1
|
Carrion B, Souzanchi MF, Wang VT, Tiruchinapally G, Shikanov A, Putnam AJ, Coleman RM. The Synergistic Effects of Matrix Stiffness and Composition on the Response of Chondroprogenitor Cells in a 3D Precondensation Microenvironment. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1192-202. [PMID: 26959641 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201501017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Improve functional quality of cartilage tissue engineered from stem cells requires a better understanding of the functional evolution of native cartilage tissue. Therefore, a biosynthetic hydrogel was developed containing RGD, hyaluronic acid and/or type-I collagen conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate to recapitulate the precondensation microenvironment of the developing limb. Conjugation of any combination of the three ligands did not alter the shear moduli or diffusion properties of the PEG hydrogels; thus, the influence of ligand composition on chondrogenesis could be investigated in the context of varying matrix stiffness. Gene expression of ligand receptors (CD44 and the b1-integrin) as well as markers of condensation (cell clustering and N-cadherin gene expression) and chondrogenesis (Col2a1 gene expression and sGAG production) by chondroprogenitor cells in this system were modulated by both matrix stiffness and ligand composition, with the highest gene expression occurring in softer hydrogels containing all three ligands. Cell proliferation in these 3D matrices for 7 d prior to chondrogenic induction increased the rate of sGAG production in a stiffness-dependent manner. This biosynthetic hydrogel supports the features of early limb-bud condensation and chondrogenesis and is a novel platform in which the influence of the matrix physicochemical properties on these processes can be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bita Carrion
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
| | | | | | | | - Ariella Shikanov
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Putnam
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
| | - Rhima M. Coleman
- Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
- Mechanical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor 48109 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi S, Wang C, Acton AJ, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Role of sox9 in growth factor regulation of articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1391-400. [PMID: 25708223 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenic polypeptide growth factors influence articular chondrocyte functions that are required for articular cartilage repair. Sox9 is a transcription factor that regulates chondrogenesis, but its role in the growth factor regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis is poorly understood. We tested the hypotheses that selected chondrogenic growth factors regulate sox9 gene expression and protein production by adult articular chondrocytes and that sox9 modulates the actions of these growth factors. To test these hypotheses, we delivered insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and/or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), or their respective transgenes to adult bovine articular chondrocytes, and measured changes in sox9 gene expression and protein production. We then knocked down sox9 gene expression with sox9 siRNA, and measured changes in the expression of the genes encoding aggrecan and types I and II collagen, and in the production of glycosaminoglycan, collagen and DNA. We found that FGF-2 or the combination of IGF-I, BMP-2, and BMP-7 increased sox9 gene expression and protein production and that sox9 knockdown modulated growth factor actions in a complex fashion that differed both with growth factors and with chondrocyte function. The data suggest that sox9 mediates the stimulation of matrix production by the combined growth factors and the stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation by FGF-2. The mitogenic effect of the combined growth factors and the catabolic effect of FGF-2 appear to involve sox9-independent mechanisms. Control of these molecular mechanisms may contribute to the treatment of cartilage damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Anthony J Acton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Stephen B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor transgenes interactively regulate articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:908-19. [PMID: 23097312 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes lack an effective repair response to correct damage from injury or osteoarthritis. Polypeptide growth factors that stimulate articular chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis may augment this response. Gene transfer is a promising approach to delivering such factors. Multiple growth factor genes regulate these cell functions, but multiple growth factor gene transfer remains unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that multiple growth factor gene transfer selectively modulates articular chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis. We tested the hypothesis by delivering combinations of the transgenes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and bone morphogenetic protien-7 (BMP-7) to articular chondrocytes and measured changes in the production of DNA, glycosaminoglycan, and collagen. The transgenes differentially regulated all these chondrocyte activities. In concert, the transgenes interacted to generate widely divergent responses from the cells. These interactions ranged from inhibitory to synergistic. The transgene pair encoding IGF-I and FGF-2 maximized cell proliferation. The three-transgene group encoding IGF-I, BMP-2, and BMP-7 maximized matrix production and also optimized the balance between cell proliferation and matrix production. These data demonstrate an approach to articular chondrocyte regulation that may be tailored to stimulate specific cell functions, and suggest that certain growth factor gene combinations have potential value for cell-based articular cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5111
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sritanaudomchai H, Kitiyanant Y, Tong-ngam P, Thonabulsombat C, White KL, Kusamran T. Enhanced chondrogenesis through specific growth factors in a buffalo embryonic stem cell model. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1246-58. [PMID: 23852953 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) via embryoid bodies (EBs) is an established model to investigate chondrogenesis signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms in vitro. Our aim has been to improve upon the number of differentiated cells needed for the in vitro development of functional cartilage. Chondrogenic differentiation of buffalo ESCs was modulated by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1 ) individually and their combination. ESCs differentiation into chondrocytes was characterized by the appearance of Alcian blue-stained nodules and the expression of cartilage-associated genes (RT-PCR) and protein (immunocytochemistry). BMP-2 or FGF-10 treatment enhanced chondrogenic differentiation, whereas TGF-β1 treatment inhibited buffalo ESC-derived chondrogenesis. The combination of BMP-2 and FGF-10 was the most effective treatment. This treatment resulted in a higher number of Alcian blue-positive nodules by 15.2-fold, expression of the mesenchymal cell marker scleraxis gene by 3.25-fold, and the cartilage matrix protein collagen II gene and protein 1.9- and 7-fold, respectively, compared to the untreated control group. Chondrogenesis was also recapitulated from mesenchymal and chondrogenic progenitor cells, resulting in the establishment of mature chondrocytes. Thus, buffalo ESCs can be successfully triggered in vitro to differentiate into chondrocyte-like cells by specific growth factors, which may provide a novel in vitro model for further investigation of the regulatory mechanism(s) involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hathaitip Sritanaudomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim M, Hong B, Lee J, Kim SE, Kang SS, Kim YH, Tae G. Composite System of PLCL Scaffold and Heparin-Based Hydrogel for Regeneration of Partial-Thickness Cartilage Defects. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2287-98. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihye Kim
- School of Materials
Science and Engineering and Department of
Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712,
Korea
| | - Bohee Hong
- School of Materials
Science and Engineering and Department of
Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712,
Korea
| | - Jongman Lee
- School of Materials
Science and Engineering and Department of
Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712,
Korea
| | - Se Eun Kim
- College
of Veterinary
Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Kang
- College
of Veterinary
Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Young Ha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong,
Dongiak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- School of Materials
Science and Engineering and Department of
Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim M, Kim SE, Kang SS, Kim YH, Tae G. The use of de-differentiated chondrocytes delivered by a heparin-based hydrogel to regenerate cartilage in partial-thickness defects. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7883-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
7
|
Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor regulation of growth factors in articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:6697-704. [PMID: 19136669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807859200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that polypeptide growth factors are important in articular cartilage homeostasis and repair. It is not yet clear how these growth factors are regulated. We tested the hypothesis that the growth factors responsible for regulating cartilage are themselves regulated by growth factors. We delivered insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and/or transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) to adult bovine articular chondrocytes in primary culture and measured the resulting changes in IGF-I, FGF-2, and TGF-beta1 gene expression and protein production. These growth factors differentially regulated their own and each others gene expression and protein production. In concert, they regulated each other in an interactive fashion. Their interactions ranged from inhibitory to synergistic. The time course of the regulatory effects differed among the individual growth factors and combinations. Growth factor-induced changes in growth factor protein production by articular chondrocytes generally corresponded to the changes in gene expression patterns. These studies suggest that interactions among IGF-I, FGF-2, and TGF-beta1 substantially modulate their regulatory functions. The results may help guide the application of growth factors to articular cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5111, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie J, Han ZY, Matsuda T. Mechanical compressive loading stimulates the activity of proximal region of human COL2A1 gene promoter in transfected chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:1192-9. [PMID: 16650379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the mechanical compressive loading affects the biosynthesis of chondrocytes seeded in three dimensional scaffolds. In this study, the level of type II collagen mRNA expression was increased by a continuous dynamic compression at 10% compressive strain and 0.1 Hz in chondrocytes seeded in a biodegradable, elastomeric scaffold, poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) (PLCL). To further examine this molecular mechanism, the promoter region of COL2A1 gene, which is encoding type II collagen, was analyzed using rabbit chondrocytes transfected with luciferase reporter vectors containing the 5'-flanking regions of human COL2A1 gene. A deletion mutant analysis revealed that the most active short promoter in response to continuous dynamic compression is in the region between -509 and -109 base pairs, where the transcription factor Sp1 is located. Additionally, an mRNA decay experiment using transcription inhibitor actinomycin D demonstrated that dynamic compression do not stabilize type II collagen mRNA. Our results indicate that mechanical compression increases the level of type II mRNA expression by transcriptional activation possibly through the Sp1 binding sites residing in the proximal region of the COL2A1 gene promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xie
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Richmon JD, Sage AB, Shelton E, Schumacher BL, Sah RL, Watson D. Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and morphology of human nasal septal chondrocytes cultured in monolayer. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:1553-60. [PMID: 16148694 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000175541.31131.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tissue engineering of septal cartilage provides ex vivo growth of cartilage from a patient's own septal chondrocytes for use in craniofacial reconstruction. To become clinically applicable, it is necessary to rapidly expand a limited population of donor chondrocytes and then stimulate the production of extracellular matrix on a biocompatible scaffold. The objective of this study was to determine favorable serum-free culture conditions for proliferation of human septal chondrocytes using various concentrations and combinations of four growth factors. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled study. METHODS Nasal septal chondrocytes from six patient donors were isolated by enzymatic digestion and expanded in monolayer culture in both serum-free media (SFM) and 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Both of these groups were exposed to varying concentrations and combinations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 both at 1, 5, and 25 ng/mL, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, both at 5, 25, and 125 ng/mL in the medium during the expansion phase. Cell morphology was assessed throughout the culture duration. After 7 days of monolayer growth, cultures were assessed for cellularity and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. RESULTS The addition of low-dose FBS in culture media consistently led to significantly greater cell proliferation and matrix deposition than the SFM cell cultures. FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 both alone and in combination led to the greatest proliferative effect compared with the other growth factors. In contrast, BMP-2 and IGF-1 led to the least cell proliferation although was most effective in retaining chondrocyte cell morphology. CONCLUSIONS With the addition of TGF-beta1 and FGF-2 to culture media, the concentration of serum can be greatly decreased and possibly eliminated altogether without jeopardizing cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Richmon
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Diego, and San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Hospital, 3350 La Jolla Drive #112C, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qiao B, Padilla SR, Benya PD. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-activated kinase 1 mimics and mediates TGF-beta-induced stimulation of type II collagen synthesis in chondrocytes independent of Col2a1 transcription and Smad3 signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17562-71. [PMID: 15743758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500646200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and interleukin-1beta activate TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which lies upstream of the p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB pathways. Our knowledge remains incomplete of TAK1 target genes, requirement for cooperative signaling, and capacity for shared or segregated ligand-dependent responses. We show that adenoviral overexpression of TAK1a in articular chondrocytes stimulated type II collagen protein synthesis 3-6-fold and mimicked the response to TGF-beta1 and BMP2. Both factors activated endogenous TAK1 and its activating protein, TAB1, and the collagen response was inhibited by dominant-negative TAK1a. Isoform-specific antibodies to TGF-beta blocked the response to endogenous and exogenous TGF-beta but not the response to TAK1a. Expression of Smad3 did not stimulate type II collagen synthesis or enhance that caused by TGF-beta1 or TAK1a, in contrast to its effects on its endogenous targets, CTGF and plasminogen-activated inhibitor-1. TAK1a, overexpressed alone and immunoprecipitated, phosphorylated MKK6 and stimulated the plasminogen-activated inhibitor-1 promoter following transient transfection; both effects were enhanced by TAB1 coexpression, but type II collagen synthesis was not. Stimulation by TAK1a or TGF-beta did not require increased Col2a1 mRNA, and TAK1 actually reduced Col2a1 mRNA in parallel with the cartilage markers, SRY-type HMG box 9 (Sox9) and aggrecan. Thus, TAK1 increased target gene expression (Col2a1) by translational or posttranslational mechanisms as a Smad3-independent response shared by TGF-beta1 and BMP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiao
- Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Research Center and UCLA-Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kinkel MD, Yagi R, McBurney D, Nugent A, Horton WE. Age-related expression patterns of Bag-1 and Bcl-2 in growth plate and articular chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 279:720-8. [PMID: 15278942 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging cartilage displays increased chondrocyte apoptosis and decreased responsiveness of chondrocytes to growth factors. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes have not been identified. Bag-1 is a Bcl-2-binding protein that promotes cell survival, interacts with a diverse group of cellular proteins, and may integrate multiple pathways involved in controlling cell survival, growth, and phenotype. Bcl-2 is important for maintaining chondrocyte phenotype and delaying terminal differentiation and apoptosis of chondrocytes. Comparatively little is known about the role of Bag-1 in cartilage. Here we show that both growth plate and articular chondrocytes in the mouse express the Bag-1 protein. In the growth plate, Bag-1 expression is prominent in the late proliferative and prehypertrophic chondrocytes, displaying a pattern similar to what has been reported for Bcl-2. Further, the expression of both Bcl-2 and Bag-1 declines with age in the articular cartilage. Growth assays demonstrate that knocking down Bag-1 expression causes a decrease in growth rate. These results suggest that Bag-1 is involved in the regulation of chondrocyte phenotype and cartilage aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary D Kinkel
- Department of Anatomy, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chadjichristos C, Ghayor C, Herrouin JF, Ala-Kokko L, Suske G, Pujol JP, Galéra P. Down-regulation of human type II collagen gene expression by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in articular chondrocytes involves SP3/SP1 ratio. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:43903-17. [PMID: 12186868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) is generally considered as a stimulator of type I collagen production in smooth organs, we found that it can inhibit type II collagen biosynthesis in primary rabbit articular chondrocytes (RAC) at transcriptional levels. Constructs of promoter and first intron sequences associated with the luciferase reporter gene were used to delineate the gene sequences involved in TGF-beta1 control of human COL2A1 gene transcription. Cotransfection of these DNA fragments with a TbetaRII/I cDNA hybrid receptor, capable of inducing a TGF-beta1 dominant negative effect, showed that TGF-beta1 inhibits specifically COL2A1 gene transcription in RAC by a 63-bp proximal promoter. Footprint and gel retardation analyses revealed that the TGF-beta1-induced inhibition effect exerted through the 63-bp promoter sequence implies a multimeric complex that binds to the -41/-33 sequence and involves Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors. Transfection of decoy Sp-binding oligonucleotides corroborated the implication of the proximal promoter in the TGF-beta1-induced inhibition of COL2A1 gene transcription. In addition, TGF-beta1 was found to increase the expression of Sp3 without significant changes to its binding level, but repressed both the biosynthesis and binding activity of Sp1. In functional assays, Sp3 inhibited the 63-bp promoter activity and prevented Sp1 induction of transcription. These findings suggest that TGF-beta1 inhibition of COL2A1 gene transcription in RAC is mediated by an increase of the Sp3/Sp1 ratio and by the repression of Sp1 transactivating effects on that gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chadjichristos
- Laboratoire de Biochimie du Tissu Conjonctif, Faculté de Médecine, CHU niveau 3, Avenue de Côte de Nacre, 14032, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pei M, Seidel J, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Freed LE. Growth factors for sequential cellular de- and re-differentiation in tissue engineering. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:149-54. [PMID: 12054755 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A model system for the in vitro generation of cartilaginous constructs was used to study a tissue engineering paradigm whereby sequentially applied growth factors promoted chondrocytes to first de-differentiate into a proliferative state and then re-differentiate and undergo chondrogenesis. Early cultivation in medium with supplemental TGF-beta1/FGF-2 doubled cell fractions in 2-week constructs compared to unsupplemented controls. Subsequent culture with supplemental IGF-I yielded large 4-week constructs with high fractions of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) and high compressive moduli, whereas prolonged culture with supplemental FGF-2 yielded small 4-week constructs with low ECM fractions and moduli. Sequential supplementation with TGF-beta1/FGF-2 and then IGF-I yielded 4-week constructs with type-specific mRNA expression and protein levels that were high for type II and negligible for type I collagen, in contrast to other growth factor regimens studied. The data demonstrate that structural, functional, and molecular properties of engineered cartilage can be modulated by sequential application of growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pei
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Articular cartilage, which enables smooth gliding of joints during skeletal motion, is vulnerable to injuries and degenerative diseases over time. Bone growth factors have a role in the preservation of the cartilage matrix. This article reviews the potential to treat cartilage damage for bone morphogenetic proteins, insulin-like growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J O'Connor
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kramer J, Hegert C, Guan K, Wobus AM, Müller PK, Rohwedel J. Embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenic differentiation in vitro: activation by BMP-2 and BMP-4. Mech Dev 2000; 92:193-205. [PMID: 10727858 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells via embryoid bodies was established as a suitable model to study development in vitro. Here, we show that differentiation of ES cells in vitro into chondrocytes can be modulated by members of the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-beta(1), BMP-2 and -4). ES cell differentiation into chondrocytes was characterized by the appearance of Alcian blue-stained areas and the expression of cartilage-associated genes and proteins. Different stages of cartilage differentiation could be distinguished according to the expression pattern of the transcription factor scleraxis, and the cartilage matrix protein collagen II. The number of Alcian-blue-stained areas decreased slightly after application of TGF-beta(1), whereas BMP-2 or -4 induced chondrogenic differentiation. The inducing effect of BMP-2 was found to be dependent on the time of application, consistent with its role to recruit precursor cells to the chondrogenic fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kramer
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Murray D, Precht P, Balakir R, Horton WE. The transcription factor deltaEF1 is inversely expressed with type II collagen mRNA and can repress Col2a1 promoter activity in transfected chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:3610-8. [PMID: 10652357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.5.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of Col2a1, which encodes type II collagen, likely results from a balance of both positive and negative proteins. Here we present evidence that the transcription factor deltaEF1 participates in the negative regulation of Col2a1 transcription. A deletion analysis suggested that a region between -100 and -307 of the rat Col2a1 gene was required for activity in differentiating chick limb bud mesenchymal cells; however, mutation of a conserved E2 box site in this region actually increased promoter activity. Supershift analysis demonstrated that deltaEF1, a known transcriptional repressor, bound to the E2 box in a sequence-dependent manner. Chick limb bud mesenchymal cells, which do not express type II collagen, expressed abundant deltaEF1 mRNA, but, following differentiation in micromass culture, deltaEF1 mRNA expression was lost. Primary embryonic chick sternal chondrocytes, which express abundant type II collagen, displayed minimal levels of deltaEF1 mRNA. The inhibition of Col2a1 transcription following treatment of chick sternal chondrocytes with growth factors was accompanied by increased deltaEF1 expression. Overexpression of deltaEF1 in differentiated chondrocytes resulted in decreased expression of a reporter construct containing a collagen II promoter/enhancer insert; however, this negative regulation was not dependent on the proximal E2 box. This is the first report of a specific transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of Col2a1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Murray
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Gerontology Research Center, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martin I, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Yang J, Langer R, Freed LE. Mammalian chondrocytes expanded in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 maintain the ability to differentiate and regenerate three-dimensional cartilaginous tissue. Exp Cell Res 1999; 253:681-8. [PMID: 10585291 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes from hyaline cartilage is gradually lost during expansion in monolayers. Chondrocytes can reexpress their differentiated phenotype by transfer into an environment that prevents cell flattening, but serially passaged cells never completely recover their chondrogenic potential. We report that chondrocytes expanded (up to 2000-fold) in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) dedifferentiated, but fully maintained their potential for redifferentiation in response to environmental changes. After seeding onto three-dimensional polymer scaffolds, chondrocytes expanded in the presence of FGF-2 formed cartilaginous tissue that was histologically and biochemically comparable to that obtained using primary chondrocytes, in contrast to chondrocytes expanded to the same degree but in the absence of FGF-2. The presence of FGF-2 inhibited the formation of thick F-actin structures, which otherwise formed during monolayer expansion, were maintained during tissue cultivation, and were associated with reduced ability of chondrocytes to reexpress their differentiated phenotype. This study provides evidence that FGF-2 maintains the chondrogenic potential during chondrocyte expansion in monolayers, possibly due to changes in the architecture of F-actin elements and allows more efficient utilization of harvested tissue for cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Martin
- Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Steimberg N, Viengchareun S, Biehlmann F, Guénal I, Mignotte B, Adolphe M, Thenet S. SV40 large T antigen expression driven by col2a1 regulatory sequences immortalizes articular chondrocytes but does not allow stabilization of type II collagen expression. Exp Cell Res 1999; 249:248-59. [PMID: 10366424 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immortalization of chondrocytes by SV40 T Ag has often been reported to trigger the loss of expression of type II collagen, one of the main differentiation markers, although some immortalized chondrocyte lines maintaining a differentiated phenotype have also been described. Here, we show using transient cotransfections in differentiated chondrocytes that, in contrast to c-src, neither SV40 T Ag, nor c-myc, decreases col2a1 transcriptional activity. Then, we report the possibility of immortalizing rabbit articular chondrocytes by expression of SV40 T Ag controlled by the col2a1 promoter and enhancer (pCol2SV). This strategy allows one to select within a population of differentiated chondrocytes those which are able to maintain functional regulation of the col2a1 gene through long-term culture. In precrisis pCol2SV-transfected chondrocytes, all-trans-retinoic acid, a down-regulator of col2a1 expression, induced apoptosis, strongly suggesting the strict control of T Ag expression by col2a1 regulatory sequences. Some pCol2SV-transfected chondrocytes were definitively immortalized, after a short crisis period. However, type II collagen synthesis was restricted to a small proportion of cells, which went on to decrease with subculture, while the proportion of cells expressing T Ag was not affected. In these postcrisis cells, T Ag remained at least partially under the control of functional col2a1 regulatory elements as assessed by all-trans-retinoic acid down-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Steimberg
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris, 75006, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Torres MA, Eldar-Finkelman H, Krebs EG, Moon RT. Regulation of ribosomal S6 protein kinase-p90(rsk), glycogen synthase kinase 3, and beta-catenin in early Xenopus development. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:1427-37. [PMID: 9891076 PMCID: PMC116071 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.2.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/1998] [Accepted: 10/23/1998] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
beta-Catenin is a multifunctional protein that binds cadherins at the plasma membrane, HMG box transcription factors in the nucleus, and several cytoplasmic proteins that are involved in regulating its stability. In developing embryos and in some human cancers, the accumulation of beta-catenin in the cytoplasm and subsequently the nuclei of cells may be regulated by the Wnt-1 signaling cascade and by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). This has increased interest in regulators of both GSK-3 and beta-catenin. Searching for kinase activities able to phosphorylate the conserved, inhibitory-regulatory GSK-3 residue serine 9, we found p90(rsk) to be a potential upstream regulator of GSK-3. Overexpression of p90(rsk) in Xenopus embryos leads to increased steady-state levels of total beta-catenin but not of the free soluble protein. Instead, p90(rsk) overexpression increases the levels of beta-catenin in a cell fraction containing membrane-associated cadherins. Consistent with the lack of elevation of free beta-catenin levels, ectopic p90(rsk) was unable to rescue dorsal cell fate in embryos ventralized by UV irradiation. We show that p90(rsk) is a downstream target of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling during early Xenopus development, since ectopic FGF signaling activates both endogenous and overexpressed p90(rsk). Moreover, overexpression of a dominant negative FGF receptor, which blocks endogenous FGF signaling, leads to decreased p90(rsk) kinase activity. Finally, we report that FGF inhibits endogenous GSK-3 activity in Xenopus embryos. We hypothesize that FGF and p90(rsk) play heretofore unsuspected roles in modulating GSK-3 and beta-catenin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Torres
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Bornstein P. Regulation of expression of the alpha 1 (I) collagen gene: a critical appraisal of the role of the first intron. Matrix Biol 1996; 15:3-10. [PMID: 8783182 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(96)90121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the alpha 1 (I) collagen chains is necessarily complex since these genes are expressed at widely different levels, and in a cell- and tissue-specific fashion. In the case of the alpha 1 (I) gene, there is substantial, but controversial, evidence for an involvement of the first intron in the tissue-specific expression of the gene. This evidence is based largely on transfection of cells with collagen-reporter gene constructs and on studies of transgenic mice. In this review, I propose a number of reason for the conflicting data in the literature: 1) the cell-specific nature of the intronic effect; thus, not all cultured, collagen-synthesizing cells will demonstrate an intronic effect by transfection; 2) the possibility that functionally equivalent regulatory elements are placed in different regions of the alpha 1 (I) gene in different species; and 3) the possibility that functionally redundant sequences exist within the alpha 1 (I) gene, which would permit other regions to substitute for the first intron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bornstein
- Department of Biochemistry University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Krebsbach PH, Nakata K, Bernier SM, Hatano O, Miyashita T, Rhodes CS, Yamada Y. Identification of a minimum enhancer sequence for the type II collagen gene reveals several core sequence motifs in common with the link protein gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:4298-303. [PMID: 8626777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.8.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The type II collagen gene (Col2a1) is expressed primarily in chondrocytes. Transcription of Col2a1 is mediated by cell-specific regulatory elements located within the promoter and first intron. Here, we map a minimal enhancer and identify elements that determine cartilage-specific Col2a1 expression by analyzing the activity of a series of chimeric genes consisting of rat Col2a1 first intron deletion mutants ligated to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. We show that a 100-base pair (bp) segment within the first intron is the minimum size necessary for high level, cell type-specific expression of Col2a1. Sequence analysis of this 100-bp Col2a1 enhancer revealed several sequence motifs similar to motifs present within the regulatory region of the link protein gene, another cartilage gene. These motifs include an AT-rich element, a C1 motif and a C3 motif. Deletion of any of these elements reduced Col2a1 enhancer activity in chick embryo chondrocytes. We also tested enhancer-mediated activity in CFK2 cells which differentiate to a chondrogenic phenotype and begin to express type II collagen mRNA after extended culture. In stably transfected CFK2 cells, constructs containing the 100-bp enhancer were activated during the transition from prechondrogenic to chondrogenic cell populations and deletions within the enhancer strongly down-regulated activity. Chondrocyte-specific DNA-protein complexes were identified using nuclear extracts prepared from chick embryo chondrocytes and 32P-labeled oligonucleotides from these regions of the first intron. These results suggest that interaction of chondrocyte specific nuclear factors with multiple core elements from a small region within the first intron are important for cell-type specific Col2a1 enhancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Krebsbach
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, NIDR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Studer RK, Negrete H, Craven PA, DeRubertis FR. Protein kinase C signals thromboxane induced increases in fibronectin synthesis and TGF-beta bioactivity in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1995; 48:422-30. [PMID: 7564109 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that thromboxane (TX) stimulates matrix protein synthesis in mesangial cells (MC), and that this action is signalled by receptor mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC). In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that activation of PKC by TX signals increases in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) bioactivity, which in turn induces enhanced matrix protein synthesis. In cultured rat MC, the TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue U-46619, but not exogenous human platelet TGF-beta 1, activated PKC as reflected by enhanced in situ phosphorylation of MARCKS protein, an endogenous substrate of PKC. U-46619 and TGF-beta 1 stimulated fibronectin (Fn) synthesis in MC, as shown by [35S]methionine incorporation into immunoprecipitable Fn. Pan-specific rabbit anti-TGF-beta antibody blocked the increases in Fn synthesis induced by exogenous TGF-beta and those induced by U-46619 at 24 to 72 hours after addition. Anti-TGF-beta antibody did not block the small increases in FN synthesis observed six hours after addition of U-46619, suggesting that this acute response was not dependent on TGF-beta. Anti-TGF-beta antibody also failed to block activation of PKC by U-46619. U-46619 and 50 nM of the PKC agonist phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) significantly increased both the active fraction and total (latent plus active) TGF-beta in MC culture media, as assayed with the mink lung epithelial cell bioassay system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Studer
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chakrabarty S, Huang S. Role of protein kinase C alpha in the induction of carcinoembryonic antigen by transforming growth factor beta 1. J Cell Physiol 1995; 164:148-53. [PMID: 7790386 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041640119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) regulates the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CEA-cross-reactive glycoproteins (CEA-GLYs) in human colon carcinoma cells through a signal-transducing pathway associated with protein kinase C (PKC) (Chakrabarty, J. Cell. Physiol., 1992, 152:494-499). In this study we determined the role of the PKC alpha isoform in the regulation of CEA and CEA-GLYs expression by TGF beta 1. Expression of PKC alpha antisense RNA, through transfection experiments with an antisense PKC alpha expression vector, resulted in down-modulation of PKC alpha RNA and protein expression. TGF beta 1 was unable to stimulate the expression and secretion of CEA in cells in which the expression of PKC alpha protein was substantially reduced. The ability of TGF beta 1 to stimulate the expression of the 95- and 55-kDa CEA-GLYs, however, was not affected. We therefore conclude that TGF beta 1 regulates the secretion and expression of CEA through a signal-transducing pathway associated with PKC alpha. TGF beta 1 may also regulate the expression of CEA-GLYs through signal-transducing pathways associated with other PKC isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chakrabarty
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bradham DM, Passaniti A, Horton WE. Mesenchymal cell chondrogenesis is stimulated by basement membrane matrix and inhibited by age-associated factors. Matrix Biol 1995; 14:561-71. [PMID: 8535606 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(05)80005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During development of the embryonic limb, differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into chondrocytes is regulated by cell shape, extracellular matrix, and growth and differentiation factors. In this study, reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) prepared from mouse Englebreth-Holm-Swarm tumor tissue was found to stimulate mesenchymal cell chondrogenesis in vitro and the production of cartilage at ectopic sites in athymic mice. The rate of chondrogenesis of mesenchymal cells from chick limb bud was increased four-fold by the addition of 400 micrograms/ml Matrigel to the media of micromass cultures, and this activity was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Mesenchymal cells cultured on Matrigel, but not laminin or collagen type I or IV, formed spheres of condensed cells which stained with Alcian blue. Chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells suspended in Matrigel prepared from tumors grown in C57 mice aged 3, 12, or 26 months formed disks of hyaline cartilage within 2 weeks with wet weights of 59.1 mg, 35.7 mg, and 21.4 mg, indicating that the Matrigel from the old animals was less biologically active. In agreement with the in vivo data, Alcian blue staining of proteoglycan was over two-fold higher in micromass cultures supplemented with the Matrigel from young animals than in cultures treated with the Matrigel from old mice. A high-salt wash preparation of Matrigel from tumors grown in old mice increased the rate of chondrogenesis and cartilage production, suggesting that an inhibitor of chondrogenesis is produced by the old host. Thus, Matrigel contains chondrogenic activity distinct from TGF-beta or FGF. The aged host may produce factors that are inhibitory to mesenchymal cell differentiation and adversely affect cartilage formation and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Bradham
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|