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Said Helal N, Omran Z, Aboushousha T, Youssef M, Badawy A, Aboul-Ezz MA, Moussa M. Prognostic Significance of p27 and Survivin in H. pylori Gastritis and Gastric Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:3553-3559. [PMID: 34837912 PMCID: PMC9068175 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.11.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to assess expression of p27 and survivin in chronic gastritis with/without H. pylori ± intestinal metaplasia (IM) and in intestinal-type gastric cancer (IGC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for p27 and survivin on paraffin-embedded sections of 20 chronic gastritis, 20 H. pylori gastritis, 15 H. pylori gastritis with IM, 50 IGC, and 10 controls. Positivity (number of positive cases) and expression (mean percentage of positive gastric cells) for both proteins were evaluated. RESULTS P27 positivity and expression decreased from control to chronic gastritis to H. pylori gastritis to H. pylori gastritis with IM. In IGC, p27 positivity and expression were lower than controls and chronic gastritis but higher than H. pylori gastritis ±IM. High grade and advanced stage IGCs have insignificantly lower p27 positivity and expression than low grade and early stage IGCs. By contrast, survivin positivity and expression increased from chronic gastritis to H. pylori gastritis to H. pylori gastritis with IM to IGCs. High grade and advanced stage IGCs have significantly higher survivin positivity and expression than low grade and early stage IGCs. Males have higher positivity and expression for p27 and survivin than females. CONCLUSION Inverse relation between p27 and survivin in H. pylori gastritis, H. pylori gastritis with IM and IGCs lesions, suggesting that both proteins could be used as potential prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarkers in H. pylori and IM associated- gastritis as well as in IGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Said Helal
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab Omran
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Tarek Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Magdy Youssef
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Afkar Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed A Aboul-Ezz
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mona Moussa
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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Melittin Exerts Beneficial Effects on Paraquat-Induced Lung Injuries In Mice by Modifying Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081498. [PMID: 30995821 PMCID: PMC6514788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melittin (MEL) is a 26-amino acid peptide with numerous biological activities. Paraquat (PQ) is one of the most widely used herbicides, although it is extremely toxic to humans. To date, PQ poisoning has no effective treatment, and therefore the current study aimed to assess for the first time the possible effects of MEL on PQ-induced lung injuries in mice. Mice received a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of PQ (30 mg/kg), followed by IP treatment with MEL (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) twice per week for four consecutive weeks. Histological alterations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the lungs were studied. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining indicated that MEL markedly reduced lung injuries induced by PQ. Furthermore, treatment with MEL increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in lung tissue homogenates. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining showed that B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and survivin expressions were upregulated after MEL treatment, while Ki-67 expression was downregulated. The high dose of MEL was more effective than the low dose in all experiments. In summary, MEL efficiently reduced PQ-induced lung injuries in mice. Specific pharmacological examinations are required to determine the effectiveness of MEL in cases of human PQ poisoning.
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Voellger B, Waldt N, Rupa R, Kirches E, Melhem O, Ochel HJ, Mawrin C, Firsching R. Combined effects of resveratrol and radiation in GH3 and TtT/GF pituitary adenoma cells. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:573-582. [PMID: 29872948 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resveratrol and radiation decrease viability in various tumor cells. This study aims to investigate combined effects of resveratrol and radiation on viability, induction of apoptosis and necrosis, and expression of apoptosis modulators in rodent GH3 and TtT/GF pituitary adenoma cells in vitro. METHODS Cells were incubated with 10-100 µM resveratrol. Medium and medium with ethanol served as controls. After 2 h, cells were irradiated with 0-5 Gray (Gy) and further incubated for 48-72 h. Cell viability was quantified using a hemocytometer. Cell death was assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects free nucleosomes in cell lysates and free nucleosomes released to the culture medium. Expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 protein (BCL-2) and BCL-2 associated Xprotein (BAX) was measured using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze changes in BAX/BCL-2 ratio. RESULTS Resveratrol and irradiation with 4 Gy alone and in combination significantly decreased cell viability (p = 0.017 and less). In the ELISA, 10 μM resveratrol significantly induced apoptosis in TtT/GF cells at 0 Gy (p < 0.001), but not at 3 or 5 Gy. In the ELISA, 10 μM resveratrol significantly induced necrosis in GH3 cells at 0, 3 and 5 Gy (p < 0.001). While qRT-PCR did not demonstrate a significant effect of 10 µM resveratrol or radiation on expression of BAX or BCL-2, a significant increase in the BAX/BCL-2 ratio was found after irradiation with 5 Gy in GH3 cells (p = 0.0027). CONCLUSION While moderate irradiation solely led to inhibited proliferation, resveratrol induced cell death in rodent pituitary adenoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Voellger
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033, Marburg, Germany.
| | - N Waldt
- Department of Neuropathology, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rosita Rupa
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - E Kirches
- Department of Neuropathology, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - O Melhem
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H-J Ochel
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - R Firsching
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Zhang Y, Zhou H, Wu W, Shi C, Hu S, Yin T, Ma Q, Han T, Zhang Y, Tian F, Chen Y. Liraglutide protects cardiac microvascular endothelial cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through the suppression of the SR-Ca(2+)-XO-ROS axis via activation of the GLP-1R/PI3K/Akt/survivin pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:278-92. [PMID: 27038735 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) oxidative damage resulting from hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury is responsible for microcirculation perfusion disturbances and the progression of cardiac dysfunction. However, few strategies are available to reverse such pathologies. Here, we studied the effects and mechanisms of liraglutide on CEMCs oxidative damage, focusing in particular on calcium overload-triggered free radical injury signals and the GLP-1R/PI3K/Akt/survivin survival pathways. The results indicate that H/R increased IP3R expression but reduced SERCA2a expression, which rapidly raised intracellular Ca(2+) levels, subsequently leading to Ca(2+)-dependent xanthine oxidase (XO) activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the cellular apoptosis of CMECs. However, liraglutide pretreatment abrogated Ca(2+)-mediated oxidative apoptosis. Furthermore, liraglutide regulated the rate of IP3R/SERCA2a gene transcription and conserved SERCA2a-ATPase activity via the maintenance of ATP production under H/R, which drove excessive Ca(2+) reflux to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and inhibited Ca(2+) release from the SR, ultimately restoring Ca(2+) homeostasis. Furthermore, the regulatory role of liraglutide on Ca(2+) balance in conjunction with its up-regulation of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase collectively scavenged the excess ROS under H/R. Moreover, we showed that liraglutide strengthened Akt phosphorylation and subsequently survivin expression. In addition, both the blockade of the GLP-1R/PI3K/Akt pathways and the siRNA-mediated knockdown of survivin abolished the protective effects of liraglutide on SR-Ca(2+) function and CMECs oxidative apoptosis. In summary, this study confirmed that H/R induced CMECs oxidative damage through the SR-Ca(2+)-XO-ROS injury signals and that liraglutide pretreatment may suppress such CMECs damage through the PI3K/Akt/survivin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Burn surgery and Plastic surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shunying Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tong Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianwen Han
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
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Jiang M, Gao PF, Li HQ, Tian PY, Fan XM. Ghrelin inhibition of ethanol-induced gastric epithelial cell apoptosis is mediated by miR-21. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:4662-4672. [PMID: 26191156 PMCID: PMC4503028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the underlying mechanism of ghrelin-induced gastro-protection in a cell culture model of ethanol-induced gastric epithelial cell injury. METHODS The human gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 was incubated with ghrelin (0.01-1 µM), 1 µM ghrelin and 1 µM D-Lys3-growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), or 1 µM ghrelin and 400 nM antagomiR-21 for 24 h, followed by treatment with 8% ethanol for 3 h to induce apoptosis. Cell viability was determined by MTT assays and flow cytometry was used for detection of apoptosis rates. miR-21 transcription was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Akt, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3 expressions were measured by Western blot. RESULTS Flow cytometry and a quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the expression of miR-21 showed that ghrelin inhibited apoptosis in a dose dependent manner through a signaling pathway that was both growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and miR-21 dependent, as the antiapoptotic effect of ghrelin was blocked by both D-Lys3-GHRP-6 and antagomiR-21, respectively. Western blotting of Akt, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 showed that the levels of the antiapoptotic proteins, Akt and Bcl-2, in the cells pretreated with ghrelin alone were higher than those in the cells pretreated with D-Lys3-GHRP-6 or antagomiR-21. By contrast, the levels of the proapoptotic proteins, Bax and caspase 3, in the cells pretreated with ghrelin alone were lower than those in the cells pretreated with D-Lys3-GHRP-6 or antagomiR-21. CONCLUSION Ghrelin inhibits GES-1 cell apoptosis through GHS-R-dependent signaling in which miR-21 activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, which upregulates Bcl-2 and downregulates Bax and caspase 3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Peng-Fei Gao
- Department of TCM, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Huan-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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Cimini A, Brandolini L, Gentile R, Cristiano L, Menghini P, Fidoamore A, Antonosante A, Benedetti E, Giordano A, Allegretti M. Gastroprotective Effects of L-Lysine Salification of Ketoprofen in Ethanol-Injured Gastric Mucosa. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:813-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; via Vetoio L'Aquila Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | | | - Roberta Gentile
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; via Vetoio L'Aquila Italy
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; via Vetoio L'Aquila Italy
| | - Paola Menghini
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; via Vetoio L'Aquila Italy
| | - Alessia Fidoamore
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; via Vetoio L'Aquila Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; via Vetoio L'Aquila Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; via Vetoio L'Aquila Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neurosciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
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Li X, Zhang X, Li X, Ding F, Ding J. The role of survivin in podocyte injury induced by puromycin aminonucleoside. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6657-73. [PMID: 24747598 PMCID: PMC4013653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, which uniquely promotes mitosis and regulates apoptosis in cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that survivin also expresses in several normal adult cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function of survivin in the terminally differentiated epithelial cells, podocytes. Methods Survivin expression and location were detected by Quantitative Real-Time PCR, western blot and fluorescence confocal microscopy methods in normal and injured mouse podocytes. Cyto-protection function of survivin was also studied in cultured podocyte injured by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), transfected with survivin siRNA to down-regulate survivin expression, or with survivin plasmid to transiently over-express survivin. Results In podocytes, PAN stimulated expressions of survivin and the apoptosis related molecule caspase 3. Knockdown of survivin expression by siRNA increased the activation of caspase 3, induced podocyte apoptosis and remarkable rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, over-expression of survivin inhibited PAN-induced podocyte apoptosis and cytoskeleton rearrangement. Conclusion Our data provides the evidence that survivin plays an important role in protecting podocytes from apoptosis induced by PAN. The mechanism of survivin related anti-apoptosis may, at least partially, be through the activation of caspase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Fangrui Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing 100034, China.
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Terasaki Y, Terasaki M, Urushiyama H, Nagasaka S, Takahashi M, Kunugi S, Ishikawa A, Wakamatsu K, Kuwahara N, Miyake K, Fukuda Y. Role of survivin in acute lung injury: epithelial cells of mice and humans. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1147-63. [PMID: 23979427 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, regulates cell division and is a potential target for anticancer drugs because many cancers express high survivin levels. However, whether survivin would be toxic to human lung cells and tissues has not been determined. This report clarified the involvement of survivin in acute lung injury. We used immunohistochemical analysis, immunoelectron microscopy, and real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to study survivin expression and localization in injured mouse and human lungs. We also used cultured human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B and A549) to study survivin cytoprotection. Nuclei and cytoplasm of epithelial cells in day 3 and day 7 models of bleomycin-injured lung showed survivin-positive results, which is consistent with upregulated survivin mRNA expression. These nuclei also evidenced double positive findings for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and survivin. Day 7 models had similar Smac/DIABLO-positive and survivin-positive cell distributions. The cytoplasm and nuclei of epithelial cells in lesions with diffuse alveolar damage manifested strong survivin-positive findings. Bleomycin stimulation in both epithelial cell lines upregulated expression of survivin and apoptosis-related molecules. Suppression of survivin expression with small interfering RNA rendered human lung epithelial cells susceptible to bleomycin-induced damage, with markedly upregulated activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and an increased number of dead cells compared with mock small interfering RNA-treated cells. Overexpression of survivin via transfection resulted in these epithelial cells being resistant to bleomycin-induced cell damage, with reduced activation of apoptosis-related molecules and lactate dehydrogenase activity and fewer dead cells compared with results for mock-transfected cells. Survivin, acting at the epithelial cell level that depends partly on apoptosis inhibition, is therefore a key mediator of cytoprotection in acute lung injury. Understanding the precise role of survivin in normal lung cells is required for the development of therapeutic survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology and Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Voellger B, Kirches E, Wilisch-Neumann A, Weise A, Tapia-Perez JH, Rupa R, Mawrin C, Firsching R. Resveratrol decreases B-cell lymphoma-2 expression and viability in GH3 pituitary adenoma cells of the rat. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 9:1269-76. [PMID: 24092990 PMCID: PMC3787930 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s45154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Resveratrol is a phytoestrogen with various antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. This in
vitro study aimed to analyze the effect of resveratrol on the viability and expression of modulators
of apoptosis in GH3 pituitary adenoma cells of the rat. Methods GH3 cells were incubated with resveratrol concentrations from 20 to 100 μM for
48–72 hours. Cell viability was quantified using a hemocytometer. We assessed the ability of
resveratrol to kill GH3 cells by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of nucleosome
liberation and by DNA degradation (unidimensional gel electrophoresis). Relative messenger RNA
(mRNA) expression of survivin, B-cell lymphoma-2 protein (BCL-2) and BCL-2-associated X protein
(BAX) normalized to β2 microglobulin was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase
chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results GH3 cell survival significantly decreased with increasing concentrations of resveratrol. In GH3
cells treated with 100 μM resveratrol, ELISA demonstrated a significant rise of nucleosome
liberation, which typically occurs during apoptosis. In parallel, gel electrophoresis showed
degradation of DNA into random fragments, pointing to a necrotic mode of cell death in most GH3
cells. In GH3 cells treated with 100 μM resveratrol, qRT-PCR detected a significant decrease
of BCL-2 mRNA expression and a decrease of survivin mRNA expression, whereas a change of BAX mRNA
expression could not be found. The BAX/BCL-2 ratio was significantly increased in GH3 cells after
resveratrol treatment. Conclusions Resveratrol reduces GH3 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner by inducing nonapoptotic cell
death and apoptosis. Apoptosis in GH3 cells is probably mediated by resveratrol-dependent
downregulation of apoptosis inhibitors, namely BCL-2 and possibly survivin. Further investigation of
the potential effects of resveratrol on pituitary adenoma cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Voellger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Luo XJ, Liu B, Dai Z, Li TB, Li NS, Zhang XJ, Yang ZC, Li YJ, Peng J. Expression of apoptosis-associated microRNAs in ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury via JNK pathway. Alcohol 2013; 47:481-93. [PMID: 23830200 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be closely associated with cellular apoptosis, but their involvement in response to ethanol-induced gastric mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression profile of apoptosis-associated miRNAs in ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury and the mechanisms underlying injury. Gastric mucosal injury was induced in rats by oral administration of ethanol, and gastric tissues were collected for analysis of gastric ulcer index, apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, and miRNAs expression. Cell cultures of human gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1) were incubated with ethanol to induce apoptosis. Mimics or inhibitors of miRNAs or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor were added to the cell culture medium. GES-1 cells were collected for analysis of apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, miRNAs expression, and protein phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In the animal experiments, gastric ulcer index, cellular apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity were significantly increased, accompanied by up-regulation of miR-145 and down-regulation of the microRNAs miR-17, miR-19a, miR-21, miR-181a, and miR-200c. In the human cell culture experiments, the anti-apoptotic effects of miR-19a and miR-21 or pro-apoptotic effect of miR-145 were confirmed by their corresponding mimics or inhibitor; the ethanol-induced GES-1 apoptosis as well as the changes in miRNAs expression were significantly attenuated in the presence of JNK inhibitor. These results demonstrated that miR-145, miR-19a, and miR-21 were the apoptosis-associated miRNAs in gastric mucosal epithelial cells. The regulation of expression of these 3 miRNAs in ethanol-induced GES-1 apoptosis involved the JNK pathway.
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Grdina DJ, Murley JS, Miller RC, Mauceri HJ, Sutton HG, Li JJ, Woloschak GE, Weichselbaum RR. A survivin-associated adaptive response in radiation therapy. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4418-28. [PMID: 23651635 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive responses can be induced in cells by very low doses of ionizing radiation resulting in an enhanced resistance to much larger exposures. The inhibitor of apoptosis protein, survivin, has been implicated in many adaptive responses to cellular stress. Computerized axial tomography used in image-guided radiotherapy to position and monitor tumor response uses very low radiation doses ranging from 0.5 to 100 mGy. We investigated the ability of these very low radiation doses administered along with two 2 Gy doses separated by 24 hours, a standard conventional radiotherapy dosing schedule, to initiate adaptive responses resulting in the elevation of radiation resistance in exposed cells. Human colon carcinoma (RKO36), mouse sarcoma (SA-NH), along with transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts, wild type or cells lacking functional tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 were used to assess their relative ability to express an adaptive response when grown either to confluence in vitro or as tumors in the flank of C57BL/6 mice. The survival of each of these cells was elevated from 5% to 20% (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to cells not receiving a 100 mGy or lesser dose. In addition, the cells exposed to 100 mGy exhibited elevations in survivin levels, reductions in apoptosis frequencies, and loss of an adaptive response if transfected with survivin siRNA. This survivin-mediated adaptive response has the potential for affecting outcomes if regularly induced throughout a course of image guided radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Grdina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Wang K, Brems JJ, Gamelli RL, Holterman AX. iNOS/NO signaling regulates apoptosis induced by glycochenodeoxycholate in hepatocytes. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1677-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barrett RMA, Colnaghi R, Wheatley SP. Threonine 48 in the BIR domain of survivin is critical to its mitotic and anti-apoptotic activities and can be phosphorylated by CK2 in vitro. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:538-48. [PMID: 21252625 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.3.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we report that the protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates survivin specifically on threonine 48 (T48) within its BIR domain, and that T48 is critical to both the mitotic and anti-apoptotic roles of survivin. Interestingly, during mitosis T48 mutants localise normally, but are unable to support cell growth when endogenous survivin is removed by siRNA. In addition, while overexpression of survivin normally confers inhibition of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, this protection is abolished by mutation of T48. Furthermore in interphase cells depletion of endogenous survivin causes redistribution of T48 mutants from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and treatment of cells expressing survivin-GFP with the CK2 inhibitor TBB phenocopies this nuclear redistribution. Finally, we show T48 mutants have increased affinity for borealin, and that this association and cell proliferation can be restored by introduction of a second mutation at T97. To our knowledge these data are the first to identify T48 as a key regulatory site on survivin, and CK2 as a mediator of its mitotic and anti-apoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M A Barrett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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14
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Jung MK, Callaci JJ, Lauing KL, Otis JS, Radek KA, Jones MK, Kovacs EJ. Alcohol exposure and mechanisms of tissue injury and repair. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 35:392-9. [PMID: 21118273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury owing to acute and chronic alcohol consumption has extensive medical consequences, with the level and duration of alcohol exposure affecting both the magnitude of injury and the time frame to recovery. While the understanding of many of the molecular processes disrupted by alcohol has advanced, mechanisms of alcohol-induced tissue injury remain a subject of intensive research. Alcohol has multiple targets, as it affects diverse cellular and molecular processes. Some mechanisms of tissue damage as a result of alcohol may be common to many tissue types, while others are likely to be tissue specific. Here, we present a discussion of the alcohol-induced molecular and cellular disruptions associated with injury or recovery from injury in bone, muscle, skin, and gastric mucosa. In every case, the goal of characterizing the sites of alcohol action is to devise potential measures for protection, prevention, or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katherine Jung
- Division of Metabolism and Health Effects, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9304, USA.
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15
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Colnaghi R, Wheatley SP. Liaisons between survivin and Plk1 during cell division and cell death. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22592-604. [PMID: 20427271 PMCID: PMC2903399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin and Plk1 kinase are important mediators of cell survival that are required for chromosome alignment, cytokinesis, and protection from apoptosis. Interference with either survivin or Plk1 activity manifests many similar outcomes: prometaphase delay/arrest, multinucleation, and increased apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of both survivin and Plk1 is deregulated in cancer. Given these similarities, we speculated that these two proteins may cooperate during mitosis and/or in cell death pathways. Here we report that survivin and Plk1 interact during mitosis and that Plk1 phosphorylates survivin at serine 20. Importantly, we find that overexpression of a non-phosphorylatable version, S20A, is unable to correct chromosomes connected to the spindle in a syntelic manner during prometaphase and allows cells harboring these maloriented chromosomes to enter anaphase, evading the spindle tension checkpoint. By contrast, the constitutive phosphomimic, S20D, completes congression and division ahead of schedule and, unlike S20A, is able to support proliferation in the absence of the endogenous protein. Despite the importance of this residue in mitosis, its mutation does not appear to affect the anti-apoptotic activity of survivin in response to TRAIL. Together, these data suggest that phosphorylation of survivin at Ser(20) by Plk1 kinase is essential for accurate chromosome alignment and cell proliferation but is dispensable for its anti-apoptotic activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Colnaghi
- From the Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Sally P. Wheatley
- the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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Jones MK, Padilla OR, Zhu E. Survivin is a key factor in the differential susceptibility of gastric endothelial and epithelial cells to alcohol-induced injury. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE POLISH PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2010; 61:253-264. [PMID: 20610854 PMCID: PMC2953945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the anti-apoptosis protein, survivin, plays a protective role against alcohol-induced gastric injury. Since the endothelium is a primary target of alcohol-induced gastric damage, we investigated whether survivin expression is a key factor in the greater susceptibility of gastric endothelial vs. epithelial cells to alcohol-induced injury. Here, we demonstrate that rat gastric epithelial cells (RGM1 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from normal rat gastric mucosa) expressed 7.5-fold greater survivin protein levels vs. rat gastric endothelial cells. Survivin expression correlated with resistance of gastric epithelial vs. endothelial cells to both alcohol-induced cell damage and alcohol-induced apoptosis. Suppression of survivin protein expression levels using siRNA rendered the gastric epithelial cells as susceptible to both alcohol-induced cell damage and apoptosis as the gastric endothelial cells. Conversely, forced overexpression of survivin by transient transfection rendered gastric endothelial cells as resistant to both alcohol-induced cell damage and apoptosis as mock-transfected gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, overexpression of a threonine-34 to glutamate phosphorylation mimic mutant survivin construct rendered gastric endothelial cells significantly more resistant to alcohol-induced damage and apoptosis vs. mock-transfected gastric epithelial cells. These findings indicate that disparate survivin expression levels can explain the discrepancy between gastric epithelial and endothelial cell susceptibility to alcohol-induced injury; and, that a negative charge at amino acid residue 34 on survivin, such as that which naturally occurs by phosphorylation of threonine-34, enhances its property in conferring gastric mucosal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jones
- Research Healthcare Group, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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17
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Wu CY, Zhang CY. Advance in gastroduodenal mucosal defense. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:1957-1961. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i19.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has developed multiple mechanisms of protection from intrinsic and extrinsic injury, including but not limited to drugs, ischemic/reperfusion injuries, and infections such as Helicobacter pylori. These range from mucosal blood flow and strengthening the epithelial barrier to luminal factors such as HCO3- secretion and regulating epithelial cell-surface pH. We reviewed recent development in host defense against Helicobacter pylori, duodenal bicarbonate secretion, protection from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced gastrointestinal injury, and apoptosis, as well as newer therapies.
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18
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Abstract
The gastroduodenal mucosa withstands injury from acid, drugs, foodstuffs, and other factors. Defense mechanisms include pre-epithelial and epithelial barriers, submucosal acid sensors, prostaglandin generation, endogenous protective gases, and other chemical mediators. Recent studies have focused on proteinase-activated receptors and their linkage to prostaglandin formation, as well as on antioxidants targeted to reduce harmful reactive oxygen species. Investigation continues into the protective roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide, hydrogen sulfide, annexin-1, survivin, and methylnicotinamide. This article also summarizes some new findings on the genetics of ulcer formation and the effects of age and gender on mucosal defense and touches on current developments in drugs, including considerations for future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Zhu
- West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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19
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Guzman JR, Fukuda S, Pelus LM. Inhibition of caspase-3 by Survivin prevents Wee1 Kinase degradation and promotes cell survival by maintaining phosphorylation of p34Cdc2. GENE THERAPY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 13B:264-273. [PMID: 20428502 PMCID: PMC2859835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic protein Survivin and the cyclin-dependent kinase p34Cdc2 regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis. p34Cdc2 activation is required for its pro-apoptotic activity and phosphorylation of p34Cdc2 at Tyrosine-15 (Tyr15) maintains p34Cdc2 in an inactive state. In BaF3 IL-3-dependent murine hematopoietic cells, over-expression of wild-type (wt)-Survivin increased Tyrosine phosphorylation of p34Cdc2, while over-expression of dominant-negative (dn) T34A-Survivin decreased Tyr15 phosphorylation. The increased phospho-Tyr15 levels associated with ectopic wt-Survivin directly correlated with enhanced BaF3 cell survival upon growth factor withdrawal, while conversely, low phospho-Tyr15 levels and decreased survival were seen in BaF3 cells expressing ectopic dn-Survivin. Tyrosine-15 phosphorylation of p34Cdc2 is mediated by the Wee1 Kinase, a known target of caspase-3. In BaF3 cells over-expressing wt-Survivin, 2-fold higher levels of Wee1 protein were detected compared to cells expressing vector or dn-Survivin. Treatment of control vector-transduced BaF3 cells with the selective caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO increased p34Cdc2-Tyr15 phosphorylation and Wee1 protein levels. In a similar fashion, over-expression of wt-Survivin maintained high levels of phospho-Tyr15-p34Cdc2 and Wee1 protein. Since Survivin requires Hsp90 for stability, we treated cells with the Hsp90 inhibitors AICAR and 17-AAG to further link Survivin to blocking p34Cdc2 activation. Treatment of BaF3 cells expressing ectopic wt-Survivin with AICAR or 17-AAG significantly reduced p34Cdc2-Tyr15 phosphorylation compared to vehicle-treated controls. These results suggest that Survivin protects the p34Cdc2-Tyr15-targeting kinase Wee1 from degradation by blocking caspase-3 activation leading to inhibition of the pro-apoptotic function of p34Cdc2 and enhanced cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivera Guzman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
| | - Seiji Fukuda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
| | - Louis M. Pelus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gastrointestinal tract has developed multiple mechanisms of protection from intrinsic and extrinsic sources of injury, including but not limited to drugs, ischemic/reperfusion injuries, and infections such as Helicobacter pylori. We review recent developments in host defense against Helicobacter pylori, duodenal bicarbonate secretion, protection from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastrointestinal injury, and apoptosis, as well as newer therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Leptin and survivin confer protection against ethanol and indomethacin induced injury. Mucin-1, a cell surface mucin, is an important barrier to gastrointestinal infection. Prostaglandin E(2), Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin, orexins, and carbonated beverages stimulate duodenal bicarbonate secretion. SUMMARY Gastroduodenal mucosal defense is a dynamic process, and further insights into these defense mechanisms have and will lead to safer and more effective treatments.
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