PMID: 5576616 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Seglen PO. Regulation of tyrosine transaminase degradation in the isolated perfused rat liver by cycloheximide and insulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 230:319-26. [PMID: 4396768 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gruhner K, Segal HL. Effects of glucose and inhibitors of protein synthesis on the liver glycogen synthetase-activating system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 222:508-14. [PMID: 5491228 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dehlinger PJ, Schimke RT. Effect of size on the relative rate of degradation of rat liver soluble proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 40:1473-80. [PMID: 5511996 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lee KL, Kenney FT. Induction of alanine transaminase by adrenal steroids in cultured hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 40:469-75. [PMID: 4394444 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)91032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Curtis JL, Fisher JR. Control of pancreatic xanthine dehydrogenase synthesis in the chick. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 201:26-32. [PMID: 5412509 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Effects of Phenobarbital on the Synthesis and Degradation of the Protein Components of Rat Liver Microsomal Membranes. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wool IG, Stirewalt WS, Kurihara K, Low RB, Bailey P, Oyer D. Mode of action of insulin in the regulation of protein biosynthesis in muscle. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1968; 24:139-213. [PMID: 4302428 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9827-9.50010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gatehouse PW, Hopper S, Schatz L, Segal HL. Further Characterization of Alanine Aminotransferase of Rat Liver. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)95965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Rechcigl M, Heston WE. Genetic regulation of enzyme activity in mammalian system by the alteration of the rates of enzyme degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1967; 27:119-24. [PMID: 6035477 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(67)80049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Holten D, Wicks WD, Kenney FT. Studies on the Role of Vitamin B6 Derivatives in Regulating Tyrosine α-Ketoglutarate Transaminase Activity in Vitro and in Vivo. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Korner A. Ribonucleic acid and hormonal control of protein synthesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1967; 17:61-98. [PMID: 5338536 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(67)90004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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