1
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Wang J, Liu Q, Li Y, Pang Y. An environmentally sensitive zinc-selective two-photon NIR fluorescent turn-on probe and zinc sensing in stroke. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100903. [PMID: 38655400 PMCID: PMC11035362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A two-photon near infrared (NIR) fluorescence turn-on sensor with high selectivity and sensitivity for Zn2+ detection has been developed. This sensor exhibits a large Stokes' shift (∼300 nm) and can be excited from 900 to 1000 nm, with an emission wavelength of ∼785 nm, making it ideal for imaging in biological tissues. The sensor's high selectivity for Zn2+ over other structurally similar cations, such as Cd2+, makes it a promising tool for monitoring zinc ion levels in biological systems. Given the high concentration of zinc in thrombi, this sensor could provide a useful tool for in vivo thrombus imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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2
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Liu Y, Crossen J, Stalker TJ, Diamond SL. Fluorescent peptide for detecting factor XIIIa activity and fibrin in whole blood clots forming under flow. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102291. [PMID: 38222077 PMCID: PMC10787300 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During clotting, thrombin generates fibrin monomers and activates plasma-derived transglutaminase factor (F) XIIIa; collagen and thrombin-activated platelets offer thrombin-independent cellular FXIIIa (cFXIIIa) for clotting. Detecting fibrin on collagen and tissue factor surfaces in whole blood clotting typically uses complex reagents like fluorescent fibrinogen or antifibrin antibody. Objectives We want to test whether the peptide using the α2- antiplasmin crosslinking mechanism by FXIIIa is a useful tool in both monitoring FXIIIa activity, and visualize and monitor fibrin formation, deposition, and extent of crosslinking within fibrin structures in whole blood clots formed under flow. Methods We tested a fluorescent peptide derived from α2-antiplasmin sequence (Ac-GNQEQVSPLTLLKWC-fluorescein) to monitor the location of transglutaminase activity and fibrin during whole blood clotting under microfluidic flow (wall shear rate, 100 s-1). Results The peptide rapidly colocated with accumulating fibrin due to transglutaminase activity, confirmed by Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone inhibiting fibrin and peptide labeling. The FXIIIa inhibitor T101 had no effect on fibrin generation but ablated the labeling of fibrin by the peptide. Similarly, Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro abated fibrin formation and thus strongly attenuated the peptide signal. At arterial wall shear rate (1000 s-1), less fibrin was formed, and consequently, less peptide labeling of fibrin was detected compared with venous conditions. The addition of tissue plasminogen activator caused a reduction of both fibrin and peptide signals. Also, the peptide strongly colocalized with fibrin (but not platelets) in clots from laser-injured mouse cremaster arterioles. For clotting under flow, FXIIIa activity was most likely plasma-derived since a RhoA inhibitor did not block α2-antiplasmin fragment cross-linking to fibrin. Conclusion Under flow, the majority of FXIIIa-dependent fibrin labeling with peptide during clotting was distal of thrombin activity. The synthetic peptide provided a strong and sustained labeling of fibrin as it formed under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Crossen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy J. Stalker
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott L. Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Kuravi SJ, Ahmed NS, Taylor KA, Capes EM, Bye A, Unsworth AJ, Gibbins JM, Pugh N. Delineating Zinc Influx Mechanisms during Platelet Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11689. [PMID: 37511448 PMCID: PMC10380784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is released by platelets during a hemostatic response to injury. Extracellular zinc ([Zn2+]o) initiates platelet activation following influx into the platelet cytosol. However, the mechanisms that permit Zn2+ influx are unknown. Fluctuations in intracellular zinc ([Zn2+]i) were measured in fluozin-3-loaded platelets using fluorometry and flow cytometry. Platelet activation was assessed using light transmission aggregometry. The detection of phosphoproteins was performed by Western blotting. [Zn2+]o influx and subsequent platelet activation were abrogated by blocking the sodium/calcium exchanged, TRP channels, and ZIP7. Cation store depletion regulated Zn2+ influx. [Zn2+]o stimulation resulted in the phosphorylation of PKC substates, MLC, and β3 integrin. Platelet activation via GPVI or Zn2+ resulted in ZIP7 phosphorylation in a casein kinase 2-dependent manner and initiated elevations of [Zn2+]i that were sensitive to the inhibition of Orai1, ZIP7, or IP3R-mediated pathways. These data indicate that platelets detect and respond to changes in [Zn2+]o via influx into the cytosol through TRP channels and the NCX exchanger. Platelet activation results in the externalization of ZIP7, which further regulates Zn2+ influx. Increases in [Zn2+]i contribute to the activation of cation-dependent enzymes. Sensitivity of Zn2+ influx to thapsigargin indicates a store-operated pathway that we term store-operated Zn2+ entry (SOZE). These mechanisms may affect platelet behavior during thrombosis and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi J. Kuravi
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK (E.M.C.)
| | - Niaz S. Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK (E.M.C.)
| | - Kirk A. Taylor
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK (J.M.G.)
| | - Emily M. Capes
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK (E.M.C.)
| | - Alex Bye
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK (J.M.G.)
| | - Amanda J. Unsworth
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK (J.M.G.)
| | - Nicholas Pugh
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK (E.M.C.)
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4
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Marongiu F, Marongiu S, Ruberto MF, Faa G, Barcellona D. Trace Metals and The Hemostatic System. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 547:117458. [PMID: 37385467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review we report the main relationships between trace metals and the hemostatic system since this aspect has seldom attracted the attention of the scientific community. A basic aspect to be considered is the importance of maintaining the fine control of all trace metals' levels since they have an important impact on the pathophysiology of the hemostatic system. It is worth noting that poor diet habits are responsible for most trace metal deficiencies, while pollution is responsible for dangerous exposure to them with a consequent negative impact on the general population. This appears of paramount importance in planning the implementation of food and nutrient support to ameliorate the hidden hunger and the quality of life of people especially in developing countries and limiting poisons both in the air and food. As it often happens, when damage to certain mechanisms takes a very long time to appear, no attention is paid to the importance of a systematic prevention to avoid late negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marongiu
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Fondazione Arianna, Anticoagulazione.it, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Marongiu
- Department of Medicine, Azienda Tutela della Salute Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M F Ruberto
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - G Faa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari - University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Barcellona
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.), Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Fondazione Arianna, Anticoagulazione.it, Bologna, Italy
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5
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Elgheznawy A, Öftering P, Englert M, Mott K, Kaiser F, Kusch C, Gbureck U, Bösl MR, Schulze H, Nieswandt B, Vögtle T, Hermanns HM. Loss of zinc transporters ZIP1 and ZIP3 augments platelet reactivity in response to thrombin and accelerates thrombus formation in vivo. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197894. [PMID: 37359521 PMCID: PMC10285393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is considered as important mediator of immune cell function, thrombosis and haemostasis. However, our understanding of the transport mechanisms that regulate Zn2+ homeostasis in platelets is limited. Zn2+ transporters, ZIPs and ZnTs, are widely expressed in eukaryotic cells. Using mice globally lacking ZIP1 and ZIP3 (ZIP1/3 DKO), our aim was to explore the potential role of these Zn2+ transporters in maintaining platelet Zn2+ homeostasis and in the regulation of platelet function. While ICP-MS measurements indicated unaltered overall Zn2+ concentrations in platelets of ZIP1/3 DKO mice, we observed a significantly increased content of FluoZin3-stainable free Zn2+, which, however, appears to be released less efficiently upon thrombin-stimulated platelet activation. On the functional level, ZIP1/3 DKO platelets exhibited a hyperactive response towards threshold concentrations of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, while immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-coupled receptor agonist signalling was unaffected. This resulted in enhanced platelet aggregation towards thrombin, bigger thrombus volume under flow ex vivo and faster in vivo thrombus formation in ZIP1/3 DKO mice. Molecularly, augmented GPCR responses were accompanied by enhanced Ca2+ and PKC, CamKII and ERK1/2 signalling. The current study thereby identifies ZIP1 and ZIP3 as important regulators for the maintenance of platelet Zn2+ homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Elgheznawy
- Medical Clinic II, Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Öftering
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Englert
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Mott
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Kaiser
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charly Kusch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael R. Bösl
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timo Vögtle
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M. Hermanns
- Medical Clinic II, Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Barnhart MD, Yang Y, Nakagaki-Silva EE, Hammond TH, Pizzinga M, Gooding C, Stott K, Smith CWJ. Phosphorylation of the smooth muscle master splicing regulator RBPMS regulates its splicing activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:11895-11915. [PMID: 36408906 PMCID: PMC9723635 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified RBPMS as a master regulator of alternative splicing in differentiated smooth muscle cells (SMCs). RBPMS is transcriptionally downregulated during SMC dedifferentiation, but we hypothesized that RBPMS protein activity might be acutely downregulated by post-translational modifications. Publicly available phosphoproteomic datasets reveal that Thr113 and Thr118 immediately adjacent to the RRM domain are commonly both phosphorylated. An RBPMS T113/118 phosphomimetic T/E mutant showed decreased splicing regulatory activity both in transfected cells and in a cell-free in vitro assay, while a non-phosphorylatable T/A mutant retained full activity. Loss of splicing activity was associated with a modest reduction in RNA affinity but significantly reduced RNA binding in nuclear extract. A lower degree of oligomerization of the T/E mutant might cause lower avidity of multivalent RNA binding. However, NMR analysis also revealed that the T113/118E peptide acts as an RNA mimic which can loop back and antagonize RNA-binding by the RRM domain. Finally, we identified ERK2 as the most likely kinase responsible for phosphorylation at Thr113 and Thr118. Collectively, our data identify a potential mechanism for rapid modulation of the SMC splicing program in response to external signals during the vascular injury response and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Barnhart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas H Hammond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Clare Gooding
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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7
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Wolberg AS, Sang Y. Fibrinogen and Factor XIII in Venous Thrombosis and Thrombus Stability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:931-941. [PMID: 35652333 PMCID: PMC9339521 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the third most common vascular disease, venous thromboembolism is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Pathogenesis underlying venous thrombosis is still not fully understood. Accumulating data suggest fibrin network structure and factor XIII-mediated crosslinking are major determinants of venous thrombus mass, composition, and stability. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating fibrin(ogen) and factor XIII production and function and their ability to influence venous thrombogenesis and resolution may inspire new anticoagulant strategies that target these proteins to reduce or prevent venous thrombosis in certain at-risk patients. This article summarizes fibrinogen and factor XIII biology and current knowledge of their function during venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Yaqiu Sang
- Department of Pathology and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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8
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Li L, Roest M, Meijers JCM, de Laat B, Urbanus RT, de Groot PG, Huskens D. Platelet Activation via Glycoprotein VI Initiates Thrombin Generation: A Potential Role for Platelet-Derived Factor IX? Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:1502-1512. [PMID: 35512832 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Collagen triggers coagulation via activation of factor (F) XII. In a platelet-rich environment, collagen can also trigger coagulation independently of FXII. We studied a novel mechanism of coagulation initiation via collagen-dependent platelet activation using thrombin generation (TG) in platelet-rich plasma. Collagen-induced coagulation is minimally affected by active-site inactivated FVIIa, anti-FVII antibodies, or FXIIa inhibition (corn trypsin inhibitor). Activation of platelets via specific glycoprotein (GP) VI agonists initiates TG, FX activation, and fibrin formation. To determine the platelet-derived trigger of coagulation, we systematically reconstituted factor-deficient plasmas with washed platelets. TG triggered by GPVI-activated platelets was significantly affected in FIX- and FVIII-deficient plasma but not in FVII- and FXII-deficient plasma. In a purified system composed of FX and FVIII, we observed that absence of FIX was compensated by GPVI-activated platelets, which could be inhibited by an anti-FIX antibody, suggesting FIXa activity from activated platelets. Furthermore, with the addition of FVIII in FIX-deficient plasma, TG induced by GPVI-activated platelets was restored, and was inhibited by the anti-FIX antibody. In conclusion, GPVI-activated platelets initiate TG, probably via platelet-derived FIXa activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Roest
- Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf T Urbanus
- Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip G de Groot
- Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Huskens
- Department of Platelet Pathophysiology, Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Yu X, Wang Z, Li YV. Metal ion chelation enhances tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced thrombolysis: an in vitro and in vivo study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022; 53:291-301. [PMID: 34757546 PMCID: PMC8904301 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of adult disability. Despite enormous research efforts including many clinical trials, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, only 1-3% of stroke patients in the US receive this therapy because of the narrow time window and severe side effects for using tPA. The most deadly and damaging side effect is the risk of intracranial bleeding or hemorrhage. For that reason, the dose of tPA and its overall administration are under tight control, which may compromise the effect of thrombolysis. Studies have been focused on improving the effectiveness of tPA for higher rate of reperfusion, and the safety for less adverse bleeding episode. We studied how metal ions (zinc & iron) affect tPA-induced thrombolysis in vitro and in vivo, and proposed a method to improve the rate of thrombolysis. The amount of hemoglobin in the blood clot lysis was measured by a spectrophotometer. The tPA-induced thrombolysis was measured in vivo in femoral artery. Our results showed that Zn2+, Fe3+ and Fe2+ inhibited tPA-induced thrombolysis, with Zn2+ and Fe2+ being the most effective. Metal ion chelating agent EDTA when it was co-applied with tPA significantly enhanced the tPA-induced thrombolysis. The chelation alone did not have noticeable thrombolytic effect. In in vivo study of tPA-induced thrombosis following femoral artery thrombosis, the co-application of tPA and EDTA achieved significant higher rate of reperfusion than that by tPA treatment alone, suggesting that ion chelation facilitates tPA-induced thrombolysis and potentially improves the safety of tPA application by reducing the necessary dose of tPA application. Our results suggest that the co-application of a chelator and tPA improves the efficacy and, potentially, safety of tPA application, by reducing the necessary dose of tPA for thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Yu
- Department of Biological Science, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, USA,Department of Biomedical Science, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, USA
| | - Zihui Wang
- Department of Biological Science, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, USA,Department of Biomedical Science, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, USA
| | - Yang V Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens Ohio, USA
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10
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Hierons SJ, Marsh JS, Wu D, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. The Interplay between Non-Esterified Fatty Acids and Plasma Zinc and Its Influence on Thrombotic Risk in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810140. [PMID: 34576303 PMCID: PMC8471329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a major comorbidity of obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite the development of numerous effective treatments and preventative strategies to address thrombotic disease in such individuals, the incidence of thrombotic complications remains high. This suggests that not all the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these events have been identified or targeted. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are increasingly regarded as a nexus between obesity, insulin resistance, and vascular disease. Notably, plasma NEFA levels are consistently elevated in obesity and T2DM and may impact hemostasis in several ways. A potentially unrecognized route of NEFA-mediated thrombotic activity is their ability to disturb Zn2+ speciation in the plasma. Zn2+ is a potent regulator of coagulation and its availability in the plasma is monitored carefully through buffering by human serum albumin (HSA). The binding of long-chain NEFAs such as palmitate and stearate, however, trigger a conformational change in HSA that reduces its ability to bind Zn2+, thus increasing the ion’s availability to bind and activate coagulation proteins. NEFA-mediated perturbation of HSA-Zn2+ binding is thus predicted to contribute to the prothrombotic milieu in obesity and T2DM, representing a novel targetable disease mechanism in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Hierons
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Jordan S. Marsh
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongmei Wu
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
| | | | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TF, Fife, UK; (S.J.H.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1334-463546; Fax: +44-(0)-1334-463482
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11
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Lopes-Pires ME, Ahmed NS, Vara D, Gibbins JM, Pula G, Pugh N. Zinc regulates reactive oxygen species generation in platelets. Platelets 2021; 32:368-377. [PMID: 32248725 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1742311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular complications resulting from atherosclerosis development are a major cause of death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by platelets during activation, and have been demonstrated to positively regulate platelet activatory responses. Zn2+ is also an important hemostatic cofactor in platelets, acting both as a platelet agonist and second messenger. Whilst the effect of Zn2+-dependent signaling mechanisms on ROS production in nucleated cells has been demonstrated, comparable roles in platelets have yet to be investigated. In this study we investigated the relationship between fluctuations in cytosolic Zn2 [Zn2+]i and platelet ROS production. Agonist-evoked ROS production, GSH levels and GPx activity are abrogated in platelets treated with the Zn2+-chelator, TPEN. Conversely, increasing platelet [Zn2+]i using Zn2+ ionophores potentiated ROS generation and decreased GSH levels and GPx activity. Zn2+-dependent ROS production was sensitive to pretreatment with DPI or mitoTEMPO, NADPH oxidase and mitochondria inhibitors respectively. Increasing [Zn2+]i resulted in increases of Erk1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Our data are consistent with a functional association between [Zn2+]i and ROS production in platelets that could influence thrombus formation in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lopes-Pires
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - N S Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Vara
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - G Pula
- Hamburg Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Pugh
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Factor XIII-A: An Indispensable "Factor" in Haemostasis and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063055. [PMID: 33802692 PMCID: PMC8002558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase enzyme that catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds into protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIIIA2B2, has an established function in haemostasis, with fibrin being its principal substrate. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis emphasising its crucial role in this pathway. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits denoted FXIII-A, was perceived to remain intracellular, due to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. It is now apparent that FXIII-A can be externalised from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism. Thus, three pools of FXIII-A exist within the circulation: plasma where it circulates in complex with the inhibitory FXIII-B subunits, and the cellular form encased within platelets and monocytes/macrophages. The abundance of this transglutaminase in different forms and locations in the vasculature reflect the complex and crucial roles of this enzyme in physiological processes. Herein, we examine the significance of these pools of FXIII-A in different settings and the evidence to date to support their function in haemostasis and wound healing.
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13
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Xia J, Cai LH, Wu H, MacKintosh FC, Weitz DA. Anomalous mechanics of Zn 2+-modified fibrin networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020541118. [PMID: 33649231 PMCID: PMC7958264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020541118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is the main component of blood clots. The mechanical properties of fibrin are therefore of critical importance in successful hemostasis. One of the divalent cations released by platelets during hemostasis is Zn2+; however, its effect on the network structure of fibrin gels and on the resultant mechanical properties remains poorly understood. Here, by combining mechanical measurements with three-dimensional confocal microscopy imaging, we show that Zn2+ can tune the fibrin network structure and alter its mechanical properties. In the presence of Zn2+, fibrin protofibrils form large bundles that cause a coarsening of the fibrin network due to an increase in fiber diameter and reduction of the total fiber length. We further show that the protofibrils in these bundles are loosely coupled to one another, which results in a decrease of the elastic modulus with increasing Zn2+ concentrations. We explore the elastic properties of these networks at both low and high stress: At low stress, the elasticity originates from pulling the thermal slack out of the network, and this is consistent with the thermal bending of the fibers. By contrast, at high stress, the elasticity exhibits a common master curve consistent with the stretching of individual protofibrils. These results show that the mechanics of a fibrin network are closely correlated with its microscopic structure and inform our understanding of the structure and physical mechanisms leading to defective or excessive clot stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Huayin Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Frederick C MacKintosh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
- Department of Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - David A Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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14
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Sobczak AIS, Katundu KGH, Phoenix FA, Khazaipoul S, Yu R, Lampiao F, Stefanowicz F, Blindauer CA, Pitt SJ, Smith TK, Ajjan RA, Stewart AJ. Albumin-mediated alteration of plasma zinc speciation by fatty acids modulates blood clotting in type-2 diabetes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4079-4093. [PMID: 34163679 PMCID: PMC8179462 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06605b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ is an essential regulator of coagulation and is released from activated platelets. In plasma, the free Zn2+ concentration is fine-tuned through buffering by human serum albumin (HSA). Importantly, the ability of HSA to bind/buffer Zn2+ is compromised by co-transported non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Given the role of Zn2+ in blood clot formation, we hypothesise that Zn2+ displacement from HSA by NEFAs in certain conditions (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) impacts on the cellular and protein arms of coagulation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the extent to which increasing concentrations of a range of medium- and long-chain NEFAs reduced Zn2+-binding ability of HSA. Amongst the NEFAs tested, palmitate (16 : 0) and stearate (18 : 0) were the most effective at suppressing zinc-binding, whilst the mono-unsaturated palmitoleate (16 : 1c9) was markedly less effective. Assessment of platelet aggregation and fibrin clotting parameters in purified systems and in pooled plasma suggested that the HSA-mediated impact of the model NEFA myristate on zinc speciation intensified the effects of Zn2+ alone. The effects of elevated Zn2+ alone on fibrin clot density and fibre thickness in a purified protein system were mirrored in samples from T2DM patients, who have derranged NEFA metabolism. Crucially, T2DM individuals had increased total plasma NEFAs compared to controls, with the concentrations of key saturated (myristate, palmitate, stearate) and mono-unsaturated (oleate, cis-vaccenate) NEFAs positively correlating with clot density. Collectively, these data strongly support the concept that elevated NEFA levels contribute to altered coagulation in T2DM through dysregulation of plasma zinc speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie I S Sobczak
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Kondwani G H Katundu
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi
| | - Fladia A Phoenix
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Siavash Khazaipoul
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Ruitao Yu
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 23 Xinning Road Xining Qinghai 810001 China
| | - Fanuel Lampiao
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi
| | - Fiona Stefanowicz
- Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Glasgow UK
| | | | - Samantha J Pitt
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Terry K Smith
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews Fife KY16 9TF St Andrews UK +44 (0)1334 463482 +44 (0)1334 463546
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15
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Ahmed NS, Lopes-Pires M, Pugh N. Zinc: an endogenous and exogenous regulator of platelet function during hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets 2020; 32:880-887. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1840540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Shahed Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Pugh
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Chaudhry SA, Serrata M, Tomczak L, Higgins S, Ryu J, Laprise D, Enjyoji K, Bekendam R, Kaushik V, Flaumenhaft R, Bendapudi PK. Cationic zinc is required for factor XII recruitment and activation by stimulated platelets and for thrombus formation in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2318-2328. [PMID: 32542960 PMCID: PMC8147875 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although divalent zinc (Zn2+ ) is known to bind factor (F)XII and affect its sensitivity to autoactivation, little is known about the role of Zn2+ in the binding of FXII to platelets, where FXII activation is thought to occur in vivo, and the function of Zn2+ during thrombus formation following vascular injury remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of Zn2+ in platelet-dependent FXIIa generation. METHODS FXII binding to platelets and FXII activation by stimulated platelets were assessed using flow cytometry and a platelet-dependent thrombin generation assay. The mouse cremaster laser injury model was used to evaluate the impact of Zn2+ chelation on thrombus formation in vivo. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that stimulated platelets support FXII-dependent thrombin generation and that FXII activation by platelets requires the presence of Zn2+ . By contrast, thrombin generation by stimulated endothelial cells occurred independently of FXII and Zn2+ . Using flow cytometry, we found that FXII-fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate binds to the surfaces of stimulated platelets in a specific and Zn2+ -dependent manner, whereas resting platelets demonstrated minimal binding. Other physiologically-relevant divalent cations are unable to support this interaction. Consistent with these findings, the Zn2+ -specific chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid calcium disodium salt confers thromboprotection in the mouse cremaster laser injury model without causing increased bleeding. We observed an identical phenotype in FXII null mice tested in the same system. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a novel role for Zn2+ in the binding and activation of FXII at the platelet surface, an interaction that appears crucial to FXII-dependent thrombin generation but dispensable for hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharjeel A. Chaudhry
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Matthew Serrata
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay Tomczak
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Higgins
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Justine Ryu
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Dylan Laprise
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roelof Bekendam
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Virendar Kaushik
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pavan K. Bendapudi
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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17
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Efficient synthesis of NIR emitting bis[2-(2'-hydroxylphenyl)benzoxazole] derivative and its potential for imaging applications. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103585. [PMID: 31981912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unassymetric bis[2-(2'-hydroxyphenylbenzoxole)] bis(HBO) derivatives with a DPA functionality for zinc binding have been developed with an efficient synthetic route, using the retrosynthetic analysis. Comparison of bis(HBO) derivatives with different substitution patterns allows us to verify and optimize their unique fluorescence properties. Upon binding zinc cation, bis(HBO) derivatives give a large fluorescence turn-on in both visible (λem ≈ 536 nm) and near-infrared (NIR) window (λem ≈ 746 nm). The probes are readily excitable by a 488 nm laser, making this series of compounds a suitable imaging tool for in vitro and in vivo study on a confocal microscope. The application of zinc binding-induced fluorescence turn-on is successfully demonstrated in cellular environments and thrombus imaging.
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18
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Wang Y, Ivanov I, Smith SA, Gailani D, Morrissey JH. Polyphosphate, Zn 2+ and high molecular weight kininogen modulate individual reactions of the contact pathway of blood clotting. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:2131-2140. [PMID: 31420909 PMCID: PMC6893101 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic polyphosphate modulates the contact pathway of blood clotting, which is implicated in thrombosis and inflammation. Polyphosphate polymer lengths are highly variable, with shorter polymers (approximately 60-100 phosphates) secreted from human platelets, and longer polymers (up to thousands of phosphates) in microbes. We previously reported that optimal triggering of clotting via the contact pathway requires very long polyphosphates, although the impact of shorter polyphosphate polymers on individual proteolytic reactions of the contact pathway was not interrogated. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We conducted in vitro measurements of enzyme kinetics to investigate the ability of varying polyphosphate sizes, together with high molecular weight kininogen and Zn2+ , to mediate four individual proteolytic reactions of the contact pathway: factor XII autoactivation, factor XII activation by kallikrein, prekallikrein activation by factor XIIa, and prekallikrein autoactivation. RESULTS The individual contact pathway reactions were differentially dependent on polyphosphate length. Very long-chain polyphosphate was required to support factor XII autoactivation, whereas platelet-size polyphosphate significantly accelerated the activation of factor XII by kallikrein, and the activation of prekallikrein by factor XIIa. Intriguingly, polyphosphate did not support prekallikrein autoactivation. We also report that high molecular weight kininogen was required only when kallikrein was the enzyme (ie, FXII activation by kallikrein), whereas Zn2+ was required only when FXII was the substrate (ie, FXII activation by either kallikrein or FXIIa). Activation of prekallikrein by FXIIa required neither Zn2+ nor high molecular weight kininogen. CONCLUSIONS Platelet polyphosphate and Zn2+ can promote subsets of the reactions of the contact pathway, with implications for a variety of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James H. Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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19
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Mammadova-Bach E, Braun A. Zinc Homeostasis in Platelet-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5258. [PMID: 31652790 PMCID: PMC6861892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ deficiency in the human population is frequent in underdeveloped countries. Worldwide, approximatively 2 billion people consume Zn2+-deficient diets, accounting for 1-4% of deaths each year, mainly in infants with a compromised immune system. Depending on the severity of Zn2+ deficiency, clinical symptoms are associated with impaired wound healing, alopecia, diarrhea, poor growth, dysfunction of the immune and nervous system with congenital abnormalities and bleeding disorders. Poor nutritional Zn2+ status in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma or with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma, was accompanied by cutaneous bleeding and platelet dysfunction. Forcing Zn2+ uptake in the gut using different nutritional supplementation of Zn2+ could ameliorate many of these pathological symptoms in humans. Feeding adult rodents with a low Zn2+ diet caused poor platelet aggregation and increased bleeding tendency, thereby attracting great scientific interest in investigating the role of Zn2+ in hemostasis. Storage protein metallothionein maintains or releases Zn2+ in the cytoplasm, and the dynamic change of this cytoplasmic Zn2+ pool is regulated by the redox status of the cell. An increase of labile Zn2+ pool can be toxic for the cells, and therefore cytoplasmic Zn2+ levels are tightly regulated by several Zn2+ transporters located on the cell surface and also on the intracellular membrane of Zn2+ storage organelles, such as secretory vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Although Zn2+ is a critical cofactor for more than 2000 transcription factors and 300 enzymes, regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, and basic metabolic functions of the cells, the molecular mechanisms of Zn2+ transport and the physiological role of Zn2+ store in megakaryocyte and platelet function remain elusive. In this review, we summarize the contribution of extracellular or intracellular Zn2+ to megakaryocyte and platelet function and discuss the consequences of dysregulated Zn2+ homeostasis in platelet-related diseases by focusing on thrombosis, ischemic stroke and storage pool diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, German Center for Lung Research, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Defective Zn 2+ homeostasis in mouse and human platelets with α- and δ-storage pool diseases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8333. [PMID: 31171812 PMCID: PMC6554314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) can modulate platelet and coagulation activation pathways, including fibrin formation. Here, we studied the (patho)physiological consequences of abnormal platelet Zn2+ storage and release. To visualize Zn2+ storage in human and mouse platelets, the Zn2+ specific fluorescent dye FluoZin3 was used. In resting platelets, the dye transiently accumulated into distinct cytosolic puncta, which were lost upon platelet activation. Platelets isolated from Unc13d−/− mice, characterized by combined defects of α/δ granular release, showed a markedly impaired Zn2+ release upon activation. Platelets from Nbeal2−/− mice mimicking Gray platelet syndrome (GPS), characterized by primarily loss of the α-granule content, had strongly reduced Zn2+ levels, which was also confirmed in primary megakaryocytes. In human platelets isolated from patients with GPS, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) and Storage Pool Disease (SPD) altered Zn2+ homeostasis was detected. In turbidity and flow based assays, platelet-dependent fibrin formation was impaired in both Nbeal2−/− and Unc13d−/− mice, and the impairment could be partially restored by extracellular Zn2+. Altogether, we conclude that the release of ionic Zn2+ store from secretory granules upon platelet activation contributes to the procoagulant role of Zn2+ in platelet-dependent fibrin formation.
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21
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Mitchell JL, Mutch NJ. Let's cross-link: diverse functions of the promiscuous cellular transglutaminase factor XIII-A. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:19-30. [PMID: 30489000 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Plasma Factor XIII, a heterodimer of A and B subunits FXIIIA2 B2 , is a transglutaminase enzyme with a well-established role in haemostasis. Cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage express the FXIII-A gene (F13A1) that encodes the cellular form of the transglutaminase, a homodimer of the A subunits, FXIII-A. FXIII-A was presumed to function intracellularly, however, several lines of evidence now indicate that FXIII-A is externalised by an as yet unknown mechanism This review describes the mounting evidence that FXIII-A is a diverse transglutaminase with many intracellular and extracellular substrates that can participate in an array of biological processes SUMMARY: Factor XIII is a tranglutaminase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds in protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIII-A2 B2 , has an established function in hemostasis, where its primary substrate is fibrin. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis, underscoring its importance in this pathway. The cellular form of the enzyme, a homodimer of the A-subunits, denoted FXIII-A, has not been studied in as extensive detail. FXIII-A was generally perceived to remain intracellular, owing to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. In the last decade, emerging evidence has revealed that this diverse transglutaminase can be externalized from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism, and can cross-link extracellular substrates and participate in a number of diverse pathways. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage, notably megakaryocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, chrondrocytes, osteoblasts, and preadipocytes. The biological processes that FXIII-A is coupled with, such as wound healing, phagocytosis, and bone and matrix remodeling, reflect its expression in these cell types. This review describes the mounting evidence that this cellular transglutaminase can be externalized, usually in response to stimuli, and participate in extracellular cross-linking reactions. A corollary of being involved in these biological pathways is the participation of FXIII-A in pathological processes. In conclusion, the functions of this transglutaminase extend far beyond its role in hemostasis, and our understanding of this enzyme in terms of its secretion, regulation and substrates is in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - N J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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22
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23
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Mutch NJ. Regulation of Fibrinolysis by Platelets. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Ahmed NS, Lopes Pires ME, Taylor KA, Pugh N. Agonist-Evoked Increases in Intra-Platelet Zinc Couple to Functional Responses. Thromb Haemost 2018; 119:128-139. [PMID: 30597507 PMCID: PMC6327715 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background
Zinc (Zn
2+
) is an essential trace element that regulates intracellular processes in multiple cell types. While the role of Zn
2+
as a platelet agonist is known, its secondary messenger activity in platelets has not been demonstrated.
Objectives
This article determines whether cytosolic Zn
2+
concentrations ([Zn
2+
]
i
) change in platelets in response to agonist stimulation, in a manner consistent with a secondary messenger, and correlates the effects of [Zn
2+
]
i
changes on activation markers.
Methods
Changes in [Zn
2+
]
i
were quantified in Fluozin-3 (Fz-3)-loaded washed, human platelets using fluorometry. Increases in [Zn
2+
]
i
were modelled using Zn
2+
-specific chelators and ionophores. The influence of [Zn
2+
]
i
on platelet function was assessed using platelet aggregometry, flow cytometry and Western blotting.
Results
Increases of intra-platelet Fluozin-3 (Fz-3) fluorescence occurred in response to stimulation by cross-linked collagen-related peptide (CRP-XL) or U46619, consistent with a rise of [Zn
2+
]
i
. Fluoresence increases were blocked by Zn
2+
chelators and modulators of the platelet redox state, and were distinct from agonist-evoked [Ca
2+
]
i
signals. Stimulation of platelets with the Zn
2+
ionophores clioquinol (Cq) or pyrithione (Py) caused sustained increases of [Zn
2+
]
i
, resulting in myosin light chain phosphorylation, and cytoskeletal re-arrangements which were sensitive to cytochalasin-D treatment. Cq stimulation resulted in integrin α
IIb
β
3
activation and release of dense, but not α, granules. Furthermore, Zn
2+
-ionophores induced externalization of phosphatidylserine.
Conclusion
These data suggest that agonist-evoked fluctuations in intra-platelet Zn
2+
couple to functional responses, in a manner that is consistent with a role as a secondary messenger. Increased intra-platelet Zn
2+
regulates signalling processes, including shape change, α
IIb
β
3
up-regulation and dense granule release, in a redox-sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz S Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria E Lopes Pires
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk A Taylor
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Pugh
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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25
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Sobczak AIS, Pitt SJ, Stewart AJ. Influence of zinc on glycosaminoglycan neutralisation during coagulation. Metallomics 2018; 10:1180-1190. [PMID: 30132486 PMCID: PMC6148461 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00159f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparin are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that serve as key natural and pharmacological anticoagulants. During normal clotting such agents require to be inactivated or neutralised. Several proteins have been reported to facilitate their neutralisation, which reside in platelet α-granules and are released following platelet activation. These include histidine-rich-glycoprotein (HRG), fibrinogen and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK). Zinc ions (Zn2+) are also present in α-granules at a high concentration and participate in the propagation of coagulation by influencing the binding of neutralising proteins to GAGs. Zn2+ in many cases increases the affinity of these proteins to GAGs, and is thus an important regulator of GAG neutralisation and haemostasis. Binding of Zn2+ to HRG, HMWK and fibrinogen is mediated predominantly through coordination to histidine residues but the mechanisms by which Zn2+ increases the affinity of the proteins for GAGs are not yet completely clear. Here we will review current knowledge of how Zn2+ binds to and influences the neutralisation of GAGs and describe the importance of this process in both normal and pathogenic clotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie I. S. Sobczak
- School of Medicine
, University of St Andrews
,
Medical and Biological Sciences Building
, St Andrews
, Fife
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1334 463482
; Tel: +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Samantha J. Pitt
- School of Medicine
, University of St Andrews
,
Medical and Biological Sciences Building
, St Andrews
, Fife
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1334 463482
; Tel: +44 (0)1334 463546
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine
, University of St Andrews
,
Medical and Biological Sciences Building
, St Andrews
, Fife
, UK
.
; Fax: +44 (0)1334 463482
; Tel: +44 (0)1334 463546
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26
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Factor XIII in plasma, but not in platelets, mediates red blood cell retention in clots and venous thrombus size in mice. Blood Adv 2018; 2:25-35. [PMID: 29344582 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII) stabilizes clots against mechanical and biochemical disruption and is essential for hemostasis. In vitro and in vivo models of venous thrombosis demonstrate that FXIII mediates clot size by promoting red blood cell (RBC) retention. However, the key source of FXIII and whether FXIII activity can be reduced to suppress thrombosis without imposing deleterious hemostatic consequences are 2 critical unresolved questions. FXIII is present in multiple compartments, including plasma (FXIIIplasma) as a heterotetramer of A2 and B2 subunits and platelets (FXIIIplt) as an A2 homodimer. We determined the role of the FXIII compartment and level in clot contraction, composition, and size in vitro and using in vivo models of hemostasis and venous thrombosis. Reducing overall FXIII levels decreased whole blood clot weight but did not alter thrombin generation or contraction of platelet-rich plasma clots. In reconstituted platelet-rich plasma and whole blood clot contraction assays, FXIIIplasma, but not FXIIIplt, produced high-molecular-weight fibrin crosslinks, promoted RBC retention, and increased clot weights. Genetically imposed reduction of FXIII delayed FXIII activation and fibrin crosslinking, suggesting FXIII levels mediate the kinetics of FXIII activation and activity and that the timing of these processes is a critical determinant of RBC retention during clot formation and contraction. A 50% reduction in FXIIIplasma produced significantly smaller venous thrombi but did not increase bleeding in tail transection or saphenous vein puncture models in vivo. Collectively, these findings suggest that partial FXIII reduction may be a therapeutic strategy for reducing venous thrombosis.
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27
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Vu T, Fredenburgh J, Weitz J. Zinc: An important cofactor in haemostasis and thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2017; 109:421-30. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-07-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SummaryThere is mounting evidence that zinc, the second most abundant transition metal in blood, is an important mediator of haemostasis and thrombosis. Prompted by the observation that zinc deficiency is associated with bleeding and clotting abnormalities, there now is evidence that zinc serves as an effector of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis. Zinc binds numerous plasma proteins and modulates their structure and function. Because activated platelets secrete zinc into the local microenvironment, the concentration of zinc increases in the vicinity of a thrombus. Consequently, the role of zinc varies depending on the microenvironment; a feature that endows zinc with the capacity to spatially and temporally regulate haemostasis and thrombosis. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which zinc regulates coagulation, platelet aggregation, anticoagulation and fibrinolysis and outlines how zinc serves as a ubiquitous modulator of haemostasis and thrombosis.
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28
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Taylor KA, Wilson DGS, Harper MT, Pugh N. Extracellular chloride is required for efficient platelet aggregation. Platelets 2017; 29:79-83. [PMID: 28727479 PMCID: PMC5796487 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1332367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anion channels perform a diverse range of functions and have been implicated in ATP release, volume regulation, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Platelets have been shown to express several anion channels but their function is incompletely understood. Due to a paucity of specific pharmacological blockers, we investigated the effect of extracellular chloride substitution on platelet activation using aggregometry and flow cytometry. In the absence of extracellular chloride, we observed a modest reduction of the maximum aggregation response to thrombin or collagen-related peptide. However, the rate of aggregation was substantially reduced in a manner that was dependent on the extracellular chloride concentration and aggregation in the absence of chloride was noticeably biphasic, indicative of impaired secondary signaling. This was further investigated by targeting secondary agonists with aspirin and apyrase or by blockade of the ADP receptor P2Y12. Under these conditions, the rates of aggregation were comparable to those recorded in the absence of extracellular chloride. Finally, we assessed platelet granule release by flow cytometry and report a chloride-dependent element of alpha, but not dense, granule secretion. Taken together these data support a role for anion channels in the efficient induction of platelet activation, likely via enhancement of secondary signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk A Taylor
- a Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge , UK
| | - Darren G S Wilson
- a Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge , UK
| | - Matthew T Harper
- b Department of Pharmacology , Cambridge University , Cambridge , UK
| | - Nicholas Pugh
- a Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge , UK
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29
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Functional Regulation of the Plasma Protein Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein by Zn 2+ in Settings of Tissue Injury. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010022. [PMID: 28257077 PMCID: PMC5372734 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Divalent metal ions are essential nutrients for all living organisms and are commonly protein-bound where they perform important roles in protein structure and function. This regulatory control from metals is observed in the relatively abundant plasma protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), which displays preferential binding to the second most abundant transition element in human systems, Zinc (Zn2+). HRG has been proposed to interact with a large number of protein ligands and has been implicated in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes including the formation of immune complexes, apoptotic/necrotic and pathogen clearance, cell adhesion, antimicrobial activity, angiogenesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Interestingly, these processes are often associated with sites of tissue injury or tumour growth, where the concentration and distribution of Zn2+ is known to vary. Changes in Zn2+ levels have been shown to modify HRG function by altering its affinity for certain ligands and/or providing protection against proteolytic disassembly by serine proteases. This review focuses on the molecular interplay between HRG and Zn2+, and how Zn2+ binding modifies HRG-ligand interactions to regulate function in different settings of tissue injury.
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30
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Loroch S, Trabold K, Gambaryan S, Reiß C, Schwierczek K, Fleming I, Sickmann A, Behnisch W, Zieger B, Zahedi RP, Walter U, Jurk K. Alterations of the platelet proteome in type I Glanzmann thrombasthenia caused by different homozygous delG frameshift mutations in ITGA2B. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:556-569. [PMID: 28078347 DOI: 10.1160/th16-07-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is one of the best characterised inherited platelet function disorders but global platelet proteome has not been determined in these patients. We investigated the proteome and function of platelets from two patients with type I GT, caused by different homozygous ITGA2b mutations, from family members and unrelated controls. The global proteome of highly purified washed platelets was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and targeted MS-methods. Platelet function was analysed by flow cytometry, light transmission aggregometry and flow-based assays. Platelets from GT patients showed less than 5 % relative levels of the integrin subunit αIIb and 5-9 % fibrinogen compared to controls. These patients demonstrated loss of αIIbβ3-dependent platelet function, but normal platelet granule secretion induced by physiological agonists. Platelets from heterozygous family members of a patient expressed 50-60 % of control αIIb levels which were sufficient for normal αIIbβ3-dependent platelet function. Studying type I GT as model disease we established quantitative LC-MS to detect and clearly distinguish normal platelets, platelets from GT heterozygotes and platelets from GT patients. Diminished levels of factor XIIIB chain, plasminogen and carboxypeptidase 2B were identified in thrombasthenic platelets. Additionally, GT platelets showed up to 2.5-fold increased levels of FcγRIIA and laminin-α4 chain. Elevated levels of platelet FcγRIIA was associated with increased CD63-surface expression after FcγRIIA-crosslinking in one GT-patient which might present a compensatory mechanism of platelet activation in GT. We demonstrate that quantitative LC-MS based proteomics is suitable to validate known but also to identify previously unknown protein level changes of dysfunctional platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kerstin Jurk
- Kerstin Jurk, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany, Tel.: +49 6131 178278, Fax: +49 6131 176238, E-mail:
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31
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Priebatsch KM, Poon IKH, Patel KK, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Divalent metal binding by histidine-rich glycoprotein differentially regulates higher order oligomerisation and proteolytic processing. FEBS Lett 2016; 591:164-176. [PMID: 27930811 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The serum protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) has been implicated in tissue injury and tumour growth. Several HRG functions are regulated by the divalent metal Zn2+ , including ligand binding and proteolytic processing that releases active HRG fragments. Although HRG can bind divalent metals other than Zn2+ , the impact of these divalent metals on the biophysical properties of HRG remains poorly understood. We now show that HRG binds Zn2+ , Ni2+ , Cu2+ and Co2+ with micromolar affinities, but differing stoichiometries, and regulate the release of specific HRG fragments during proteolysis. Furthermore, HRG binding to Zn2+ promotes HRG dimer formation in a Zn2+ -concentration- and pH-dependent manner. Our data highlight the complex divalent metal-dependent regulatory mechanisms that govern HRG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Priebatsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kruti K Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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32
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Taylor KA, Pugh N. The contribution of zinc to platelet behaviour during haemostasis and thrombosis. Metallomics 2016; 8:144-55. [PMID: 26727074 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are the primary cellular determinants of haemostasis and pathological thrombus formation leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. Following vascular injury or atherosclerotic plaque rupture, platelets are recruited to sites of damage and undergo activation induced by a variety of soluble and/or insoluble agonists. Platelet activation is a multi-step process culminating in the formation of thrombi, which contribute to the haemostatic process. Zinc (Zn(2+)) is acknowledged as an important signalling molecule in a diverse range of cellular systems, however there is limited understanding of the influence of Zn(2+) on platelet behaviour during thrombus formation. This review evaluates the contributions of exogenous and intracellular Zn(2+) to platelet function and assesses the potential pathophysiological implications of Zn(2+) signalling. We also provide a speculative assessment of the mechanisms by which platelets could respond to changes in extracellular and intracellular Zn(2+) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - N Pugh
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
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33
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Watson BR, White NA, Taylor KA, Howes JM, Malcor JDM, Bihan D, Sage SO, Farndale RW, Pugh N. Zinc is a transmembrane agonist that induces platelet activation in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner. Metallomics 2016; 8:91-100. [PMID: 26434726 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00064e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Following platelet adhesion and primary activation at sites of vascular injury, secondary platelet activation is induced by soluble platelet agonists, such as ADP, ATP, thrombin and thromboxane. Zinc ions are also released from platelets and damaged cells and have been shown to act as a platelet agonist. However, the mechanism of zinc-induced platelet activation is not well understood. Here we show that exogenous zinc gains access to the platelet cytosol and induces full platelet aggregation that is dependent on platelet protein tyrosine phosphorylation, PKC and integrin αIIbβ3 activity and is mediated by granule release and secondary signalling. ZnSO4 increased the binding affinity of GpVI, but not integrin α2β1. Low concentrations of ZnSO4 potentiated platelet aggregation by collagen-related peptide (CRP-XL), thrombin and adrenaline. Chelation of intracellular zinc reduced platelet aggregation induced by a number of different agonists, inhibited zinc-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibited platelet activation in whole blood under physiologically relevant flow conditions. Our data are consistent with a transmembrane signalling role for zinc in platelet activation during thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben R Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan A White
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kirk A Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joanna-Marie Howes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Daniel M Malcor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominique Bihan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stewart O Sage
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Pugh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK and Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, UK.
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34
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Polyphosphate colocalizes with factor XII on platelet-bound fibrin and augments its plasminogen activator activity. Blood 2016; 128:2834-2845. [PMID: 27694320 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-673285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated factor XII (FXIIa) has plasminogen activator capacity but its relative contribution to fibrinolysis is considered marginal compared with urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Polyphosphate (polyP) is released from activated platelets and mediates FXII activation. Here, we investigate the contribution of polyP to the plasminogen activator function of αFXIIa. We show that both polyP70, of the chain length found in platelets (60-100 mer), and platelet-derived polyP significantly augment the plasminogen activation capacity of αFXIIa. PolyP70 stimulated the autoactivation of FXII and subsequent plasminogen activation, indicating that once activated, αFXIIa remains bound to polyP70 Indeed, complex formation between polyP70 and αFXIIa provides protection against autodegradation. Plasminogen activation by βFXIIa was minimal and not enhanced by polyP70, highlighting the importance of the anion binding site. PolyP70 did not modulate plasmin activity but stimulated activation of Glu and Lys forms of plasminogen by αFXIIa. Accordingly, polyP70 was found to bind to FXII, αFXIIa, and plasminogen, but not βFXIIa. Fibrin and polyP70 acted synergistically to enhance αFXIIa-mediated plasminogen activation. The plasminogen activator activity of the αFXIIa-polyP70 complex was modulated by C1 inhibitor and histidine-rich glycoprotein, but not plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2. Platelet polyP and FXII were found to colocalize on the activated platelet membrane in a fibrin-dependent manner and decorated fibrin strands extending from platelet aggregates. We show that in the presence of platelet polyP and the downstream substrate fibrin, αFXIIa is a highly efficient and favorable plasminogen activator. Our data are the first to document a profibrinolytic function of platelet polyP.
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35
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36
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Henderson SJ, Xia J, Wu H, Stafford AR, Leslie BA, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz DA, Weitz JI. Zinc promotes clot stability by accelerating clot formation and modifying fibrin structure. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:533-42. [PMID: 26489782 DOI: 10.1160/th15-06-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Zinc released from activated platelets binds fibrin(ogen) and attenuates fibrinolysis. Although zinc also affects clot formation, the mechanism and consequences are poorly understood. To address these gaps, the effect of zinc on clot formation and structure was examined in the absence or presence of factor (F) XIII. Zinc accelerated a) plasma clotting by 1.4-fold, b) fibrinogen clotting by 3.5- and 2.3-fold in the absence or presence of FXIII, respectively, c) fragment X clotting by 1.3-fold, and d) polymerisation of fibrin monomers generated with thrombin or batroxobin by 2.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively. Whereas absorbance increased up to 3.3-fold when fibrinogen was clotted in the presence of zinc, absorbance of fragment X clots was unaffected by zinc, consistent with reports that zinc binds to the αC-domain of fibrin(ogen). Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed a two-fold increase in fibre diameter in the presence of zinc and in permeability studies, zinc increased clot porosity by 30-fold with or without FXIII. Whereas FXIII increased clot stiffness from 128 ± 19 Pa to 415 ± 27 Pa in rheological analyses, zinc reduced clot stiffness by 10- and 8.5-fold in the absence and presence of FXIII, respectively. Clots formed in the presence of zinc were more stable and resisted rupture with or without FXIII. Therefore, zinc accelerates clotting and reduces fibrin clot stiffness in a FXIII-independent manner, suggesting that zinc may work in concert with FXIII to modulate clot strength and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Jeffrey I. Weitz, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada, Tel.: +1 905 521 2100 ext. 40721, E-mail:
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37
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Vu TT, Leslie BA, Stafford AR, Zhou J, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds DNA and RNA and attenuates their capacity to activate the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:89-98. [PMID: 26354857 DOI: 10.1160/th15-04-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When triggered by factor (F) XII and nucleic acids, we showed that thrombosis in HRG-deficient mice is accelerated compared with that in wild-type mice. In this study, we set out to identify the mechanisms by which nucleic acids promote contact activation, and to determine whether HRG attenuates their effects. DNA or RNA addition to human plasma enhances thrombin generation via the intrinsic pathway and shortens the clotting time. Their effect on the clotting time is seven- to 14-fold greater in HRG-deficient plasma than in control plasma. Investigations into the mechanisms of activation reveal that nucleic acids a) promote FXII activation in the presence of prekallikrein- and high molecular weight kininogen (HK), and b) enhance thrombin-mediated FXI activation by 10- to 12-fold. Surface plasmon resonance studies show that DNA and RNA bind FXII, FXIIa, HK, FXI, FXIa and thrombin with high affinity. HRG attenuates DNA- and RNA-mediated FXII activation, and FXI activation by FXIIa or by thrombin, suggesting that HRG down regulates the capacity of DNA and RNA to activate the intrinsic pathway. Therefore, HRG attenuates the procoagulant activity of nucleic acids at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Jeffrey Weitz, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton St. E, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada, Tel.: +1 905 521 2100 ext 40721, Fax: +1 905 575 2646, E-mail:
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38
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Henderson SJ, Stafford AR, Leslie BA, Kim PY, Vaezzadeh N, Ni R, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. Zinc delays clot lysis by attenuating plasminogen activation and plasmin-mediated fibrin degradation. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:1278-88. [PMID: 25789495 DOI: 10.1160/th14-09-0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Zinc circulates free in plasma at a concentration of 0.1-2 µM, but its levels increase locally when it is released from activated platelets. Although zinc influences many processes in haemostasis, its effect on fibrinolysis has not been thoroughly investigated. Using a fluorescent zinc-binding probe, we demonstrated that zinc binds tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasmin with high affinity (Kd values of 0.2 µM), and surface plasmon resonance studies revealed that zinc binds fibrin with a Kd of 12.8 µM. Zinc had no effect on the affinity of plasminogen or plasmin for fibrin, but increased the affinity of tPA by two-fold. In the presence of 5 µM zinc, the catalytic efficiency of plasminogen activation by tPA was reduced by approximately two-fold, both in the absence or presence of fibrin. Zinc attenuated plasmin-mediated degradation of the fibrinogen alpha-chain by 43 %, but had no effect on trypsin degradation. tPA-mediated fibrin clot lysis was prolonged 2.5-fold by zinc in a concentration-dependent fashion, and tPA-mediated plasma clot lysis was attenuated by 1.5-fold. Therefore, our data indicate that zinc modulates fibrinolysis by attenuating tPA-mediated plasminogen activation and plasmin-induced fibrin degradation. These findings suggest that local release of zinc by platelets attenuates fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Jeffrey I. Weitz, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada, Tel.: +1 905 521 2100 ext. 40721, E-mail:
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39
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Arterial thrombosis is accelerated in mice deficient in histidine-rich glycoprotein. Blood 2015; 125:2712-9. [PMID: 25691157 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-611319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor (F) XII, a key component of the contact system, triggers clotting via the intrinsic pathway, and is implicated in propagating thrombosis. Although nucleic acids are potent activators, it is unclear how the contact system is regulated to prevent uncontrolled clotting. Previously, we showed that histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) binds FXIIa and attenuates its capacity to trigger coagulation. To investigate the role of HRG as a regulator of the intrinsic pathway, we compared RNA- and DNA-induced thrombin generation in plasma from HRG-deficient and wild-type mice. Thrombin generation was enhanced in plasma from HRG-deficient mice, and accelerated clotting was restored to normal with HRG reconstitution. Although blood loss after tail tip amputation was similar in HRG-deficient and wild-type mice, carotid artery occlusion after FeCl3 injury was accelerated in HRG-deficient mice, and HRG administration abrogated this effect. To confirm that HRG modulates the contact system, we used DNase, RNase, and antisense oligonucleotides to characterize the FeCl3 model. Whereas DNase or FVII knockdown had no effect, carotid occlusion was abrogated with RNase or FXII knockdown, confirming that FeCl3-induced thrombosis is triggered by RNA in a FXII-dependent fashion. Therefore, in a nucleic acid-driven model, HRG inhibits thrombosis by modulating the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
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40
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Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) stabilizes thrombi against fibrinolysis by cross-linking α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) to fibrin. Cellular FXIII (FXIII-A) is abundant in platelets, but the extracellular functions of this pool are unclear because it is not released by classical secretion mechanisms. We examined the function of platelet FXIII-A using Chandler model thrombi formed from FXIII-depleted plasma. Platelets stabilized FXIII-depleted thrombi in a transglutaminase-dependent manner. FXIII-A activity on activated platelets was unstable and was rapidly lost over 1 hour. Inhibiting platelet activation abrogated the ability of platelets to stabilize thrombi. Incorporating a neutralizing antibody to α2AP into FXIII-depleted thrombi revealed that the stabilizing effect of platelet FXIII-A on lysis was α2AP dependent. Platelet FXIII-A activity and antigen were associated with the cytoplasm and membrane fraction of unstimulated platelets, and these fractions were functional in stabilizing FXIII-depleted thrombi against lysis. Fluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed exposure of FXIII-A on activated membranes, with maximal signal detected with thrombin and collagen stimulation. FXIII-A was evident in protruding caps on the surface of phosphatidylserine-positive platelets. Our data show a functional role for platelet FXIII-A through exposure on the activated platelet membrane where it exerts antifibrinolytic function by cross-linking α2AP to fibrin.
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41
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Duerschmied D, Bode C, Ahrens I. Immune functions of platelets. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:678-91. [PMID: 25209670 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review collects evidence about immune and inflammatory functions of platelets from a clinician's point of view. A focus on clinically relevant immune functions aims at stimulating further research, because the complexity of platelet immunity is incompletely understood and not yet translated into patient care. Platelets promote chronic inflammatory reactions (e.g. in atherosclerosis), modulate acute inflammatory disorders such as sepsis and other infections (participating in the host defense against pathogens), and contribute to exacerbations of autoimmune conditions (like asthma or arthritis). It would hence be obsolete to restrict a description of platelet functions to thrombosis and haemostasis--platelets clearly are the most abundant cells with immune functions in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duerschmied
- Daniel Duerschmied, MD, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 761 207 34410, Fax: +49 761 270 37855, E-mail:
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42
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Engel R, Brain CM, Paget J, Lionikiene AS, Mutch NJ. Single-chain factor XII exhibits activity when complexed to polyphosphate. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1513-22. [PMID: 25039405 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism underpinning factor XII autoactivation was originally characterized with non-physiological surfaces, such as dextran sulfate (DS), ellagic acid, and kaolin. Several 'natural' anionic activating surfaces, such as platelet polyphosphate (polyP), have now been identified. OBJECTIVE To analyze the autoactivation of FXII by polyP of a similar length to that found in platelets (polyP70 ). METHODS AND RESULTS PolyP70 showed similar efficacy to DS in stimulating autoactivation of FXII, as detected with amidolytic substrate. Western blotting revealed different forms of FXII with the two activating surfaces: two-chain αFXIIa was formed with DS, whereas single-chain FXII (scFXII; 80 kDa) was formed with polyP70 . Dissociation of scFXII from polyP70 abrogated amidolytic activity, suggesting reversible exposure of the active site. Activity of scFXII-polyP70 was enhanced by Zn(2+) and was sensitive to NaCl concentration. A bell-shaped concentration response to polyP70 was evident, as is typical of surface-mediated reactions. Reaction of scFXII-polyP70 with various concentrations of S2302 generated a sigmoidal curve, in contrast to a hyperbolic curve for αFXIIa, from which a Hill coefficient of 3.67 was derived, indicative of positive cooperative binding. scFXII-polyP70 was more sensitive to inhibition by H-d-Pro-Phe-Arg-chloromethylketone and corn trypsin inhibitor than αFXIIa, but inhibition profiles for C1-inhibitor were similar. Active scFXII-polyP70 was also able to cleave its physiological targets FXI and prekallikrein to their active forms. CONCLUSIONS Autoactivation of FXII by polyP, of the size found in platelets, proceeds via an active single-chain intermediate. scFXII-polyP70 shows activity towards physiological substrates, and may represent the primary event in initiating contact activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Engel
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Marx G, Gilon C. The molecular basis of memory. Part 2: chemistry of the tripartite mechanism. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:983-93. [PMID: 23419130 DOI: 10.1021/cn300237r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a tripartite mechanism to describe the processing of cognitive information (cog-info), comprising the (1) neuron, (2) surrounding neural extracellular matrix (nECM), and (3) numerous "trace" metals distributed therein. The neuron is encased in a polyanionic nECM lattice doped with metals (>10), wherein it processes (computes) and stores cog-info. Each [nECM:metal] complex is the molecular correlate of a cognitive unit of information (cuinfo), similar to a computer "bit". These are induced/sensed by the neuron via surface iontophoretic and electroelastic (piezoelectric) sensors. The generic cuinfo are used by neurons to biochemically encode and store cog-info in a rapid, energy efficient, but computationally expansive manner. Here, we describe chemical reactions involved in various processes that underline the tripartite mechanism. In addition, we present novel iconographic representations of various types of cuinfo resulting from"tagging" and cross-linking reactions, essential for the indexing cuinfo for organized retrieval and storage of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Chan HH, Leslie BA, Stafford AR, Roberts RS, Al-Aswad NN, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. By Increasing the Affinity of Heparin for Fibrin, Zn2+ Promotes the Formation of a Ternary Heparin–Thrombin–Fibrin Complex That Protects Thrombin from Inhibition by Antithrombin. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7964-73. [DOI: 10.1021/bi301046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard H. Chan
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beverly A. Leslie
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan R. Stafford
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin S. Roberts
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadine N. Al-Aswad
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James C. Fredenburgh
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I. Weitz
- Departments of Medicine, ‡Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and §Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Muszbek L, Bereczky Z, Bagoly Z, Komáromi I, Katona É. Factor XIII: a coagulation factor with multiple plasmatic and cellular functions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:931-72. [PMID: 21742792 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) is unique among clotting factors for a number of reasons: 1) it is a protransglutaminase, which becomes activated in the last stage of coagulation; 2) it works on an insoluble substrate; 3) its potentially active subunit is also present in the cytoplasm of platelets, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, dendritic cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes; and 4) in addition to its contribution to hemostasis, it has multiple extra- and intracellular functions. This review gives a general overview on the structure and activation of FXIII as well as on the biochemical function and downregulation of activated FXIII with emphasis on new developments in the last decade. New aspects of the traditional functions of FXIII, stabilization of fibrin clot, and protection of fibrin against fibrinolysis are summarized. The role of FXIII in maintaining pregnancy, its contribution to the wound healing process, and its proangiogenic function are reviewed in details. Special attention is given to new, less explored, but promising fields of FXIII research that include inhibition of vascular permeability, cardioprotection, and its role in cartilage and bone development. FXIII is also considered as an intracellular enzyme; a separate section is devoted to its intracellular activation, intracellular action, and involvement in platelet, monocyte/macrophage, and dendritic cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Muszbek
- Clinical Research Center and Thrombosis, Haemostasis and Vascular Biology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Vu TT, Stafford AR, Leslie BA, Kim PY, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. Histidine-rich glycoprotein binds fibrin(ogen) with high affinity and competes with thrombin for binding to the gamma'-chain. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30314-30323. [PMID: 21757718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is an abundant protein that binds fibrinogen and other plasma proteins in a Zn(2+)-dependent fashion but whose function is unclear. HRG has antimicrobial activity, and its incorporation into fibrin clots facilitates bacterial entrapment and killing and promotes inflammation. Although these findings suggest that HRG contributes to innate immunity and inflammation, little is known about the HRG-fibrin(ogen) interaction. By immunoassay, HRG-fibrinogen complexes were detected in Zn(2+)-supplemented human plasma, a finding consistent with a high affinity interaction. Surface plasmon resonance determinations support this concept and show that in the presence of Zn(2+), HRG binds the predominant γ(A)/γ(A)-fibrinogen and the γ-chain elongated isoform, γ(A)/γ'-fibrinogen, with K(d) values of 9 nm. Likewise, (125)I-labeled HRG binds γ(A)/γ(A)- or γ(A)/γ'-fibrin clots with similar K(d) values when Zn(2+) is present. There are multiple HRG binding sites on fibrin(ogen) because HRG binds immobilized fibrinogen fragment D or E and γ'-peptide, an analog of the COOH terminus of the γ'-chain that mediates the high affinity interaction of thrombin with γ(A)/γ'-fibrin. Thrombin competes with HRG for γ'-peptide binding and displaces (125)I-HRG from γ(A)/γ'-fibrin clots and vice versa. Taken together, these data suggest that (a) HRG circulates in complex with fibrinogen and that the complex persists upon fibrin formation, and (b) by competing with thrombin for γ(A)/γ'-fibrin binding, HRG may modulate coagulation. Therefore, the HRG-fibrin interaction may provide a novel link between coagulation, innate immunity, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T Vu
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; the Departments of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Alan R Stafford
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Beverly A Leslie
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - James C Fredenburgh
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; the Departments of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada.
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Magwenzi SG, Ajjan RA, Standeven KF, Parapia LA, Naseem KM. Factor XIII supports platelet activation and enhances thrombus formation by matrix proteins under flow conditions. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:820-33. [PMID: 21320283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated coagulation factor XIII (FXIIIa) is a transglutaminase that crosslinks fibrin at sites of vascular injury. FXIIIa also associates with blood platelets, although its role in platelet function is unclear and requires clarification. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of FXIIIa to support platelet adhesion and spreading under conditions of physiologic flow, and to identify the underpinning receptors and signaling events. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet adhesion to immobilized FXIIIa was measured by fluorescence microscopy, and signaling events were characterized by immunoblotting. Immobilized FXIIIa supported platelet adhesion and spreading under static conditions through mechanisms that were dually and differentially dependent on integrins α(IIb)β(3) and α(v)β(3). Platelet adhesion was independent of FXIIIa transglutaminase or protein disulfide isomerase activity. Moreover, adhesion was abolished by antibodies that prevented interaction with FXIIIa, but maintained when potential interactions with fibrinogen were blocked. Platelet adhesion to FXIIIa was reduced significantly by either the specific α(IIb)β(3) antagonist tirofiban or the selective α(v)β(3)-blocking antibody LM609, and abolished when they were used in combination. Importantly, platelet adhesion was preserved under venous and arterial flow conditions in which both integrins played essential roles. In contrast, FXIIIa stimulated the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia in adherent platelets that was mediated exclusively by α(IIb)β(3) and eliminated by the Src-family inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine, indicating a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. Crucially, under conditions of arterial shear, FXIIIa accentuated platelet recruitment by von Willebrand factor and collagen. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate a potential role for FXIIIa in supporting platelet adhesion at sites of vascular damage, particularly in association with other thrombogenic matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Magwenzi
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Road, Cottingham, UK
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Rex S, Beaulieu LM, Perlman DH, Vitseva O, Blair PS, McComb ME, Costello CE, Freedman JE. Immune versus thrombotic stimulation of platelets differentially regulates signalling pathways, intracellular protein-protein interactions, and alpha-granule release. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102:97-110. [PMID: 19572074 DOI: 10.1160/th08-08-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to haemostasis, platelets mediate inflammation and clearance of bacteria from the bloodstream. As with platelet-platelet interactions, platelet-bacteria interactions involve cytoskeletal rearrangements and release of granular content. Stimulation of the immune Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on the platelet surface, activates phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and causes platelet activation and platelet-dependent thrombosis. It remains unknown if platelet activation by immune versus thrombotic pathways leads to the differential regulation of signal transduction, protein-protein interactions, and alpha-granule release, and the physiological relevance of these potential differences. We investigated these processes after immune versus thrombotic platelet stimulation. We examined selected signalling pathways and found that phosphorylation kinetics of Akt, ERK1/2 and p38 differed dramatically between agonists. Next, we investigated platelet protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics specifically targeting cytosolic factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) because of its function as a cytoskeleton-crosslinking protein whose binding partners have limited characterisation. Four FXIIIa-binding proteins were identified, two of which are novel interactions: FXIIIa-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and FXIIIa-gelsolin. The binding of FAK to FXIIIa was found to be altered differentially by immune versus thrombotic stimulation. Lastly, we studied the effect of thrombin versus Pam(3)CSK(4) stimulation on alpha-granule release and observed differential release patterns for selected granule proteins and decreased fibrin clot formation compared with thrombin. The inhibition of PI3K caused a decrease in protein release after Pam(3)CSK(4)- but not after thrombin-stimulation. In summary, stimulation of platelets by either thrombotic or immune receptors leads to markedly different signalling responses and granular protein release consistent with differential contribution to coagulation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Rex
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118 MA, USA
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Gorodetsky R. The use of fibrin based matrices and fibrin microbeads (FMB) for cell based tissue regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 8:1831-46. [PMID: 18990071 DOI: 10.1517/14712590802494576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its good cell attachment capabilities and promotion of cell migration, fibrin serves as an interim cell-binding matrix in wounded tissues. Due to their fast degradation, unprocessed fibrin matrices have limited use in tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE To describe stable fibrin-based matrices for isolation, growth and delivery of stem cells for implantation to enhance tissue regeneration. METHODS Fibrin microbeads (FMB) were produced by moderate-heat condensation of fibrin particles in oil without compromising the cell binding capability of the fibrin. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were separated from different sources at much higher yields with FMB. They were further expanded on them in suspension without trypsinization and passages. Cells on FMB could be induced to differentiate into different phenotypes, such as bone and cartilage. This enabled implantation of the cells on FMB for cell-based tissue regeneration. CONCLUSIONS FMB technology provides a simple and effective method for cell separation, expansion in suspension and delivery for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Gorodetsky
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Biotechnology, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12,000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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