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Karim N, Lin LW, Van Eenennaam JP, Fangue NA, Schreier AD, Phillips MA, Rice RH. Epidermal cell cultures from white and green sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus and medirostris): Expression of TGM1-like transglutaminases and CYP4501A. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265218. [PMID: 35294467 PMCID: PMC8926185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a system optimized for propagating human keratinocytes, culture of skin samples from white and green sturgeons generated epithelial cells capable of making cross-linked protein envelopes. Two distinct forms of TGM1-like mRNA were molecularly cloned from the cells of white sturgeon and detected in green sturgeon cells, accounting for their cellular envelope forming ability. The protein translated from each displayed a cluster of cysteine residues resembling the membrane anchorage region expressed in epidermal cells of teleosts and tetrapods. One of the two mRNA forms (called A) was present at considerably higher levels than the other (called B) in both species. Continuous lines of white sturgeon epidermal cells were established and characterized. Size measurements indicated that a substantial fraction of the cells became enlarged, appearing similar to squames in human epidermal keratinocyte cultures. The cultures also expressed CYP1A, a cytochrome P450 enzyme inducible by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 in fish. The cells gradually improved in growth rate over a dozen passages while retaining envelope forming ability, TGM1 expression and CYP1A inducibility. These cell lines are thus potential models for studying evolution of fish epidermis leading to terrestrial adaptation and for testing sturgeon sensitivity to environmental stresses such as pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lo-Wei Lin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joel P. Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nann A. Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea D. Schreier
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Marjorie A. Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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2
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Identification of Chicken Transglutaminase 1 and In Situ Localization of Transglutaminase Activity in Avian Skin and Esophagus. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101565. [PMID: 34680960 PMCID: PMC8535770 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) is a membrane-anchored enzyme that cross-links proteins during terminal differentiation of epidermal and esophageal keratinocytes in mammals. The current genome assembly of the chicken, which is a major model for avian skin biology, does not include an annotated region corresponding to TGM1. To close this gap of knowledge about the genetic control of avian cornification, we analyzed RNA-sequencing reads from organotypic chicken skin and identified TGM1 mRNA. By RT-PCR, we demonstrated that TGM1 is expressed in the skin and esophagus of chickens. The cysteine-rich sequence motif required for palmitoylation and membrane anchorage is conserved in the chicken TGM1 protein, and differentiated chicken keratinocytes display membrane-associated transglutaminase activity. Expression of TGM1 and prominent transglutaminase activity in the esophageal epithelium was also demonstrated in the zebra finch. Altogether, the results of this study indicate that TGM1 is conserved among birds and suggest that chicken keratinocytes may be a useful model for the study of TGM1 in non-mammalian cornification.
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Londono R, Badylak SF. Regenerative Medicine Strategies for Esophageal Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:393-410. [PMID: 25813694 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathologies that involve the structure and/or function of the esophagus can be life-threatening. The esophagus is a complex organ comprising nonredundant tissue that does not have the ability to regenerate. Currently available interventions for esophageal pathology have limited success and are typically associated with significant morbidity. Hence, there is currently an unmet clinical need for effective methods of esophageal repair. The present article presents a review of esophageal disease along with the anatomic and functional consequences of each pathologic process, the shortcomings associated with currently available therapies, and the latest advancements in the field of regenerative medicine with respect to strategies for esophageal repair from benchtop to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Londono
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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4
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Zhao X, Zhao Q, Luo Z, Yu Y, Xiao N, Sun X, Cheng L. Spontaneous immortalization of mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:617-24. [PMID: 25585915 PMCID: PMC4314414 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous immortalization of cells in vitro is a rare event requiring genomic instability, such as alterations in chromosomes and mutations in genes. In the present study, we report a spontaneously immortalized liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) line generated from mouse liver. These immortalized LSECs showed typical LSEC characteristics with the structure of transcellular fenestrations, the expression of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and the ability to uptake DiI-acetylated-low density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL). However, these immortalized LSECs lost the ability to form capillary-like structures, and showed clonal and multilayer growth without contact inhibition. Moreover, their proliferation rate increased with the increase in the number of passages. In addition, these cells obained the expression of CD31 and desmin, and showed an upregulation of p53 protein expression; however, their karyotype was normal, and they could not form colonies in soft agar or tumors in SCID mice. In conclusion, in the present study, we successfully established a spontaneously immortalized LSEC line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Na Xiao
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Lamei Cheng
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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5
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Gardell AM, Qin Q, Rice RH, Li J, Kültz D. Derivation and osmotolerance characterization of three immortalized tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95919. [PMID: 24797371 PMCID: PMC4010420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish cell cultures are becoming more widely used models for investigating molecular mechanisms of physiological response to environmental challenge. In this study, we derived two immortalized Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) cell lines from brain (OmB) and lip epithelium (OmL), and compared them to a previously immortalized bulbus arteriosus (TmB) cell line. The OmB and OmL cell lines were generated without or with Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor/3T3 feeder layer supplementation. Although both approaches were successful, ROCK inhibitor/feeder layer supplementation was found to offer the advantages of selecting for epithelial-like cell type and decreasing time to immortalization. After immortalization (≥ passage 5), we characterized the proteomes of the newly derived cell lines (OmB and OmL) using LCMS and identified several unique cell markers for each line. Subsequently, osmotolerance for each of the three cell lines following acute exposure to elevated sodium chloride was evaluated. The acute maximum osmotolerance of these tilapia cell lines (>700 mOsm/kg) was markedly higher than that of any other known vertebrate cell line, but was significantly higher in the epithelial-like OmL cell line. To validate the physiological relevance of these tilapia cell lines, we quantified the effects of acute hyperosmotic challenge (450 mOsm/kg and 700 mOsm/kg) on the transcriptional regulation of two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the compatible organic osmolyte, myo-inositol. Both enzymes were found to be robustly upregulated in all three tilapia cell lines. Therefore, the newly established tilapia cells lines represent valuable tools for studying molecular mechanisms involved in the osmotic stress response of euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Gardell
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Johnathan Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Phillips MA, Jessen BA, Lu Y, Qin Q, Stevens ME, Rice RH. A distal region of the human TGM1 promoter is required for expression in transgenic mice and cultured keratinocytes. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2004; 4:2. [PMID: 15061870 PMCID: PMC416661 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2003] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background TGM1(transglutaminase 1) is an enzyme that crosslinks the cornified envelope of mature keratinocytes. Appropriate expression of the TGM1 gene is crucial for proper keratinocyte function as inactivating mutations lead to the debilitating skin disease, lamellar ichthyosis. TGM1 is also expressed in squamous metaplasia, a consequence in some epithelia of vitamin A deficiency or toxic insult that can lead to neoplasia. An understanding of the regulation of this gene in normal and abnormal differentiation states may contribute to better disease diagnosis and treatment. Methods In vivo requirements for expression of the TGM1 gene were studied by fusing various lengths of promoter DNA to a reporter and injecting the DNA into mouse embryos to generate transgenic animals. Expression of the reporter was ascertained by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Further delineation of a transcriptionally important distal region was determined by transfections of progressively shortened or mutated promoter DNA into cultured keratinocytes. Results In vivo analysis of a reporter transgene driven by the TGM1 promoter revealed that 1.6 kilobases, but not 1.1 kilobases, of DNA was sufficient to confer tissue-specific and cell layer-specific expression. This same region was responsible for reporter expression in tissues undergoing squamous metaplasia as a response to vitamin A deprivation. Mutation of a distal promoter AP1 site or proximal promoter CRE site, both identified as important transcriptional elements in transfection assays, did not prevent appropriate expression. Further searching for transcriptional elements using electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and transfection assays in cultured keratinocytes identified two Sp1 elements in a transcriptionally active region between -1.6 and -1.4 kilobases. While mutation of either Sp1 site or the AP1 site singly had only a small effect, mutation of all three sites eliminated nearly all the transcriptional activity. Conclusions A distal region of the TGM1 gene promoter, containing AP1 and Sp1 binding sites, is evolutionarily conserved and responsible for high level expression in transgenic mice and in transfected keratinocyte cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588 USA
| | - Bart A Jessen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588 USA
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588 USA
| | | | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588 USA
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Monk SA, Denison MS, Rice RH. Reversible stepwise negative regulation of CYP1A1 in cultured rat epidermal cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 419:158-69. [PMID: 14592459 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When serially passaged, rat epidermal keratinocytes lose the inducibility of CYP1A1 gene expression in response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. In present experiments, loss of CYP1A1 inducibility occurred in a stepwise fashion, with some keratinocyte lines progressing through a transiently inducible state before becoming completely uninducible. The negative regulation occurred at the level of transcription, but the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway appeared fully functional. Transient and stable transfection of uninducible cells with reporter constructs containing up to 4.2kb of the CYP1A1 5'-flanking region resulted in a TCDD-inducible increase in luciferase activity, despite no induction of the endogenous gene. Co-treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors and TCDD restored responsiveness of the endogenous CYP1A1 gene, indicating that the negative regulation was reversible and likely mediated by a labile protein. Together, these results demonstrate a novel mechanism of CYP1A1 transcriptional repression that does not involve any previously reported negative regulatory elements for CYP1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Monk
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
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8
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Nagy SR, Denison MS. Specificity of nuclear protein binding to a CYP1A1 negative regulatory element. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:799-805. [PMID: 12200118 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of rat epidermal keratinocytes lose the ability to respond to chemicals with the induction of CYP1A1 gene expression after approximately 15 passages. This repression is mediated by a CT-rich direct repeat negative regulatory DNA (NeRD) element present in the upstream regulatory region of the CYP1A1 gene. Competitive gel retardation analysis using keratinocyte nuclear extracts and mutant NeRD oligonucleotides revealed the presence of two specific protein-NeRD complexes and revealed the specific nucleotides important for the formation of each complex. These studies demonstrate that these two factors bind to overlapping sites within the NeRD element. Nucleotide specificity of complex A formation is similar to that of previously identified nuclear silencing factors, while that of complex B appears to represent a unique CT-rich binding factor. These results suggest that repression of CYP1A1 gene expression in high passage keratinocytes may involve the interplay between at least two specific NeRD binding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Nagy
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
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9
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Monk SA, Denison MS, Rice RH. Transient expression of CYP1A1 in rat epithelial cells cultured in suspension. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 393:154-62. [PMID: 11516172 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suspension of human epidermal cells in methylcellulose-containing medium induces CYP1A1 by a mechanism requiring functional Ah receptor (AhR). In present work CYP1A1 mRNA was induced in a variety of cultured rat epithelial cells by suspension, but the induction was transient, with CYP1A1 mRNA reaching maximal levels by 5 h and disappearing by 12 h. Though the methylcellulose itself contained no detectable ligand, (a) suspension activated the AhR, as judged by mobility shift assays, (b) the AhR competitive inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone inhibited suspension-mediated induction, and (c) induction was dependent upon dioxin responsive transcriptional elements in the CYP1A1 promoter. The rapid disappearance of CYP1A1 mRNA after 5 h of suspension was unaffected by the addition of TCDD but was prevented by the inclusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Thus the downregulation appears to be mediated by a novel short-lived protein induced or activated by suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Monk
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8588, USA
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10
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Jessen BA, Qin Q, Rice RH. Functional AP1 and CRE response elements in the human keratinocyte transglutaminase promoter mediating Whn suppression. Gene 2000; 254:77-85. [PMID: 10974538 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1) is critical for maturation of mammalian epidermis and occurs during squamous metaplasia. Examination of the TGM1 5'-flanking region in transient transfections of human epidermal cells revealed an AP1 site approximately 1.5kb upstream from the transcription start site and a CRE site approximately 0.5kb upstream that, combined, accounted for as much as 90% of the transcriptional activity. Upon incubation with nuclear extract, three electrophoretically separable protein complexes were formed by a CRE site oligonucleotide, one of which was competed by an AP1 response element. In super-shift analysis, c-Jun and JunD formed complexes with both the AP1 and CRE sequences. The AP1 and CRE sites were found to mediate the suppressive effects of the Whn transcription factor on the activity of the TGM1 promoter. Similarly, two previously described AP1 sites mediated Whn suppression of involucrin promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Jessen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
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11
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Chun HS, Kuzmicky PA, Kado NY, Rice RH. Toxicity of Trp-P-2 to cultured human and rat keratinocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 127:237-53. [PMID: 10967320 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes cultured from human and rat epidermis exhibited strongly divergent sensitivities to toxicity from the heterocyclic amine food mutagen Trp-P-2. To find a biochemical basis for this difference, the cultured cells were compared in their expression of phase 1 and 2 biotransformation activities, mutagenic activation and macromolecular adducts. The human and early passage rat cells expressed similar levels of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and N-acetyl transferase activities, their microsomes were similarly active in inducing bacterial mutagenesis when incubated with Trp-P-2, and the keratinocytes accumulated similar levels of DNA adducts over a 4-day treatment period. However, the human cells expressed an order of magnitude higher cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity than the rat cells, likely providing enhanced protection. Late passage rat epidermal cells were insensitive to Trp-P-2 toxicity, attributable to their rapid loss of measured cytochrome P450 activity. Rat esophageal and fore-stomach epithelial cells resembled late passage rat epidermal cells in their lack of sensitivity to Trp-P-2 toxicity and lack of P450 activity. Human esophageal epithelial cells expressed substantial P450 activity but, in contrast to human epidermal cells, were sensitive to Trp-P-2 toxicity. Thus keratinocytes provide a valuable system in which to examine the basis for species- and tissue-specific differences in toxicity from this carcinogenic heterocyclic amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chun
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
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Walsh AA, Tullis K, Rice RH, Denison MS. Identification of a novel cis-acting negative regulatory element affecting expression of the CYP1A1 gene in rat epidermal cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:22746-53. [PMID: 8798449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.37.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene are toxic to rat epidermal cells in low passages (3 to 6), but cultures of high passage (>/=15) are resistant. Since such compounds can be metabolically activated by cytochrome P4501A1, we have examined the regulation of this gene in low and high passage cells. Consistent with this difference, little or no 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-inducible P4501A1 mRNA or enzyme activity was observed in high passage as compared to low passage cultures. Similarly, transfection of a luciferase reporter construct containing -1317 to +256 base pairs of the 5'-flanking region of the murine CYP1A1 gene was TCDD-inducible in low but not high passage cells. Ligand binding and transfection experiments demonstrated the presence of functional Ah receptor complexes in both high and low passage cells. Deletion analysis identified a 26-base pair negative regulatory DNA (NeRD) element contained within the upstream regulatory region of the CYP1A1 gene responsible for this effect. Nuclear extracts from both low and high passage cells contain a protein which specifically binds to NeRD-containing DNA. Thus, the loss of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sensitivity in high passage rat epidermal cells appears to be due to decreased expression of CYP1A1, and this effect may be mediated by an altered NeRD binding factor(s) present in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Walsh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8588, USA
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13
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Mariniello L, Qin Q, Jessen BA, Rice RH. Keratinocyte transglutaminase promoter analysis. Identification of a functional response element. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31358-63. [PMID: 8537408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte transglutaminase catalyzes isopeptide bond formation to yield the highly insoluble cross-linked envelope during terminal differentiation of epidermal cells. Transcriptional response elements were identified in the 5'-flanking DNA of the gene for this enzyme by a combination of transient transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift analyses. Since human keratinocytes transcribed ineffectively transfected transglutaminase flanking DNA, a key feature of these experiments was the use of rat bladder epithelial cells as recipients. Serial deletion experiments identified by transient transfection an important response region containing three putative AP2-like response elements approximately 0.5 kilobases from the transcription initiation site. Oligonucleotides, each containing a single one of the elements, formed specific complexes with keratinocyte nuclear proteins. Two of the response elements were found to be functional by transfection in site-specific deletion experiments. Of these one formed specific DNA-protein complexes with nuclear proteins only from cells exhibiting keratinocyte differentiation. UV cross-linking experiments estimated the protein component of the complex to be approximately 85 kDa. This response element alone increased substantially the transcription of a minimal transglutaminase promoter in transient transfections. Further characterization of the putative transcription factor binding to this response element may provide insight into the regulation of keratinocyte transglutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mariniello
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616-8588, USA
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14
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Fukamachi H, Ichinose M, Tsukada S, Kurokawa K, Shiokawa K, Miki K, Takeuchi S. Growth of fetal rat gastro-intestinal epithelial cells is region-specifically controlled by growth factors and substrata in primary culture. Dev Growth Differ 1995. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1995.00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rice RH, Steinmann KE, deGraffenried LA, Qin Q, Taylor N, Schlegel R. Elevation of cell cycle control proteins during spontaneous immortalization of human keratinocytes. Mol Biol Cell 1993; 4:185-94. [PMID: 8443416 PMCID: PMC300914 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.4.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A human line of spontaneously immortalized keratinocytes (SIK cells) has been derived from ostensibly normal epidermis and has proven useful in dissecting molecular changes associated with immortalization. The original cultures had a normal karyotype and a colony forming efficiency of approximately 3% through 10 passages. At passage 15, after which normal strains ordinarily senesce, these cells continued vigorous growth and gradually increased in colony forming efficiency, stabilizing at approximately 30% by passage 40. During the early stage of increasing colony forming efficiency, the cells acquired a single i(6p) chromosomal aberration and 5- to 10-fold increases in expression of the cell-cycle control proteins cyclin A, cyclin B, and p34cdc2. Additional chromosomal aberrations accumulated at later passages (i(8q) and +7), but the i(6p) and the increased expression of cell-cycle proteins were maintained, raising the possibility that these features were important for immortalization. Regulation of cell growth and differentiation in the cultures appeared minimally altered compared with normal keratinocytes as judged by their microscopic appearance and generation of abortive colonies, sensitivity to growth suppression by transforming growth factor-beta and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, and dependence upon epidermal growth factor for progressive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616-8588
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16
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Abstract
The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the coding regions of human and rat keratinocyte transglutaminases (protein-glutamine: amine gamma-glutamyltransferase; EC 2.3.2.13) have been determined. These yield proteins of approximately 90 kDa that are 92% identical, indicative of the conservation of important structural features. Alignments of amino acid sequences show substantial similarity among the keratinocyte transglutaminase, human clotting factor XIII catalytic subunit, guinea pig liver tissue transglutaminase, and the human erythrocyte band-4.2 protein. The keratinocyte enzyme is most similar to factor XIII, whereas the band-4.2 protein is most similar to the tissue transglutaminase. A salient feature of the keratinocyte transglutaminase is its 105-residue extension beyond the N terminus of the tissue transglutaminase. This extension and the unrelated activation peptide of factor XIII (a 37-residue extension) appear to be added for specialized functions after divergence of the tissue transglutaminase from their common lineage.
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17
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Rice RH, Chakravarty R, Chen J, O'Callahan W, Rubin AL. Keratinocyte transglutaminase: regulation and release. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 231:51-61. [PMID: 2458017 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9042-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R H Rice
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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Parenteau NL, Eckert RL, Rice RH. Primate involucrins: antigenic relatedness and detection of multiple forms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:7571-5. [PMID: 2444982 PMCID: PMC299341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hominoid apes (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon), Old World monkeys (rhesus, cynomolgus), New World monkeys (owl, cebus), and a prosimian (lemur) express involucrin-like proteins in cultured keratinocytes. Primate involucrins can be precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, resolubilized at pH 8, and subsequently retain aqueous solubility in 67% ethanol. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of keratinocyte extracts after this rapid partial purification has revealed in each species tested one (chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon) or two (gorilla, rhesus, owl, cebus) antigenically crossreactive proteins that migrate in the vicinity of human involucrin. In the species examined further (gorilla, chimpanzee, rhesus), poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from the cultures directed the cell-free translation of polypeptides with mobilities similar to those extracted from the cells. From five cynomolgus monkeys, three different electrophoretic profiles were obtained, suggesting the existence of different alleles. Quantitative comparisons by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that certain primate involucrins have a higher density of antigenic determinants than the human protein, whereas others lack some determinant(s). In contrast to those from other species, all of which showed substantial crossreactivity, the lemur protein was minimally immunoreactive by immunoblotting and not clearly detected by solid-phase assay. The electrophoretic and antigenic differences displayed throughout the primate order suggest that this protein has been subject to relatively rapid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Parenteau
- Charles A. Dana Laboratory of Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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Parenteau NL, Pilato A, Rice RH. Induction of keratinocyte type-I transglutaminase in epithelial cells of the rat. Differentiation 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Parenteau NL, Pilato A, Rice RH. Induction of keratinocyte type-I transglutaminase in epithelial cells of the rat. Differentiation 1986; 33:130-41. [PMID: 2436965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1986.tb00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using immunogold-silver techniques, we have demonstrated that, in rats, type-I (keratinocyte) transglutaminase is expressed primarily in stratified squamous epithelia of the integument, the upper digestive tract, and the lower female genital tract. In these epithelia, the enzyme was found to be present predominantly in the granular layer, but was evident at low levels even in the basal layer, especially in the genital tract. No immunoreactivity was detected in glandular, columnar, or transitional epithelia or in soft tissues. However, considerable enzyme antigenicity was observed in the endometrium and in major ducts of the pancreas and mammary glands of near-term pregnant and early postpartum females. In cultures, substantial immunoreactivity was readily identifiable not only in epidermal, vaginal, and esophageal epithelial cells (immunopositive in vivo), but also in urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, and tracheal epithelial cells (immunonegative in vivo). Primary epithelial outgrowths from bladder and seminal vesicle tissue explants were immunopositive, demonstrating rapid adaptation to the culture environment. These results reveal three distinct levels of regulation of transglutaminase expression in various cell types: during the differentiation of keratinocytes, during pregnancy, being evident principally in the endometrium but detectable elsewhere as well, and during the cultivation of certain epithelia which do not normally express the enzyme in vivo. We conclude that type-I transglutaminase may be a valuable marker for elucidating the regulation of normal epithelial differentiation and squamous metaplasia.
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van Blitterswijk CA, Ponec M, van Muijen GN, Wijsman MC, Koerten HK, Grote JJ. Culture and characterization of rat middle-ear epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol 1986; 101:453-66. [PMID: 2425545 DOI: 10.3109/00016488609108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to design a method for the culture of rat middle-ear epithelium and to apply the method to investigate the characteristics of this epithelium. Culture of explants of middle-ear epithelium in the presence of the epidermal growth factor was successful, whereas serial cultivation required 3T3 feeder cells in addition to the epidermal growth factor. Cultured middle-ear epithelium was studied by phase-contrast microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and combined light and scanning electron microscopy (LM/SEM). These techniques showed similarity between the cultured and the natural middle-ear epithelium. Explants and outgrowths showed both flat polygonal and ciliated epithelial cells. In serial cultivation, however, only the first of these cell types was observed. Frequently, a single primary cilium was found on the cell surface. Transmission electron microscopy showed cross-linked envelopes whose formation was promoted by ionophore X537A. Cytokeratin was demonstrated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and immunoperoxidase methods, using an anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibody. The model described here permits study of the differentiation of middle-ear epithelium in vitro and may be of future value for the study of chronic middle-ear diseases.
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Conti CJ, Tasat DR. Regulation of cultured rat vaginal epithelial cells by 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 24:747-51. [PMID: 2422456 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(86)90853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a technique to obtain short-term cultures of epithelial cells from Wistar rat vaginae. In order to improve the efficiency and life span of these cultures, in the present study we have cultured the vaginal cells with lethally irradiated 3T3 cell feeder layers. Under this condition, cells can grow for several weeks while retaining epithelial characteristics and can eventually be subcultured. The proliferative effect of the ovarian hormones in these cultures was studied using two different approaches, [Methyl-3H]Thymidine (3HTdr) incorporation and increase in cell number. Both assays indicated a proliferative effect of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone at physiological concentrations. This proliferative effect was also shown in feeder layer-free cultures, ruling out an indirect effect through the mesodermal cells. The capacity of the hormones to modify terminal differentiation in the culture was also studied, using colony stratification as an indicator of differentiation. Progesterone and fetal calf serum had an inhibitory effect on terminal differentiation, whereas 17 beta-estradiol induced a stimulatory action. This culture model allowed us to show a direct effect of the ovarian hormones on vaginal cells in vitro and seems to be a useful model to study hormone-cell interactions in vitro.
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Wright TC, Nahabedian C. Growth requirements and characterization of rat cervical epithelial cells in culture. J Cell Physiol 1986; 126:10-20. [PMID: 3484743 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041260103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The extended culture of rat cervical epithelial cells can be achieved in the absence of a fibroblast feeder layer by utilizing collagen gels and a complex growth medium. The medium contains a 1:1 mixture of RPMI-1640 and Ham's F12 supplemented with 7.5% porcine serum and epidermal growth factor, cholera toxin, transferrin, insulin, and hydrocortisone. Under these culture conditions the cells show rapid log-phase growth and high saturation densities while retaining the ultrastructural characteristics of immature squamous metaplastic cells of the rat uterine cervix even after extended passage. In a manner similar to epithelial cells from a variety of sources, rat cervical epithelial cells form hemicysts at confluence in vitro when cultured on impermeable substrates. The development of these methods for culturing cervical epithelial cells provides an experimental system for the study of factors important in regulating the growth and differentiation of metaplastic squamous epithelial cells.
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Heimann R, Rice RH, Gross MK, Coe EL. Estrogen receptor expression in serially cultivated rat endometrial cells: stimulation by forskolin and cholera toxin. J Cell Physiol 1985; 123:197-200. [PMID: 2984218 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041230207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serially propagated with 3T3 feeder layer support, epithelial cells derived from normal rat endometrium expressed estrogen receptor activity. Specific binding of 17-beta-estradiol was in the range of 30-60 fmol/mg of protein and was of high affinity (Kd = 0.3 nM). A survey of cell lines derived from several other normal epithelia showed that rat vaginal and human cervical cultures also had high-affinity estrogen receptors (6-13 fmol/mg of protein), while rat epidermal and esophageal cells had no detectable activity. In the endometrial cultures, receptor levels were elevated nearly two- to fourfold by cholera toxin or forskolin in the medium. This effect was detectable after 4 hr but not 1 hr of treatment and did not occur in the presence of cycloheximide. We conclude that serially cultivated rat endometrial cells retain hormonal properties expressed in vivo while exhibiting some keratinocyte character. These cells may provide a useful model for study of receptor modulation.
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Thacher SM, Rice RH. Keratinocyte-specific transglutaminase of cultured human epidermal cells: relation to cross-linked envelope formation and terminal differentiation. Cell 1985; 40:685-95. [PMID: 2578891 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The predominant form of the cross-linking enzyme, transglutaminase, in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes, is found in cell particulate material and can be solubilized by nonionic detergent. It elutes as a single peak upon either anion-exchange or gel-filtration chromatography. Monoclonal antibodies raised to the particulate enzyme cross-react with one of two transglutaminases in the cell cytosol. The second cytosolic transglutaminase, which has distinct kinetic and physical properties from the first, does not cross-react and is not essential for formation of the keratinocyte cross-linked envelope in vitro. The anti-transglutaminase antibodies stain the more differentiated layers of epidermis in a pattern similar to that given by anti-involucrin antiserum. These observations support the hypothesis that the transglutaminase so identified is involved in cross-linked envelope formation in vivo.
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Rice RH, Levine L. Melittin-stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism by cultured malignant human epidermal keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 124:303-7. [PMID: 6208903 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Upon melittin stimulation, cultured SCC-13 keratinocytes release prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, 6-keto-F1 alpha, thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4, and 6-sulfido-peptide-containing leukotrienes (SRS) into serum free medium. Release of prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, and SRS, normalized to cell protein, is 3- to 10-fold higher from rapidly growing than confluent cultures. Cells growing with hydrocortisone in the medium produce approximately twice the level of the cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolites PGE2 and PGF2 alpha as those without hydrocortisone, but similar levels of the lipoxygenase-mediated metabolite SRS. The results demonstrate the potential utility of squamous carcinoma lines for investigating biochemical pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism in keratinocytes.
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