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Sadr S, Borji H. Echinococcus granulosus as a Promising Therapeutic Agent against Triplenegative Breast Cancer. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2023; 19:292-297. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394719666230427094247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Abstract:Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths in women, with approximately 1.2 million new cases per year. Current treatment options for breast cancer include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. However, the non-selective cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents often leads to severe side effects, while drug resistance can worsen patient outcomes. Therefore, the development of more effective and less toxic anticancer drugs is a critical need. This study aimed to review the literature on Echinococcus granulosus antigens with anticancer potential against triple-negative breast cancer. Recent studies have suggested that certain parasite antigens may have potential anticancer effects. Specifically, research has shown that echinococcosis, a disease caused by the parasitic cestode Echinococcus granulosus, may have a protective effect against cancer. These findings offer new insights into the potential use of E. granulosus antigens in the development of novel cancer therapies and tumor cell vaccines. The findings of recent studies suggested that E. granulosus antigens may have the potential to be used in effective and less toxic cancer treatments. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind the anticancer effects of these antigens and develop new cancer therapies and vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Sadr
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Rahmani-Dehaghani M, Tolouei S, Yousofi-Darani H, Ghayour-Najafabadi Z. Apoptosis as a Potential Target to Arrest and Survival of Hydatid Cyst. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:175. [PMID: 37564437 PMCID: PMC10410427 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_152_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hydatidosis is a serious and life-threatening disease that may lead to the death of the host if diagnosed and treated improperly. Apoptosis has been investigated as a mechanism of host innate immunity in suppressing parasites and also the survival of cysts in the human body. The present study investigates the process and role of apoptosis caused by a host cell or parasite in hydatid cysts. Materials and Methods Survey cytotoxic effect and apoptotic mortality of hydatid-treated lymphocytes were investigated. Also, to determine the mechanism of apoptosis in host and parasite, the mean gene expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 3 in hydatid-treated lymphocytes, and Fas-L gene in the laminated-germinal layer of fertile and infertile hydatid cysts were evaluated. Results The viability of fertile and infertile hydatid fluid-treated lymphocytes was significantly different compared with the control group. Flow cytometry also showed apoptotic cells. Bax mean gene expression was significantly different between fertile and infertile treated lymphocytes. However, there was no significant difference in the mean expression of Caspase 3, and Bcl-2 genes in these two groups. Although the expression of the Fas-L gene in infertile cysts was higher than in fertile cysts, the result was not significant. Conclusion It seems that hydatid cyst fluid may induce apoptosis in lymphocytes so that, hydatid cysts can escape from the immune system and stay alive. On the other hand, the results represent the possible immune path of host apoptosis against the parasite as one of the important routes in infertility of hydatid cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmani-Dehaghani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Tolouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossain Yousofi-Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghayour-Najafabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of DNA Damage Repair Inhibitor Veliparib in Combination with Artesunate against Echinococcus granulosus. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8259820. [PMID: 32714467 PMCID: PMC7355356 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8259820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is a worldwide chronic zoonosis. Albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole are effective against CE, but a high dosage in a long-term period is usually required. In this study, we evaluate the effects of DNA damage repair inhibitor (i.e., Veliparib) in combination with artesunate (AS) on hydatid cysts. For the in vitro assay, protoscoleces of E. granulosus (E.g PSCs) were incubated with low AS (AS-L, 65 μM), moderate AS (AS-M, 130 μM), and high AS (AS-H, 325 μM), AS-L/M/H+Veliparib (10 μM), and ABZ (25 μM), respectively. The AS-H+Veliparib group showed the maximal protoscolicidal effects. Ultrastructural change revealed that germinal layer (GL) cells were reduced, and lipid droplets appeared. AS could induce DNA injuries in PSCs. The 8-OHdG was expressed in the PSCs and GL of the cysts in mice, especially in the presence of Veliparib. The most severe DNA damages were observed in the AS-H+Veliparib group. Meanwhile, the expression of ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9) gene in the AS-H+Veliparib group was significantly lower than that in the AS-H group. The in vivo chemotherapeutic effects of AS-L (50 mg/kg), AS-H (200 mg/kg), and AS-H+Veliparib (25 mg/kg) were assessed in experimentally infected mice. Upon 6 weeks of oral administration, ultrasonography was used to monitor the volume change of vesicles. Maximum potentiation was seen on day 15 with values (versus AS) of 34 (P < 0.05) for AS-H + Veliparib. It led to the reduction of cyst weight (55.40%) compared with the model group (P < 0.01), which was better than AS alone (52.84%) and ABZ-treated mice (55.35%). Analysis of cysts collected from AS-H+Veliparib-treated mice by transmission electron microscopy revealed a drug-induced structural destruction. The structural integrity of the germinal layer was lost, and the majority of the microtriches disappeared. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that AS or AS in combination with Veliparib is effective for treating CE, especially the combination group. On this basis, AS represented promising drug candidates in anti-CE chemotherapy.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacies of the EGFR/MEK/ERK Signaling Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alveolar Echinococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00341-20. [PMID: 32482675 PMCID: PMC7526812 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00341-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, is a lethal disease in humans. Novel therapeutic options are urgently needed since the current chemotherapy displays limited efficiency in AE treatment. In this study, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling inhibitors, including BIBW2992, CI-1033, and U0126, on E. multilocularis. Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, is a lethal disease in humans. Novel therapeutic options are urgently needed since the current chemotherapy displays limited efficiency in AE treatment. In this study, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo effects of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling inhibitors, including BIBW2992, CI-1033, and U0126, on E. multilocularis. Our data showed that BIBW2992, CI-1033, and U0126 all displayed in vitro effects on the viability of the E. multilocularis metacestode. These inhibitors also showed protoscolicidal activities and caused severe ultrastructural alterations in the parasite. Moreover, BIBW2992 and CI-1033 exhibited potent proapoptotic effects on E. multilocularis metacestodes. Strikingly, a large portion of the apoptotic cells were found to be the germinative cells. In vivo studies showed that BIBW2992 and U0126 significantly reduced parasite burden, and the parasite obtained from BIBW2992-treated mice displayed impaired structural integrity of the germinal layer. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the potential of EGFR-mediated signaling as a target for the development of novel anti-AE agents. The EGFR inhibitor BIBW2992 represents a promising drug candidate and/or a lead compound for anti-AE chemotherapy.
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Bakhtiar NM, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Ahmadpour E, Rostami A. Recent advances on innate immune pathways related to host-parasite cross-talk in cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:232. [PMID: 32375891 PMCID: PMC7204293 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are life-threatening parasitic infections worldwide caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) and E. multilocularis, respectively. Very little is known about the factors affecting innate susceptibility and resistance to infection with Echinococcus spp. Although benzimidazolic drugs against CE and AE have definitively improved the treatment of these cestodes; however, the lack of successful control campaigns, including the EG95 vaccine, at a continental level indicates the importance of generating novel therapies. This review represents an update on the latest developments in the regulatory functions of innate immune pathways such as apoptosis, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasomes against CE and AE. We suggest that apoptosis can reciprocally play a bi-functional role among the host-Echinococcus metabolite relationships in suppressive and survival mechanisms of CE. Based on the available information, further studies are needed to determine whether the orchestrated in silico strategy for designing inhibitors and interfering RNA against anti-apoptotic proteins and TLRs would be effective to improve new treatments as well as therapeutic vaccines against the E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayer Mehdizad Bakhtiar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Zhan J, Song H, Wang N, Guo C, Shen N, Hua R, Shi Y, Angel C, Gu X, Xie Y, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAP, BIRP) in Echinococcus granulosus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:729. [PMID: 32390980 PMCID: PMC7188921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, resulting in cystic echinococcosis, a parasitic zoonosis, causes huge economic losses to the livestock industry and poses a threat to public health. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) is a class of endogenous anti-apoptotic family, which plays a significant functional role in the regulation of organism’s development. Herein, to explore potential functions of IAPs in E. granulosus, two members of IAPs from E. granulosus (Eg-IAP and Eg-BIRP) were cloned, expressed, and molecularly characterized. Eg-IAP and Eg-BIRP encoded putative 331 and 168 residue proteins, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis showed that both proteins contained a type II BIR domain-the essential functional domain of IAPs. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed that both proteins were ubiquitously localized in all life-cycle stages of E. granulosus. Our fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results revealed relatively higher transcription levels of two Eg-IAPs in protoscoleces (PSCs) compared to the 18-day strobilated worms. We further used different concentrations of LCL161, a Smac-mimetic pan-IAPs inhibitor, to induce the apoptosis in PSCs in vitro, and revealed that the survival rate of PSCs and transcription levels of both genes were negatively correlated with the concentration of LCL161. While the results of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay also showed a higher apoptotic rate in PSCs with the increasing concentrations of LCL161. Taken together, our findings provide the reasonable evidence that both Eg-IAP and Eg-BIRP have potential implication in critical anti-apoptotic roles during the development of E. granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christiana Angel
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Moghaddam SM, Picot S, Ahmadpour E. Interactions between hydatid cyst and regulated cell death may provide new therapeutic opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:70. [PMID: 31782727 PMCID: PMC6884020 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis are chronic zoonotic infections, transmitted throughout the world. Development of the cestode larval stages in the liver and lungs causes damage to intermediate hosts, including humans. Several pathways leading to the suppression of host immune response and the survival of the cysts in various hosts are known. Immune response modulation and regulated cell death (RCD) play a fundamental role in cyst formation, development and pathogenesis. RCD, referring to apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, can be triggered either via intrinsic or extrinsic cell stimuli. In this review, we provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of RCD during echinococcosis. The study of interactions between RCD and Echinococcus spp. metacestodes may provide in-depth understanding of echinococcosis pathogenesis and open new horizons for human intervention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Mehrani Moghaddam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran - Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS INSA CPE University Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France - Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran - Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
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Lin C, Chen Z, Zhang L, Wei Z, Cheng KK, Liu Y, Shen G, Fan H, Dong J. Deciphering the metabolic perturbation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a 1H NMR-based metabolomics study. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:300. [PMID: 31196218 PMCID: PMC6567409 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is caused by the growth of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae in the liver. It is a chronic and potentially lethal parasitic disease. Early stage diagnosis for this disease is currently not available due to its long asymptomatic incubation period. In this study, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach was applied in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the altered metabolic profiles in blood serum and urine samples obtained from HAE patients. The aim of the study was to identify the metabolic signatures associated with HAE. RESULTS A total of 21 distinct metabolic differences between HAE patients and healthy individuals were identified, and they are associated with perturbations in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Furthermore, the present results showed that the Fischer ratio, which is the molar ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids, was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the blood serum obtained from the HAE patients than it was in the healthy patient group. CONCLUSIONS The altered Fischer ratio, together with perturbations in metabolic pathways identified in the present study, may provide new insights into the mechanistic understanding of HAE pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caigui Lin
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001 China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease Research, Xining, 810001 China
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA 21205 USA
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 84600 Muar, Johor Malaysia
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Guiping Shen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Haining Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001 China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease Research, Xining, 810001 China
| | - Jiyang Dong
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
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Cloning, expression, characterization, and immunological properties of citrate synthase from Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1811-1820. [PMID: 31049696 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The larval stages of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) are the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis, one of the most important parasitic zoonoses worldwide. E. granulosus has a complete pathway for the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), in which citrate synthase (CS) is the key enzyme. Here, we cloned and expressed CS from E. granulosus (Eg-CS) and report its molecular characterization. The localization of this protein during different developmental stages and mRNA expression patterns during H2O2 treatment were determined. We found that Eg-CS is a highly conserved protein, consisting of 466 amino acids. In western blotting assays, recombinant Eg-CS (rEg-CS) reacted with E. granulosus-positive sheep sera and anti-rEg-CS rabbit sera, indicating that Eg-CS has good antigenicity and immunoreactivity. Localization studies, performed using immunohistochemistry, showed that Eg-CS is ubiquitously expressed in the larva, germinal layer, and adult worm sections of E. granulosus. Eg-CS mRNA expression levels increased following H2O2 exposure. In conclusion, citrate synthase might be involved in the metabolic process in E. granulosus. An assessment of the serodiagnostic potential of rEg-CS based on indirect ELISA showed that, although sensitivity (93.55%) and specificity (80.49%) are high, cross-reactivity with other parasites precludes its use as a diagnostic antigen.
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Daneshpour S, Kefayat AH, Mofid MR, Rostami Rad S, Yousofi Darani H. Effect of Hydatid Cyst Fluid Antigens on Induction of Apoptosis on Breast Cancer Cells. Adv Biomed Res 2019; 8:27. [PMID: 31123670 PMCID: PMC6477833 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_220_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydatid cyst is a zoonotic and parasitic disease with worldwide distribution. Anticancer effects of hydatid cyst have been shown in cell culture experiments and animal model investigations. The mechanism of anti-cancer effects of hydatid cyst fluid has not been clearly elucidated, and the induction of apoptosis may have a role in this regard. Hence, in this study, the effect of hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) on the induction of apoptosis on mouse breast cancer (4T1) cell line in cell culture medium has been investigated. Materials and Methods Echinococcus granulosus HCF antigens including Antigen B (AgB), glycolipid, glycoprotein, and 78 KDa fractions were prepared. Breast cancer cell line (4T1) was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and appropriate antibiotics. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry using the annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate apoptosis kit. Results The 78 KDa and glycoprotein fractions induced more than 40% apoptosis. HCF and glycolipid antigens induced 39% and 34% apoptosis, respectively. However, less apoptosis observed after treatment with AgB fraction. Conclusion Hydatid cyst antigens especially the 78 KDa and glycoprotein fractions induced apoptosis on mouse breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Daneshpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Kefayat
- Cancer Prevention Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mofid
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahla Rostami Rad
- Department of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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11
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Wang N, Zhan J, Guo C, Li C, Shen N, Gu X, Xie Y, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular Characterisation and Functions of Fis1 and PDCD6 Genes from Echinococcus granulosus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092669. [PMID: 30205566 PMCID: PMC6165261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, a parasitic zoonosis that causes significant economic losses and poses a threat to public health, is caused by larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Infection causes infertile cysts in intermediate hosts that cannot produce protoscoleces (PSCs) or complete the life cycle. Herein, we cloned, expressed, and characterised mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Eg-Fis1) and programmed cell death protein 6 (Eg-PDCD6) from E. granulosus, and explored their functions related to infertile cysts. Eg-Fis1 and Eg-PDCD6 encode putative 157 and 174 residue proteins, respectively, and Western blotting indicated good reactogenicity for both. Eg-Fis1 and Eg-PDCD6 were ubiquitously distributed in all stages of E. granulosus. Furthermore, mRNAs of Eg-Fis1 and Eg-PDCD6 were upregulated following H2O2 treatment which induced apoptosis in PSCs. To investigate the regulation of apoptosis in response to oxidative stress, RNA interference (RNAi) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assays were performed. The apoptotic rate of the Eg-Fis1 RNAi group was significantly lower than non-interference group, but there was no such difference for Eg-PDCD6. In conclusion, Eg-Fis1 promotes apoptosis induced by oxidative stress, whereas Eg-PDCD6 does not appear to be a key regulator of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China.
| | - Jiafei Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Vatankhah A, Ghaffari SMR, Vatankhah RG, Piurkó V, Tímár J, Avan A, Jazayeri MH. Characterization of cellular and humoral immune responses to alkaline phosphatase from fertile hydatid cysts in the human peripheral blood. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2765-2777. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vatankhah
- Department of PathologySemmelweis UniversityBudapest Hungary
| | | | | | - Violetta Piurkó
- Department of PathologySemmelweis UniversityBudapest Hungary
| | - József Tímár
- Department of PathologySemmelweis UniversityBudapest Hungary
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad Iran
| | - Mir H. Jazayeri
- Immunology Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehran Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehran Iran
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13
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Identification and characterisation of Emp53, the homologue of human tumor suppressor p53, from Echinococcus multilocularis: its role in apoptosis and the oxidative stress response. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:517-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Lv H, Jiang Y, Liu G, Zhang S, Peng X. Surgical treatment of multiple hydatid cysts in the liver of a pediatric patient. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:595-8. [PMID: 25561565 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple hydatid cysts in the liver rarely occur in the pediatric population. Here, we present the case of a 16-year-old girl who presented with six hydatid cysts in the liver. The cysts were surgically removed and all found to be infertile. Interestingly, the patient had post-operative eosinophilia. From this experience, we conclude that individualized treatment is necessary for patients with multiple hydatid cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Guisheng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Xinyu Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, China
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15
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Rogan MT, Bodell AJ, Craig PS. Post-encystment/established immunity in cystic echinococcosis: is it really that simple? Parasite Immunol 2014; 37:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Rogan
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group; School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford M54WT UK
| | - A. J. Bodell
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group; School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford M54WT UK
| | - P. S. Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group; School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford M54WT UK
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16
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Riesle S, García MP, Hidalgo C, Galanti N, Saenz L, Paredes R. Bovine IgG subclasses and fertility of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Espínola SM, Ferreira HB, Zaha A. Validation of suitable reference genes for expression normalization in Echinococcus spp. larval stages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102228. [PMID: 25014071 PMCID: PMC4094502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a significant amount of sequence data (both genomic and transcriptomic) for Echinococcus spp. has been published, thereby facilitating the analysis of genes expressed during a specific stage or involved in parasite development. To perform a suitable gene expression quantification analysis, the use of validated reference genes is strongly recommended. Thus, the aim of this work was to identify suitable reference genes to allow reliable expression normalization for genes of interest in Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (G1) and Echinococcus ortleppi upon induction of the early pre-adult development. Untreated protoscoleces (PS) and pepsin-treated protoscoleces (PSP) from E. granulosus s.s. (G1) and E. ortleppi metacestode were used. The gene expression stability of eleven candidate reference genes (βTUB, NDUFV2, RPL13, TBP, CYP-1, RPII, EF-1α, βACT-1, GAPDH, ETIF4A-III and MAPK3) was assessed using geNorm, Normfinder, and RefFinder. Our qPCR data showed a good correlation with the recently published RNA-seq data. Regarding expression stability, EF-1α and TBP were the most stable genes for both species. Interestingly, βACT-1 (the most commonly used reference gene), and GAPDH and ETIF4A-III (previously identified as housekeeping genes) did not behave stably in our assay conditions. We propose the use of EF-1α as a reference gene for studies involving gene expression analysis in both PS and PSP experimental conditions for E. granulosus s.s. and E. ortleppi. To demonstrate its applicability, EF-1α was used as a normalizer gene in the relative quantification of transcripts from genes coding for antigen B subunits. The same EF-1α reference gene may be used in studies with other Echinococcus sensu lato species. This report validates suitable reference genes for species of class Cestoda, phylum Platyhelminthes, thus providing a foundation for further validation in other epidemiologically important cestode species, such as those from the Taenia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martin Espínola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, and Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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18
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The study of apoptotic bifunctional effects in relationship between host and parasite in cystic echinococcosis: a new approach to suppression and survival of hydatid cyst. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1979-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Cabrera G, Barría C, Fernández C, Sepúlveda S, Valenzuela L, Kemmerling U, Galanti N. DNA repair BER pathway inhibition increases cell death caused by oxidative DNA damage in Trypanosoma cruzi. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2189-99. [PMID: 21480362 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan, is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, an endemic and neglected pathology in Latin America. It presents a life cycle that involves a hematophagous insect and man as well as domestic and wild mammals. The parasitic infection is not eliminated by the immune system of mammals; thus, the vertebrate host serves as a parasite reservoir. Additionally, chronic processes leading to dysfunction of the cardiac and digestive systems are observed. To establish a chronic infection some parasites should resist the oxidative damage to its DNA exerted by oxygen and nitrogen free radicals (ROS/RNS) generated in host cells. Till date there are no reports directly showing oxidative DNA damage and repair in T. cruzi. We establish that ROS/RNS generate nuclear and kinetoplastid DNA damage in T. cruzi that may be partially repaired by the parasite. Furthermore, we determined that both oxidative agents diminish T. cruzi cell viability. This effect is significantly augmented in parasites subsequently incubated with methoxyamine, a DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway inhibitor, strongly suggesting that the maintenance of T. cruzi viability is a consequence of DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Aziz A, Zhang W, Li J, Loukas A, McManus DP, Mulvenna J. Proteomic characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid from sheep, cattle and humans. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1560-72. [PMID: 21362505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) of Echinococcus granulosus is a complex biological mixture containing a wide range of proteins of both parasite and host origin. Using a combination of in- and off-gel protein fractionation techniques and tandem mass spectrometry 130 HCF proteins were identified from fertile cysts of sheep and human origin and infertile cysts from cattle. Forty-eight proteins were of parasite origin including Antigen 5 and Antigen B--the most abundant parasite proteins, thioredoxin, low-density lipoprotein receptors, cyclophilin and ferritin. Across the three host species the identified HCF proteins were broadly similar although, based on spectral counts, three proteins, including an antigen B isoform, were more abundant in sheep HCF compared with the fluids of cattle and human origin. Eighty-two host proteins were identified in HCF from the three species. Host plasma proteins were the most abundant, although approximately thirty of the host proteins that were identified are not considered constituents of plasma. The identification of parasite heat shock proteins and annexin A13 exclusively in infertile cysts, along with an increased spectral count for cathepsin B, supports the hypothesis of increased cellular stress and apoptosis as the cause of their infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Aziz
- Qld Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Queensland, 4870, Australia
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21
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Velebný S, Hrčkova G, Königová A. Reduction of oxidative stress and liver injury following silymarin and praziquantel treatment in mice with Mesocestoides vogae (Cestoda) infection. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:524-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Zhang W, Li J, Jones MK, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Blair D, McManus DP. The Echinococcus granulosus antigen B gene family comprises at least 10 unique genes in five subclasses which are differentially expressed. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e784. [PMID: 20706625 PMCID: PMC2919375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen B (EgAgB) is a major protein produced by the metacestode cyst of Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease. This protein has been shown to play an important role in modulating host immune responses, although its precise biological function still remains unknown. It is generally accepted that EgAgB is comprised of a gene family of five subfamilies which are highly polymorphic, but the actual number of genes present is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on published sequences for the family, we designed specific primers for each subfamily and used PCR to amplify them from genomic DNA isolated from individual mature adult worms (MAW) taken from an experimentally infected dog in China and individual larval protoscoleces (PSC) excised from a single hydatid cyst taken from an Australian kangaroo. We then used real-time PCR to measure expression of each of the genes comprising the five EgAgB subfamilies in all life-cycle stages including the oncosphere (ONC). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Based on sequence alignment analysis, we found that the EgAgB gene family comprises at least ten unique genes. Each of the genes was identical in both larval and adult E. granulosus isolates collected from two geographical areas (different continents). DNA alignment comparisons with EgAgB sequences deposited in GenBank databases showed that each gene in the gene family is highly conserved within E. granulosus, which contradicts previous studies claiming significant variation and polymorphism in EgAgB. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the genes were differentially expressed in different life-cycle stages of E. granulosus with EgAgB3 expressed predominantly in all stages. These findings are fundamental for determining the expression and the biological function of antigen B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Zhang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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