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Tescalcin over-expression increases Keratin 18 and 19 in K562 cells. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.1101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tescalcin (TESC) has been shown to be essential in mammalian cells as a regulator of intracellular Ca2+. Ca2+ is a second messenger functioning in many metabolic pathways as well as in cell differentiation, cell size and the cell cycle. K562 cells over-expressing TESC change their morphology and adopt adherent properties. Considering differences in morphology may have been reflected in changes of the cytoskeleton, we focused on the expression levels of keratins, which are cytoskeletal intermediate filaments in epithelial cells and also expressed in K562. We over-expressed the TESC gene via lentiviral transduction and analyzed keratin 8 (K8), keratin 18 (K18), and keratin 19 (K19) expression.
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2
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Chen JL, Ping YH, Tseng MJ, Chang YI, Lee HC, Hsieh RH, Yeh TS. Notch1-promoted TRPA1 expression in erythroleukemic cells suppresses erythroid but enhances megakaryocyte differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42883. [PMID: 28220825 PMCID: PMC5318885 DOI: 10.1038/srep42883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch1 pathway plays important roles in modulating erythroid and megakaryocyte differentiation. To screen the Notch1-related genes that regulate differentiation fate of K562 and HEL cells, the expression of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) was induced by Notch1 receptor intracellular domain (N1IC), the activated form of Notch1 receptor. N1IC and v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (Ets-1) bound to TRPA1 promoter region to regulate transcription in K562 cells. Transactivation of TRPA1 promoter by N1IC depended on the methylation status of TRPA1 promoter. N1IC and Ets-1 suppressed the DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) level in K562 cells. Inhibition of TRPA1 expression after Notch1 knockdown could be attenuated by nanaomycin A, an inhibitor of DNMT3B, in K562 and HEL cells. Functionally, hemin-induced erythroid differentiation could be suppressed by TRPA1, and the reduction of erythroid differentiation of both cells by N1IC and Ets-1 occurred via TRPA1. However, PMA-induced megakaryocyte differentiation could be enhanced by TRPA1, and the surface markers of megakaryocytes could be elevated by nanaomycin A. Megakaryocyte differentiation could be reduced by Notch1 or Ets-1 knockdown and relieved by TRPA1 overexpression. The results suggest that Notch1 and TRPA1 might be critical modulators that control the fate of erythroid and megakaryocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lin Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsin Ping
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jen Tseng
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-I Chang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Hong Hsieh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shun Yeh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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3
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Cheong SK, Chin SF, Azizon O, Ainoon O, Hamidah N. Unexpected Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA) and Cytokeratin Expression in a Case of Infantile Acute Monoblastic Leukaemia. Hematology 2016; 1:223-5. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1996.11746308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S-K. Cheong
- Haematology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
| | - S-F. Chin
- Haematology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
| | - O. Azizon
- Haematology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
| | - O. Ainoon
- Haematology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
| | - N.H. Hamidah
- Haematology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
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4
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From plasminogen to plasmin: role of plasminogen receptors in human cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21229-52. [PMID: 25407528 PMCID: PMC4264222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface-associated proteolysis mediated by plasmin (PLA) is an essential feature of wound healing, angiogenesis and cell invasion, processes that are dysregulated in cancer development, progression and systemic spread. The generation of PLA, initiated by the binding of its precursor plasminogen (PLG) to the cell surface, is regulated by an array of activators, inhibitors and receptors. In this review, we will highlight the importance of the best-characterized components of the PLG/PLA cascade in the pathogenesis of cancer focusing on the role of the cell surface-PLG receptors (PLG-R). PLG-R overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients and resistance to chemotherapy. We will also discuss recent findings on the molecular mechanisms regulating cell surface expression and distribution of PLG-R.
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Franke WW, Rickelt S. Mesenchymal-epithelial transitions: Spontaneous and cumulative syntheses of epithelial marker molecules and their assemblies to novel cell junctions connecting human hematopoietic tumor cells to carcinomatoid tissue structures. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2588-99. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Ren JG, Seth P, Everett P, Clish CB, Sukhatme VP. Induction of erythroid differentiation in human erythroleukemia cells by depletion of malic enzyme 2. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20824065 PMCID: PMC2932743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malic enzyme 2 (ME2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of malate to pyruvate and CO2 and uses NAD as a cofactor. Higher expression of this enzyme correlates with the degree of cell de-differentiation. We found that ME2 is expressed in K562 erythroleukemia cells, in which a number of agents have been found to induce differentiation either along the erythroid or the myeloid lineage. We found that knockdown of ME2 led to diminished proliferation of tumor cells and increased apoptosis in vitro. These findings were accompanied by differentiation of K562 cells along the erythroid lineage, as confirmed by staining for glycophorin A and hemoglobin production. ME2 knockdown also totally abolished growth of K562 cells in nude mice. Increased ROS levels, likely reflecting increased mitochondrial production, and a decreased NADPH/NADP+ ratio were noted but use of a free radical scavenger to decrease inhibition of ROS levels did not reverse the differentiation or apoptotic phenotype, suggesting that ROS production is not causally involved in the resultant phenotype. As might be expected, depletion of ME2 induced an increase in the NAD+/NADH ratio and ATP levels fell significantly. Inhibition of the malate-aspartate shuttle was insufficient to induce K562 differentiation. We also examined several intracellular signaling pathways and expression of transcription factors and intermediate filament proteins whose expression is known to be modulated during erythroid differentiation in K562 cells. We found that silencing of ME2 leads to phospho-ERK1/2 inhibition, phospho-AKT activation, increased GATA-1 expression and diminished vimentin expression. Metabolomic analysis, conducted to gain insight into intermediary metabolic pathways that ME2 knockdown might affect, showed that ME2 depletion resulted in high orotate levels, suggesting potential impairment of pyrimidine metabolism. Collectively our data point to ME2 as a potentially novel metabolic target for leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Ren
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Everett
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Metabolite Profiling Initiative, The Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vikas P. Sukhatme
- Divisions of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Hematology-Oncology and Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pantel K, Schlimok G, Angstwurm M, Passlick B, Izbicki JR, Johnson JP, Riethmüller G. Early metastasis of human solid tumours: expression of cell adhesion molecules. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 189:157-70; discussion 170-3, 174-6. [PMID: 7587630 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514719.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Loss and gain of cell surface molecules determines the mobilization, emigration and invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells. As a first approach to gain further insight into these processes, we have followed two strategies: (1) to identify tumour cells which have disseminated early from primary carcinomas and to obtain information about the phenotype and prognostic significance of these cells; and (2) to identify molecular changes occurring in primary tumour cells at the time they develop their metastatic potential. Our analyses indicate that changes in the adhesive properties of solid tumour cells, such as down-regulation of desmosomal proteins (e.g. plakoglobin) and neo-expression of ICAM-1 or MUC18, are important determinants of the metastatic capability of individual malignant cells. The expression pattern of these cell adhesion molecules during tumour progression appears to reflect a disturbance at the level of the molecular elements normally responsible for controlling their expression. The outlined current strategies for detection, characterization and antibody therapy of cancer micrometastasis can be applied to the secondary prevention of metastatic disease in patients with minimal residual cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pantel
- Institut für Immunologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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Pileri SA, Ascani S, Cox MC, Campidelli C, Bacci F, Piccioli M, Piccaluga PP, Agostinelli C, Asioli S, Novero D, Bisceglia M, Ponzoni M, Gentile A, Rinaldi P, Franco V, Vincelli D, Pileri A, Gasbarra R, Falini B, Zinzani PL, Baccarani M. Myeloid sarcoma: clinico-pathologic, phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of 92 adult patients. Leukemia 2006; 21:340-50. [PMID: 17170724 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare neoplasm whose knowledge is largely based on case reports and/or technically dated contributions. Ninety-two MSs in adulthood with clinical data available were evaluated both morphologically and immunohistochemically. Seventy-four cases were also studied by fluorescent in situ hybridization on tissue sections and/or conventional karyotyping on bone marrow or peripheral blood. Histologically, 50% of the tumors were of the blastic type, 43.5% either monoblastic or myelomonocytic and 6.5% corresponded to different histotypes. CD68/KP1 was the most commonly expressed marker (100%), followed by myeloperoxidase (83.6%), CD117 (80.4%), CD99 (54.3%), CD68/PG-M1 (51%), CD34 (43.4%), terminal-deoxy-nucleotidyl-transferase (31.5%), CD56 (13%), CD61/linker for activation of T cells (2.2%), CD30 (2.2%) and CD4 (1.1%). Foci of plasmacytoid monocyte differentiation were observed in intestinal cases carrying inv16. Chromosomal aberrations were detected in about 54% of cases: monosomy 7(10.8%), trisomy 8(10.4%) and mixed lineage leukemia-splitting (8.5%) were the commonest abnormalities, whereas t(8;21) was rare (2.2%). The behavior was dramatic irrespective of presentation, age, sex, phenotype and cytogenetics. Most if not all, long survivors received bone-marrow transplantation. The present report expands the spectrum of our knowledge showing that MS has frequent monoblastic/myelomonocytic differentiation, displays distinctive phenotypic profile, carries chromosomal aberrations other than t(8;21), and requires supra-maximal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pileri
- Institute of Hematology and Clinical Oncology 'L and A Seràgnoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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9
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Leong CF, Raudhawati O, Cheong SK, Sivagengei K, Noor Hamidah H. Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) or MUC1 expression in monocytes and monoblasts. Pathology 2003; 35:422-7. [PMID: 14555387 DOI: 10.1080/00313020310001602576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) or MUC1 belongs to a heterogeneous group of heavily glycosylated proteins and is expressed in most normal and epithelial neoplastic cells. EMA is also expressed in plasma cells, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (Ki-1 antigen), malignant histiocytosis and erythroleukaemia. In 1996, Cheong et al. (Hematology 1996; 1: 223) demonstrated the positive expression of EMA in monoblasts. Since there were very few useful markers for differentiating subtypes of acute myeloid leukaemia with a monocytic component from the those without, a study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of EMA expression and its relationship with known markers for monocytic-macrophage lineage (CD11c, CD14 and intracellular CD68) in monocytes and monoblasts. METHODS EMA detection was performed by flow cytometry in monocytes and monoblasts. EMA expression was compared with other known markers of monocytic-macrophage lineage (CD11c, CD14 and intracellular CD68). Samples of purified monocytes were obtained from 20 healthy volunteers. Twenty-two cases of monocytic AML (M4 and M5) were studied and controls were selected from 20 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 18 cases of non-monocytic AML (M0, M1, M2, M3, and M7). RESULTS EMA was shown to be expressed strongly on the surface of all purified monocytes. EMA expression was observed on blast cells in 18/22 (81.8%) cases of AML M4 and M5, but not in that of non-monocytic AML or ALL. In this study EMA monoclonal antibody has demonstrated a strong association (P<0.001) with all the other known markers of monocytic-macrophage lineage in acute leukaemia subtypes. EMA had also shown 100% specificity and 81.8% sensitivity in the diagnosis of AML M4 and M5. CONCLUSIONS The monoclonal antibody EMA (clone E29) is a useful marker in the classification of acute myeloid leukaemia and can be used as a supplementary analysis for the diagnosis of acute leukemia with monocytic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooi-Fun Leong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Koeser J, Troyanovsky SM, Grund C, Franke WW. De novo formation of desmosomes in cultured cells upon transfection of genes encoding specific desmosomal components. Exp Cell Res 2003; 285:114-30. [PMID: 12681292 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell junctions and cytoskeleton-anchoring structures of epithelia, the myocardium, and dendritic reticulum cells of lymphatic follicles whose major components are known. Using cultured HT-1080 SL-1 fibrosarcoma-derived cells and transfection of cDNAs encoding specific desmosomal components, we have determined a minimum ensemble of proteins sufficient to introduce de novo structures, which, by morphology and functional competence, are indistinguishable from authentic desmosomes. In a more refined analysis, the influence of the desmosomal proteins desmoplakin (Dp), plakoglobin (Pg), and plakophilin 2 (Pp2) on the lateral clustering of the desmosomal transmembrane-glycoprotein desmoglein 2 (Dsg) was examined. We found that for efficient clustering of desmoglein 2 and desmosome structure formation, all three major plaque proteins-desmoplakin, plakoglobin, and plakophilin 2- were necessary. Furthermore, in this cell model, plakophilin 2 was capable of directing desmoplakin to adhaerens junctions (AJ), whereas plakoglobin was crucial for the segregation of desmosomal and AJ components. These results are discussed with respect to the variability in cell junction composition observed in various nonepithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Koeser
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
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11
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Maguire D, O'Sullivan GC, Collins JK, Morgan J, Shanahan F. Bone marrow micrometastases and gastrointestinal cancer detection and significance. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:1644-51. [PMID: 10925963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accurate staging of cancer is important, as the presence or absence of systemic spread determines treatment. The sensitivity of current imaging and biochemical techniques is suboptimal for the detection of minimal residual disease and latent metastases. This results in understaging and potential undertreatment. To improve detection of disseminated epithelial malignancy, immunohistochemical and molecular methods have been employed that search for epithelial cell-specific proteins in nonepithelial tissue. Bone marrow is mesenchymal tissue (that does not normally express epithelial cell components) and represents an accessible window for detection of micrometastatic carcinoma cells. Detection methods for epithelial cell components (cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen) include immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), and enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). Micrometastatic cells in bone marrow are viable, capable of proliferation, resistant to immune attack, and insensitive to s-phase chemotherapeutic agents. Patients with carcinomas of the lung, breast, prostate, or gastrointestinal tract and in whom bone marrow micrometastases are detected have a foreshortened interval to recurrence and impaired survival. Detection of micrometastases deserves serious consideration in treatment protocols, and standardization of methods is now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maguire
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, Mercy and Cork University Hospitals, and National University of Ireland
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Mertens C, Kuhn C, Moll R, Schwetlick I, Franke WW. Desmosomal plakophilin 2 as a differentiation marker in normal and malignant tissues. Differentiation 1999; 64:277-90. [PMID: 10374264 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1999.6450277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plakophilin 2 (PKP2) is a widespread protein which shows a remarkable dual location: On the one hand, it appears as a constitutive karyoplasmic protein and on the other it is a desmosomal plaque component of most, probably all, desmosome-possessing tissues and cell culture lines. Here we report on its desmosomal occurrence as revealed by immunocytochemical results obtained with three PKP2-specific murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) PP2-62, PP2-86 and PP2-150. These mAbs detect PKP2 in characteristic desmosomes of most normal cells, including simple and stratified epithelia as well as non-epithelial tissues such as myocardium and lymph node follicles. In addition, however, several normal tissues consistently display a differentiation-related PKP2 distribution, for example an absence of immunostaining in the "keratinizing" local specializations of the thymic epithelial reticulum, i.e. Hassall's corpuscles, and the restriction of PKP2 to the stratum basale of most stratified squamous epithelia, in contrast to its absence in upper strata, which contain PKP1- or PKP3-rich desmosomes instead. Taking advantage of the reactivity of mAb PP2-150 with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material, a series of human carcinomas (n = 37) has also been analyzed. The results suggest that mAbs to PKP2 may serve as markers for the identification and characterization of carcinomas derived from--or corresponding to--simple or complex epithelia. Thus consistent PKP2 immunostaining has been observed in all 18 cases of adenocarcinomas tested, but more variable and heterogeneous staining has been noted in squamous cell carcinomas, depending on the specific tumor type. The potential value of such mAbs for cell typing in normal and embryonic tissues and for detecting cell subpopulations with different degrees of differentiation is discussed with respect to their possible application in tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mertens
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Höchtlen-Vollmar W, Gruber R, Bodenmüller H, Felber E, Lindemann F, Passlick B, Schlimok G, Pantel K, Riethmüller G. Occult epithelial tumor cells detected in bone marrow by an enzyme immunoassay specific for cytokeratin 19. Int J Cancer 1997; 70:396-400. [PMID: 9033645 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970207)70:4<396::aid-ijc4>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of isolated carcinoma cells detected immunocytochemically in bone marrow has been shown to be of prognostic relevance for cancer patients. Unfortunately, the immunocytochemical method (ICC) is laborious and depends on the subjective interpretation of the individual investigator. Therefore, an immunoassay was designed for detection of cytokeratin 19 (CK19). By analyzing blood samples from 52 healthy volunteers and 40 bone-marrow aspirates from control patients, a cut-off point of 250 pg/ml CK19 was determined. Application of this cut-off point enabled a specificity of 95% to be shown for bone marrow and of nearly 100% for venous blood. The assay detected 10 HT-29 colon-carcinoma cells among 5 x 10(6) peripheral-blood leukocytes. In comparison with controls, bone-marrow samples of cancer patients were found to have significantly elevated levels of CK19 (p < 0.05). In the analysis of 386 marrow aspirates of cancer patients, a significant concordance of ELISA and ICC was observed (chi 2 = 18.3; p < 0.001). Both procedures, nevertheless, differed in 147 (38%) samples, of which more than two thirds (101) were only ELISA-positive. The CK status detected by ELISA did not correlate with the TNM stage and the histological grading. The established immunoassay allowed sensitive and specific detection of disseminated epithelial tumor cells and appeared to be faster, less laborious and more objective than ICC. Follow-up studies are required to assess the prognostic relevance of this ELISA before it can be applied as a routine method for monitoring of minimal residual epithelial cancer.
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Pantel K, Braun S, Passlick B, Schlimok G. Minimal residual epithelial cancer: diagnostic approaches and prognostic relevance. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 30:1-60. [PMID: 8724405 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Pantel
- Institut für Immunologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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15
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Pantel K, Aignherr C, Köllermann J, Caprano J, Riethmüller G, Köllermann MW. Immunocytochemical detection of isolated tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with untreated stage C prostatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:1627-32. [PMID: 7488413 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The micrometastatic spread of tumour cells is usually missed by conventional diagnostic techniques, although this spread largely determines the prognosis of patients with primary epithelial cancers. By use of the monoclonal antibody, CK2, to epithelial cytokeratin component number 18 (CK18), individual disseminated carcinoma cells present in bone marrow of cancer patients can now be identified. In the present study, this approach has been applied to patients with virginal stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Double-sided aspirates of iliac bone marrow from 24 of 44 evaluable patients (54.4%) exhibited between one and 38 CK18-positive cells per sample of 2 x 10(6) mononuclear cells. In 13 of these 24 positive patients, CK-positive cells were only detected in one of the two aspirates analysed. There was no statistically significant correlation between this finding and established risk factors, such as the volume and histological grade of the primary tumour or the concentration of prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. The follow-up time is too short to provide meaningful data on the prognostic significance of isolated CK18-positive cells in bone marrow, which, however, has been recently demonstrated in other types of primary epithelial cancers. In conclusion, the presence of prostatic tumour cells in bone marrow might be interpreted as an indicator of the metastatic capacity of an individual primary tumour. The immunocytochemical detection of these cells may, therefore, be useful for increasing the precision of current tumour staging, and to monitor minimal residual cancer in an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pantel
- Institut für Immunologie der Universität München, Germany
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16
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Mangoura D, Sogos V, Dawson G. Phorbol esters and PKC signaling regulate proliferation, vimentin cytoskeleton assembly and glutamine synthetase activity of chick embryo cerebrum astrocytes in culture. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 87:1-11. [PMID: 7554227 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(95)00046-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that expression of specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms correlates with cell fate in neural chicken embryo cells. Therefore we investigated the effects of PKC activation by phorbol esters on acquisition of the astrocytic phenotype, using cultured embryonic cortical astrocytes, derived from 15-day-old chick embryos (E15CH), as a model. Short term treatment with the phorbol ester 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), which activates PKC-alpha/beta in E15CH, caused association of PKC with the cytoskeleton. In vitro kinase assays of cytoskeleton-associated PKC demonstrated phosphorylation of many cytoskeletal proteins. Phosphorylation was blocked by protein kinase inhibitors (H8), and enhanced by phosphatase inhibitors (calyculin A). Among these PKC substrates, a most prominent 60-kDa protein was identified as vimentin. Assembly of vimentin into the cytoskeleton depends on cell type and state of differentiation. To establish that TPA (PKC) regulates assembly of vimentin into the cytoskeleton of astrocytes, we used pulse-chase (20/5 min) labeling with [35S]methionine, and immunoprecipitations with an anti-vimentin mAb from extractable and cytoskeletal fractions. These studies revealed that 20 min treatment with TPA leads to a 3-fold increase in the rate of newly synthesized full-length vimentin assembly (posttranslational assembly). Furthermore, TPA increased cotranslational assembly of vimentin. The protein kinase A activator forskolin, did not have such effects on vimentin assembly. Long-term TPA treatment, which correlates with a prolonged phospholipase D (PLD) activation, was mitogenic and caused dramatic changes in the morphology of astrocytes. In addition these fibrous, polarized astrocytes had decreased activity of the astrocyte specific enzyme, glutamine synthetase, but had increased abundance of vimentin protein. These studies provide biochemical evidence on acquisition of a different astrocytic phenotype after activation of the PKC/PLD pathway, in the chick embryo. Therefore PKC and PLD activation is pivotal for the acquisition and maintenance of phenotypes in chick embryonic astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mangoura
- Department of Pediatrics MC 5058, University of Chicago Medical School, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Pantel K, Schlimok G, Angstwurm M, Weckermann D, Schmaus W, Gath H, Passlick B, Izbicki JR, Riethmüller G. Methodological analysis of immunocytochemical screening for disseminated epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY 1994; 3:165-73. [PMID: 7530132 DOI: 10.1089/scd.1.1994.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The emerging clinical relevance of bone marrow micrometastasis has prompted several investigations, using a variety of immunocytochemical approaches. The present study was designed to evaluate some of the variables affecting the immunocytochemical detection of individual epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow. Using an alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase staining technique, we evaluated bone marrow aspirates from 358 patients with primary carcinomas of the breast (n = 150), lung (n = 66), prostate (n = 42), or colorectum (n = 100). Individual tumor cells in cytological preparations were detected with monoclonal antibody (MAb) CK2 to the epithelial cytokeratin component 18 (CK18), which has been validated in extensive clinical studies. In addition, the utility of the broad-spectrum MAb A45-B/B3 was explored in this study. The high specificity of MAbs CK2 and A45-B/B3 was supported by analysis of bone marrow from 75 noncarcinoma control patients and by double-marker analysis with MAbs to mesenchymal marker proteins (CD45 and vimentin). In contrast, MAbs E29 and HMFG1, directed to mucin-like epithelial membrane proteins, cross-reacted with hematopoietic cells in 26.7-42.7% of all samples tested. The majority of the 154 positive samples (43.0%) from cancer patients displayed less than 10 CK18-positive cells per 8 x 10(5) marrow cells analyzed. The detection rate, however, was affected by blood contamination of the aspirate, the number of aspirates analyzed, and the number of marrow cells screened per aspiration site. Comparative immunostaining of bone marrow specimens with MAbs CK2 and A45-B/B3 indicated that downregulation of CK18 in micrometastatic carcinoma cells occurs in about 50% of the 172 samples analyzed, regardless of the primary tumor origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pantel
- Institut für Immunologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Immunohistochemistry has become an everyday tool in diagnostic pathology to increase the accuracy in tumour typing. The most important recent developments include availability of antibodies to leukocyte CD-antigens to nearly comprehensive lymphoma typing in paraffin sections, use of certain leukocyte antigens in typing of solid tumours, e.g. neoplastic endothelial cells (CD31 and CD34) and neural and neuroendocrine cells (CD56, CD57). Also, antibodies selective to individual keratin polypeptides promise to be helpful in the subtyping of carcinomas. Antibodies to nuclear proliferation antigens have already proven helpful in the characterization of tumour cell proliferation. Technical optimization, using enzymatic and non-enzymatic antigen retrieval modalities, is also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miettinen
- Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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19
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D'Agnano I, Turchi V, Nuti M, Leonetti C, Zupi G. N-methylformamide effects on cell proliferation and antigenic pattern in HT-29 colon carcinoma cell line. Cell Prolif 1992; 25:299-309. [PMID: 1643188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1992.tb01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the differentiating agent N-methylformamide (NMF) on cell proliferation and antigenic pattern of HT-29 colon carcinoma cells have been investigated. The cell line was cultured in the presence, or absence, of 1% NMF and tested for the above mentioned characteristics, both in vitro and after injection into nude mice. The percentage of cells in the various cell cycle compartments was estimated by flow cytometry. The presentation on the cell surface of molecules such as tumour associated antigens (TAAs), HLA class I molecules and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) was analysed by ELISA, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrate that NMF impairs HT-29 cell proliferation with a remarkable accumulation in the G0/G1 phases, as well as inducing a modification of the membrane antigenic pattern. The presence of NMF in the culture medium decreases the TAAs and EGF-R whereas HLA antigen maintains the same level of positivity in the two cell lines. These alterations are consistent with a different behaviour in vivo of the tumours originated from NMF treated and untreated cells. Tumours derived from NMF treated cells show a delay in the appearance and low levels of immunodetectable carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D'Agnano
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy, Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Rome, Italy
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