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Ronquist KG, Sanchez C, Dubois L, Chioureas D, Fonseca P, Larsson A, Ullén A, Yachnin J, Ronquist G, Panaretakis T. Energy-requiring uptake of prostasomes and PC3 cell-derived exosomes into non-malignant and malignant cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:29877. [PMID: 26955882 PMCID: PMC4783432 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the prostate acini release, in a regulated manner (exocytosis), nanosized vesicles called prostasomes that belong to the exosome family. Prostate cancer cells have preserved this ability to generate and export exosomes to the extracellular space. We previously demonstrated that human prostasomes have an ATP-forming capacity. In this study, we compared the capacity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to generate ATP between normal seminal prostasomes and exosomes secreted by PC3 cells (PC3 exosomes), a prostate cancer cell line. Proteomic analyses identified enzymes of the glycolytic chain in both prostasomes and PC3 exosomes, and we found that both of them were capable of generating ATP when supplied with substrates. Notably, the net production of extracellular ATP was low for prostasomes due to a high ATPase activity contrary to an elevated net ATP level for PC3 exosomes because of their low ATPase activity. The uptake of the 2 types of EVs by normal prostate epithelial cells (CRL2221) and prostate cancer cells (PC3) was visualized and measured, demonstrating differential kinetics. Interestingly, this uptake was dependent upon an ongoing glycolytic flux involving extracellular ATP formation by EVs and/or intracellular ATP produced from the recipient cells. We conclude that the internalization of EVs into recipient cells is an energy-requiring process also demanding an active V-ATPase and the capacity of EVs to generate extracellular ATP may play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Göran Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claire Sanchez
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Dubois
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitris Chioureas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro Fonseca
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Ullén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Yachnin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Babiker AA, Ronquist G, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. Overexpression of ecto-protein kinases in prostasomes of metastatic cell origin. Prostate 2006; 66:675-86. [PMID: 16425202 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostasomes are secretory granules produced, stored, and released by the glandular epithelial cells of the prostate. They express numerous enzymes whose physiological roles have so far not been fully evaluated. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of prostasomal protein kinases and ATPase. METHODS The protein kinase activities of prostasomes isolated from seminal fluid and malignant prostate cell lines (PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP) were investigated using the model phosphorylation substrates histone and casein, as well as the plasma proteins C3 and fibrinogen, in combination with specific protein kinase inhibitors. The prostasomal ATPase activity was also evaluated. The expression of protein kinases and ATPase on prostasomes was verified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Prostasomes (intact or solubilized with octylglucoside or saponin) from prostate cancer cells had higher expression of protein kinases A, C, and casein kinase II compared to prostasomes isolated from seminal plasma, resulting in higher phosphorylation of both exogenous and endogenous substrates. Using intact prostasomes, it was found that prostasomes of metastatic origin had lower ATPase activity, resulting in higher residual ATP available for the phosphorylation reaction. Finally, complement component C3 and fibrinogen (two proteins whose activities are modulated by phosphorylation) were identified as physiologically relevant phosphorylation substrates. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that prostasomes are capable of modifying proteins possibly involved in the innate response by extracellular phosphorylation mediated by ecto-kinases. This is a novel mechanism by which prostatic malignant cells may interact with their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil A Babiker
- Department of Oncology, Radiology, and Clinical Immunology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hatta Y, Itoh T, Baba M, Miyajima T, Shimojima H, Sawada U, Horie T. Purging in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC). Leuk Res 2002; 26:477-82. [PMID: 11916522 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show potent in vitro purging induced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for leukemic cells. The treatment of murine L1210 leukemic cells with 2mM of ATP in vitro for 3h was able to reduce the number of leukemic clonogenic cells by about one order of magnitude presumably by changing the permeability of the leukemic cell membrane. Furthermore, the incubation of L1210 cells with ATP (2mM) and low dose 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC, 2 microg/ml) for 3h resulted in at least a four-log reduction of clonogenic L1210 cells. Only a slight degree of toxicity to pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) was observed in both treatment protocols. To determine the efficacy of pharmacological purging by ATP, we designed a murine system to mimic the conditions expected in the clinical setting of autologous transplantation using simulated partial remission marrow (SPRM) which was prepared by mixing normal marrow cells and L1210 cells at a ratio of 9:1. After the SPRM cells were incubated in vitro at a concentration of 1 x 10(6)/ml with both ATP (2mM) and low dose 4-HC (2 microg/ml) for 3h, 5 x 10(4) of the cells were then injected into lethally irradiated 9 weeks male BDF1 mice. All the mice given untreated-SPRM died of leukemia by day 27, whereas none of the recipients transplanted treated-grafts had died by day 70, thus suggesting that the combination use of ATP and 4-HC may be a potentially effective way to purge leukemic cells in autologous stem cell transplantation. The mechanism of the selective killing of leukemic cells is assumed that 4-HC is effectively incorporated into leukemic cells by increasing the permeability of the cell membrane by ATP. Taken together, this simple and rapid procedure is able to purge leukemic cells from autologous bone marrow grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hatta
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zimmermann H. Biochemistry, localization and functional roles of ecto-nucleotidases in the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 1996; 49:589-618. [PMID: 8912394 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(96)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, UTP or the diadenosine polyphosphates and possibly even NAD+ are extracellular signaling substances in the brain and in other tissues. Enzymes located on the cell surface catalyze the hydrolysis of these compounds and thus limit their spatio-temporal activity. As a final hydrolysis product they generate the nucleoside and phosphate. The paper discusses the biochemical properties, cellular localization and functional properties of surface-located enzymes that hydrolyse nucleotides released from nervous tissue. This is preceded by a brief discussion of nucleotide receptors, cellular storage and mechanisms of nucleotide release. In nervous tissue nucleoside 5'-triphosphates are hydrolysed by ecto-ATP-diphosphohydrolase and possibly in addition also by ecto-nucleoside triphosphatase and ecto-nucleoside diphosphatase. The molecular identity of the ATP-diphosphohydrolase has now been revealed. The hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates is catalysed by 5'-nucleotidase whose biochemical properties and molecular structure have been studied in detail. Little is known about the molecular properties of the diadenosine polyphosphatases. Surface located enzymes for the extracellular hydrolysis of NAD+ and also ecto-protein kinases are discussed briefly. The cellular localization of the ecto-nucleotidases is only partly defined. Whereas in adult mammalian brain activity for hydrolysis of ATP and ADP may be associated with nerve cells or glial cells 5'-nucleotidase appears to have a preferential glial allocation in the adult mammal. The extracellular hydrolysis of the nucleotides is of functional importance not only during synaptic transmission where it functions in signal elimination. It plays a crucial role also for the survival and differentiation of neural cells in vitro and presumably during neuronal development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zimmermann
- Biozentrum der J.W Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Ecto-ATPases are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. They hydrolyze extracellular nucleoside tri- and/or diphosphates, and, when isolated, they exhibit E-type ATPase activity, (that is, the activity is dependent on Ca2+ or Mg2+, and it is insensitive to specific inhibitors of P-type, F-type, and V-type ATPases; in addition, several nucleotide tri- and/or diphosphates are hydrolysed, but nucleoside monophosphates and nonnucleoside phosphates are not substrates). Ecto-ATPases are glycoproteins; they do not form a phosphorylated intermediate during the catalytic cycle; they seem to have an extremely high turnover number; and they present specific experimental problems during solubilization and purification. The T-tubule Mg2+-ATPase belongs to this group of enzymes, which may serve at least two major roles: they terminate ATP/ADP-induced signal transduction and participate in adenosine recycling. Several other functions have been discussed and identity to certain cell adhesion molecules and the bile acid transport protein was suggested on the basis of cDNA clone isolation and immunological work.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Plesner
- Department of Biophysics, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Knowles AF. Differential expression of ectoMg2+-ATPase and ectoCa2+-ATPase activities in human hepatoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 263:264-71. [PMID: 2837148 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A human hepatoma cell line (Li-7A) possesses ectoATPase activity which is activated by either Mg2+ or Ca2+. Both ectoMg2+-ATPase and ectoCa2+-ATPase hydrolyze other nucleoside triphosphates, are inactive with ADP and AMP, and are inhibited by both p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate (pCMPS) and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. Different Km values for ATP and pH curves are obtained for ectoMg2+-ATPase and ectoCa2+-ATPase. The specific activities of the two ATPases remain relatively constant through several days of cell growth after an initial decrease. In contrast, the specific activities of the two ATPases, especially the ectoCa2+-ATPase, increases continuously in Li-7A cells cultured in the presence of EGF, cholera toxin, and hydrocortisone. The ATPases of the factor-treated cells are also indiscriminate with respect to nucleoside triphosphate substrates; however, the kinetic constants for substrates are altered when compared to that of the untreated cells. Most strikingly, the sensitivity to inhibitors is greatly reduced. It is concluded that the long-term effect of EGF, cholera toxin, and hydrocortisone on the Li-7A cells is the induction or activation of a new or minor component of the ectoATPases, which is preferentially activated by Ca2+ and insensitive to pCMPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Knowles
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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9
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Enhanced myocardial protection with high-energy phosphates in St. Thomas’ Hospital cardioplegic solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(19)36419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nagy AK, Shuster TA, Delgado-Escueta AV. Ecto-ATPase of mammalian synaptosomes: identification and enzymic characterization. J Neurochem 1986; 47:976-86. [PMID: 2942643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intact synaptosomes isolated from mammalian brain tissues (rat, mouse, gerbil, and human) have an ATP hydrolyzing enzyme activity on their external surface. The synaptosomal ecto-ATPase(s) possesses characteristics consistent with those that have been described for ecto-ATPases of various other cell types. The enzyme has a high affinity for ATP (the apparent Km values are in the range of 2-5 X 10(-5) M), and is apparently stimulated equally well by either Mg2+ or Ca2+ in the absence of any other cations. The apparent activation constant for both divalent cations is approximately 4 X 10(-4) M in all mammalian brain tissues studied. The involvement of a non-specific phosphatase in the hydrolysis of externally added ATP is excluded. ATP hydrolysis is maximal in the pH range 7.4-7.8 for both divalent cation-dependent ATPase activities. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and p-chloromercuribenzoate (50 microM) inhibit the ecto-ATPase, whereas ouabain (1 mM) and oligomycin (3.5 micrograms X mg-1 protein) show little or no inhibition of this enzyme activity. Inhibitor data suggest that the Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent ecto-ATPase may represent two different enzymes on the surface of synaptosomes.
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Nagy A. Enzymatic Characteristics and Possible Role of Synaptosomal Ecto-Adenosine Triphosphatase from Mammalian Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70664-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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12
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Abstract
An attempt is made to survey ATPases with respect to features common to all or some of them and features peculiar to each individual enzyme of the group. Clues are presented for a tentative classification of ATPases and a simple system is suggested for the designation of interaction of ATPases with ions which is often used as the main feature of identification of individual ATPases.
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13
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Ronquist G, Agren G, Nilsson K. Autophosphorylation at the outer surface of different human cells in culture. Ups J Med Sci 1981; 86:137-42. [PMID: 6459669 DOI: 10.3109/03009738109179221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Mårdh S, Vega F. Kinetics of a nucleotide pyrophosphatase in the plasma membrane of the fat cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 601:524-31. [PMID: 6448072 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fat cells from rat and rabbit hydrolyzed externally applied adenosine triphosphate at a rate of about 1.8 nmol times mg(-1) cells times min(-1) corresponding to about 0.3 mumol times mg(-1) protein tinus min(-1). Similar activities were found in cell homogenates. In purified adipocyte plasma membranes the rate of hydrolysis was about 1.8 mumol times mg(-1) protein times min(-1). The hydrolytic activity was dependent on divalent metal ions. Mg(2+), Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) gave highest activities. The activity was maximal at about equimolar concentrations of M(2+) and ATP. Km for MgATP was about 0.23 mM and for CaATP about 0.36 mM. Combinations of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), or of Mg(2+), Na(+) and K(+) gave similar activities as did Mg(2+) only. At concentrations of 1 mM the following nucleotides were hydrolyzed with a decreasing rate: ATP > ITP > GTP > UTP = CTP. In isolated fat cells the beta-adrenergic drug isoproterenol and insulin slightly increased the rate of hydrolysis of external ATP, while the alpha-effector clonidine was inhibitory. The results suggest that a major portion of the ATP hydrolytic activity of the fat cell plasma membrane represents a nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity with access to externally applied ATP.
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15
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Chow YM, Gutmann HR. Characteristics of the nucleotide phosphohydrolases of hamster embryo cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 204:318-25. [PMID: 6252847 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Schneider RP, Beaudreau GS. Characterization of the adenosine triphosphatase of avian myeloblastosis virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 196:475-83. [PMID: 225998 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Kuhlmann J, Erdmann E, Rietbrock N. Distribution of cardiac glycosides in heart and brain of dogs and their affinity to the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1979; 307:65-71. [PMID: 225683 DOI: 10.1007/bf00506553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Grinnell F. Cellular adhesiveness and extracellular substrata. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1978; 53:65-144. [PMID: 208994 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chakravarty N, Echetebu Z. Plasma membrane adenosine triphosphatases in rat peritoneal mast cells and macrophages--the relation of the mast cell enzyme to histamine release. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:1561-9. [PMID: 81056 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vorbrodt A, Konwinski M, Solter D, Koprowski H. Ultrastructural cytochemistry of membrane-bound phosphatases in preimplantation mouse embryos. Dev Biol 1977; 55:117-34. [PMID: 188705 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Hamprecht B. Structural, electrophysiological, biochemical, and pharmacological properties of neuroblastoma-glioma cell hybrids in cell culture. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1977; 49:99-170. [PMID: 16829 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Ronquist G, Agren G, Ponten J, Westermark B. Alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport into human glia and glioma cells in culture. J Cell Physiol 1976; 89:433-9. [PMID: 977662 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040890309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The AIB transport into human glia and glioma cells in culture has been studied. Because of the high affinity of AIB to the plastic culture dishes, a special washing technique had to be developed. With this technique, it was possible to perform transport experiments in a single plate containing about one million cells. The cells were viable, intact and adhered to the supporting medium throughout the experiment. The AIB transport into both types of cells was Na+-dependent and showed saturation kinetics when the small component of the transport due to diffusion had been subtracted. The AIB transport capacity of neoplastic glioma cells was 3.6 times higher than that of glia cells. This difference was related to the Vmax-values for the two types of cells. The apparent Km-values were the same. Inhibition experiments with other amino acids support the view that AIB is transported via System A in both glia and glioma cells. Sulfhydryl reagents (ethacrynic acid and NEM) and cytochalasin B clearly inhibited the AIB transport into glia cells whereas the effect on glioma cells was minimal.
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Agren G, Nilsson K, Ronquist G. Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase at the outer surface of human peripheral lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines. Correlation between enzyme activity and immunoglobulin secretion. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1976; 98:67-73. [PMID: 135477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1976.tb00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent ATPase at the outer surface of human peripheral lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines has been studied. The enzyme activity varied about 60 fold between the extremes of the cell lines tested. There was no simple relationship between surface-ATPase activity and cell surface area. Nor was the presence of villi or any other morphological characteristic at the cell surface decisive for the degree of surface-ATPase activity. A correlation was, however, found between the ATPase activity and a phenomenon probably involving a contractile process namely immunoglobulin secretion, but it was not possible to establish an interdependence of these cell characteristics.
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Abstract
A model for biological membranes is proposed according to which the plasma membrane consists of two functionally different polar-nonpolar-polar leaflets separated by a polar space. The binding of water-soluble proteins, integral lipoproteins and spanning proteins to a biological membrane as well as possible conformations of interphase peptides partitioned between polar and nonpolar layers are discussed. A model for the diffusion of water soluble proteins across nonpolar layers of a membrane is described. Three complete biological membranes containing two leaflets and an inter-leaflet space are defined. These are: 1: The inner nuclear membrane + the perinuclear space and the endoplasmatic cisternae + the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmatic reticulum, 2: the innner mitochondrial membrane + the mitochondrial intermembraneous space + the outer mitochondrial membrane and 3: the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane + an intramembraneous space in the plasma membrane + the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
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Mahrle G, Orfanos CE. Ultrastructural localization and differentiation of membrane-bound ATP utilizing enzymes including adenyl cyclase in normal and psoriatic epidermis. Br J Dermatol 1975; 93:495-507. [PMID: 173385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb02242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The total membrane-bound ATP hydrolytic activity in human epidermis is due to the activities of at least three differently located enzymes, namely Mg++-activated ATPase, phosphomonoesterase and adenyl cyclase. Cytochemical studies on psoriatic epidermis with various inhibitory and stimulatory substances showed reduced activities of ATPase and phosphomonoesterase, and a lack of sensitivity of adenyl cyclase to specific stimulators such as isoproterenol and glucagon. Since no differences of basal adenyl cyclase activity were observed between normal and psoriatic human skin without stimulation, it seems likely that in psoriasis a latent defect of adenyl cyclase may exist, resulting in a deficient response of this enzyme to regulatory agents. In conclusion, the present study reveals that not a single enzyme but the entire membrane-bound nucleotide metabolism is altered in psoriatic keratinocytes, causing a disturbance of the membrane-bound energy utilization, similar to findings in proliferating tumour cells.
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Ledig M, Ciesielski-Treska J, Cam Y, Montagnon D, Mandel P. ATPase activity of neuroblastoma cells in culture. J Neurochem 1975; 25:635-40. [PMID: 471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb04380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Agren G, Ronquist G. On the availability of certain metabolites at the outer surface of normal and malignant cells for the membranous de novo synthesis of ATP and other nucleotides. Ups J Med Sci 1975; 80:1-4. [PMID: 1145898 DOI: 10.3109/03009737509178980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of ATP at the cell surface of intact glia and glioma cells in culture has been established. The ATP-forming capacity at the surface of the malignant cells was several times greater than that of the normal glia cells. The ATP-forming capacity was about the same on reincubation one hour after the first incubation. The cells were kept in Eagle's medium in the meantime. ADP, NAD+ and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde could all be available from a postulated intramembranous metabolic pool and take part in biochemical reactions at the cell surface, provided that albumin was not present in the incubation medium. An incubation medium which was complete except for 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde was only slightly less effective as regards ATP formation at the surface of both glia and glioma cells, compared with the complete incubation medium. The presence of nucleoside diphosphate kinase at the glioma cell surface was confirmed. When intact cells were incubated with only the phosphoryl group donor (ATP) of the reaction but with the acceptor nucleoside diphosphates (CDP, GDP, UDP) ommitted, only CTP and GTP were formed. No UTP was found. Thes latter results indicate that both CDP and GDP are available from the postulated intramembranous metabolic pool, while UDP is not.
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Stefanovic V, Ciesielski-Treska J, Ebel A, Mandel P. Nucleoside triphosphatase activity at the external surface of neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res 1974; 81:427-41. [PMID: 4279724 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Agren G, Ronquist G. (32-P) Phosphoryl transfer by endogenous protein kinase at the glia and glioma cell surface in culture into extrinsic acceptor proteins. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1974; 92:430-2. [PMID: 4375932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Mandel P, Stefanovic V, Ciesielski-Treska J, Ebel A. ATPase activity at the cell surface of astroglia in culture. FEBS Lett 1974; 45:337-9. [PMID: 4278005 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Solheid C, Palladini G. Morphological changes induced by ouabain in normal and neoplastic human glia in monolayer culture. Acta Neuropathol 1974; 28:253-60. [PMID: 4372849 DOI: 10.1007/bf00719030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kinzel V, Mueller GC. Phosphorylation of surface proteins of HeLa cells using an exogenous protein kinase and (gamma-32P)ATP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 322:337-51. [PMID: 4358086 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(73)90309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Clarke GD, Smith C. The response of normal and polyoma virus-transformed BHK-21 cells to exogenous purines. J Cell Physiol 1973; 81:125-31. [PMID: 4346697 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040810115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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