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Azevedo MDCS, Fonseca AC, Colavite PM, Melchiades JL, Tabanez AP, Codo AC, de Medeiros AI, Trombone APF, Garlet GP. Macrophage Polarization and Alveolar Bone Healing Outcome: Despite a Significant M2 Polarizing Effect, VIP and PACAP Treatments Present a Minor Impact in Alveolar Bone Healing in Homeostatic Conditions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782566. [PMID: 34992601 PMCID: PMC8724033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host inflammatory immune response comprises an essential element of the bone healing process, where M2 polarization allegedly contributes to a favorable healing outcome. In this context, immunoregulatory molecules that modulate host response, including macrophage polarization, are considered potential targets for improving bone healing. This study aims to evaluate the role of the immunoregulatory molecules VIP (Vasoactive intestinal peptide) and PACAP (Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide), which was previously described to favor the development of the M2 phenotype, in the process of alveolar bone healing in C57Bl/6 (WT) mice. Experimental groups were submitted to tooth extraction and maintained under control conditions or treated with VIP or PACAP were evaluated by microtomographic (µCT), histomorphometric, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days to quantify tissue healing and host response indicators at the healing site. Gene expression analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of VIP or PACAP in modulating host response, evidenced by the early dominance of an M2-type response, which was paralleled by a significant increase in M2 (CD206+) in treated groups. However, despite the marked effect of M1/M2 balance in the healing sites, the histomorphometric analysis does not reveal an equivalent/corresponding modulation of the healing process. µCT reveals a slight increase in bone matrix volume and the trabecular thickness number in the PACAP group, while histomorphometric analyzes reveal a slight increase in the VIP group, both at a 14-d time-point; despite the increased expression of osteogenic factors, osteoblastic differentiation, activity, and maturation markers in both VIP and PACAP groups. Interestingly, a lower number of VIP and PACAP immunolabeled cells were observed in the treated groups, suggesting a reduction in endogenous production. In conclusion, while both VIP and PACAP treatments presented a significant immunomodulatory effect with potential for increased healing, no major changes were observed in bone healing outcome, suggesting that the signals required for bone healing under homeostatic conditions are already optimal, and additional signals do not improve an already optimal process. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of macrophage polarization in the bone healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angélica Cristina Fonseca
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Priscila Maria Colavite
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Lima Melchiades
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - André Petenuci Tabanez
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Ana Campos Codo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Immunology, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Ivo de Medeiros
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Immunology, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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Effects of Early Life Stress on Bone Homeostasis in Mice and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186634. [PMID: 32927845 PMCID: PMC7556040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone pathology is frequent in stressed individuals. A comprehensive examination of mechanisms linking life stress, depression and disturbed bone homeostasis is missing. In this translational study, mice exposed to early life stress (MSUS) were examined for bone microarchitecture (μCT), metabolism (qPCR/ELISA), and neuronal stress mediator expression (qPCR) and compared with a sample of depressive patients with or without early life stress by analyzing bone mineral density (BMD) (DXA) and metabolic changes in serum (osteocalcin, PINP, CTX-I). MSUS mice showed a significant decrease in NGF, NPYR1, VIPR1 and TACR1 expression, higher innervation density in bone, and increased serum levels of CTX-I, suggesting a milieu in favor of catabolic bone turnover. MSUS mice had a significantly lower body weight compared to control mice, and this caused minor effects on bone microarchitecture. Depressive patients with experiences of childhood neglect also showed a catabolic pattern. A significant reduction in BMD was observed in depressive patients with childhood abuse and stressful life events during childhood. Therefore, future studies on prevention and treatment strategies for both mental and bone disease should consider early life stress as a risk factor for bone pathologies.
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Akmal M, Gholib G, Nasution MK, Wahyuni S, Rinidar R, Masyitha D, Yaman MA. The concentration of androgen receptor and protein kinase A in male chicken following the administration of a combination of the epididymis and testicular extracts. Vet World 2020; 13:1594-1598. [PMID: 33061232 PMCID: PMC7522948 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1594-1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Testis (T) and epididymis (E) are waste from the abattoir that is rarely used. In fact, both organs contain important chemicals needed for spermatogenesis (e.g., hormones, proteins, and other molecules). Therefore, administration of a combination of testis and epididymis (CTE) extracts may activate androgen receptors (AR) and protein kinase A (PKA) molecules that play a prominent role in spermatogenesis. We, therefore, aimed at investigating the influence of the CTE extracts on the concentration of AR and PKA in male chicken. Materials and Methods This study used a completely randomized design with four treatment groups (K0, K1, K2, and K3) and five replications per group. K0 is a control group that received 1 mL normal saline, whereas K1, K2, and K3 are the test groups that received 1, 2, and 3 mL of CET extracts, respectively. Twenty male chickens (strain: broiler Mb 89), 3 weeks of age, weighing 500-700 g were used. We administered the injections in a 13-day period and on the 14th day; we collected and processed blood samples as serum to measure the AR and PKA concentrations using commercial chicken AR and PKA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, respectively. We performed analyses by analysis of variance using SPSS 20.0. Results The AR concentrations in K1, K2, and K3 groups increased by 4.26%, 10.97%, and 28.04%, respectively, compared to the K0 (control group). However, this increase was not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). Moreover, the PKA concentrations increased by 2.97%, 2.60%, and 4.08% in K1, K2, and K3 groups, respectively, compared to the control group. However, this increase was not significantly different between the groups as well (p>0.05). Conclusion The CTE extracts tended to increase the AR and PKA concentrations even though it is not significant. Therefore, it needs further study when using the CTE extracts for spermatogenesis in male chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslim Akmal
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Gholib Gholib
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mustafa Kamal Nasution
- Department of PGMI, Faculty of Tarbiyah, STAIN Gajah Putih Takengon, Aceh Tengah, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Rinidar Rinidar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Dian Masyitha
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - M Aman Yaman
- Field Laboratory of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
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Akmal M, Gholib G, Rinidar R, Fitriani F, Helmi TZ, Sugito S, Isa M, Nurliana N, Wahyuni S, Dasrul D, Yaman MA. The concentration of testosterone, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, and protamine 1 in the serum of male chicken following administration of epididymis and testicular extracts and their combination. Vet World 2019; 12:1101-1107. [PMID: 31528039 PMCID: PMC6702581 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1101-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bakcground and Aim Testis and epididymis are male reproductive organs that play an important role in spermatogenesis. These two organs are rich in the content of hormones and other molecules needed in the process of spermatogenesis which affect the quality of the spermatozoa. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the administration of epididymis and testicular extracts and their combination on testosterone, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and protamine 1 (PRM1) concentrations in the serum of male chicken. Materials and Methods Twenty male chickens (broiler strain Cp707), aged 3 weeks and weighing 800-1000 g, were randomly divided into four different groups including a control group (T0) = injected with 1 ml normal saline and treatment groups: T1 = injected with 1 ml epididymis extract, T2 = injected with 1 ml testicular extract, and T3 = injected with a combination of 1 ml epididymis + 1 ml testicular extract. The experiment was conducted for 13 days and at the end of the study (day 14), the chickens were sacrificed to obtain the serum. Furthermore, the concentrations of testosterone, PACAP, and PRM1 were then measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results The concentrations of PACAP and PRM1 did not show a significant difference between treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) and control group (T0) (p>0.05). However, the concentration of testosterone showed a significantly higher difference in a group injected with a combination of 1 ml epididymis and 1 ml testicular extracts (T3) compared to the control group (T0) (p<0.05). Conclusion The administration of epididymis and testicular extracts and their combination did not affect the increase of PACAP and PRM1 concentration. However, a combination of these extracts significantly affects the increase of testosterone concentration in the serum of male chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslim Akmal
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Gholib Gholib
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Rinidar Rinidar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Fitriani Fitriani
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - T Zahrial Helmi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Sugito Sugito
- Laboratory of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - M Isa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Nurliana Nurliana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Dasrul Dasrul
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - M Aman Yaman
- Field Laboratory of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
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Józsa G, Szegeczki V, Pálfi A, Kiss T, Helyes Z, Fülöp B, Cserháti C, Daróczi L, Tamás A, Zákány R, Reglődi D, Juhász T. Signalling Alterations in Bones of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Gene Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092538. [PMID: 30150589 PMCID: PMC6163297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with diverse developmental roles, including differentiation of skeletal elements. It is a positive regulatory factor of chondrogenesis and osteogenic differentiation in vitro, but little is known about its in vivo role in bone formation. In our experiments, diaphyses of long bones from hind limbs of PACAP gene-deficient mice showed changes in thickness and increased staining intensity. Our main goal was to perform a detailed morphological and molecular biological analysis of femurs from PACAP knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. Transverse diameter and anterior cortical bone thickness of KO femurs showed significant alterations with disturbed Ca2+ accumulation and collagen type I expression. Higher expression and activity of alkaline phosphatase were also observed, accompanied by increased fragility PACAP KO femurs. Increased expression of the elements of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and hedgehog signalling was also observed, and are possibly responsible for the compensation mechanism accounting for the slight morphological changes. In summary, our results show that lack of PACAP influences molecular and biomechanical properties of bone matrix, activating various signalling cascade changes in a compensatory fashion. The increased fragility of PACAP KO femur further supports the role of endogenous PACAP in in vivo bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Józsa
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Pálfi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Fülöp
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Cserháti
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Daróczi
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Altered Notch Signaling in Developing Molar Teeth of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Deficient Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:377-388. [PMID: 30094580 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. This suggests its influence on the development of teeth, which are, similarly to the nervous system, ectoderm and neural crest derivatives. Our earlier studies have shown morphological differences between wild-type (WT) and PACAP-deficient mice, with upregulated sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the lack of PACAP. Notch signaling is a key element of proper tooth development by regulating apoptosis and cell proliferation. In this study, our main goal was to evaluate the possible effects of PACAP on Notch signaling pathway. Immunohistochemical staining was performed of Notch receptors (Notch1, 2, 3, 4), their ligands [delta-like protein (DLL)1, 3, 4, Jagged1, 2], and intracellular target molecules [CSL (CBF1 humans/Su (H) Drosophila/LAG1 Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor); TACE (TNF-α converting enzyme), NUMB] in molar teeth of 5-day-old WT, and homozygous and heterozygous PACAP-deficient mice. We measured immunopositivity in the enamel-producing ameloblasts and dentin-producing odontoblasts. Notch2 receptor and DLL1 expression were elevated in ameloblasts of PACAP-deficient mice compared to those in WT ones. The expression of CSL showed similar results both in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Jagged1 ligand expression was elevated in the odontoblasts of homozygous PACAP-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Other Notch pathway elements did not show significant differences between the genotype groups. The lack of PACAP leads to upregulation of Notch pathway elements in the odontoblast and ameloblast cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be elucidated; however, we propose SHH-dependent and independent processes. We hypothesize that this compensatory upregulation of Notch signaling by the lack of PACAP could represent a salvage pathway in PACAP-deficient animals.
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Effects of Ultra-early Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Femoral Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Bone Metabolism of Rats With Complete Spinal Transection. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E919-E926. [PMID: 29462059 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Seventy-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham, complete spinal cord transection (CSCT) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) groups. Among them, rats in HBO group were further divided into 3 hours group (HBO1) and 12 hours group (HBO2). OBJECTIVE To study the effects of ultra-early HBO therapy on femoral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and bone metabolism of rats with CSCT. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) is still an unresolved problem in clinical practice. Studies on changes in (calcitonin gene-related peptide) CGRP and bone metabolism and osteoporosis prevention after SCI have important clinical significance. METHODS Rats in the sham group underwent laminectomy alone, whereas rats in the other three groups underwent laminectomy and CSCT at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra. Six weeks after operation, rat blood samples and femoral samples from CSCT area were taken and prepared for immunohistochemical staining of CGRP, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of CGRP mRNA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the levels of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (sBAP), serum osteocalcin (sOC), serum type-I collagen amino-terminal peptide (sNTX), and urinary deoxypyridinoline (uDPD). These data were statistically analyzed using paired LSD or Tamhane. RESULTS The number of CGRP-positive cells and expression of CGRP mRNA in femur were significantly reduced, and the levels of sBAP, sOC, sNTX, and uDPD were significantly increased in CSCT, HBO1, and HBO2 groups than in the sham group, (P < 0.05-0.01). In addition, the number of CGRP-positive cells, expression of CGRP mRNA in femur, and the levels of sBAP and sOC were significantly enhanced, but the levels of sNTX and uDPD were significantly lowered in HBO1 group than in HBO2 and CSCT groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ultra-early HBO therapy could improve bone turnover, promote bone formation, and prohibit bone resorption by enhancing CGRP synthesis in the sensory neurons in posterior horn of spinal cord. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Do Neuroendocrine Peptides and Their Receptors Qualify as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Osteoarthritis? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020367. [PMID: 29373492 PMCID: PMC5855589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint tissues like synovium, articular cartilage, meniscus and subchondral bone, are targets for neuropeptides. Resident cells of these tissues express receptors for various neuroendocrine-derived peptides including proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, i.e., α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-endorphin (β-ED), and sympathetic neuropeptides like vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide y (NPY). Melanocortins attained particular attention due to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in several tissues and organs. In particular, α-MSH, ACTH and specific melanocortin-receptor (MCR) agonists appear to have promising anti-inflammatory actions demonstrated in animal models of experimentally induced arthritis and osteoarthritis (OA). Sympathetic neuropeptides have obtained increasing attention as they have crucial trophic effects that are critical for joint tissue and bone homeostasis. VIP and NPY are implicated in direct and indirect activation of several anabolic signaling pathways in bone and synovial cells. Additionally, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) proved to be chondroprotective and, thus, might be a novel target in OA. Taken together, it appears more and more likely that the anabolic effects of these neuroendocrine peptides or their respective receptor agonists/antagonists may be exploited for the treatment of patients with inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases in the future.
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Amso Z, Cornish J, Brimble MA. Short Anabolic Peptides for Bone Growth. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:579-640. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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Botz B, Bölcskei K, Kereskai L, Kovács M, Németh T, Szigeti K, Horváth I, Máthé D, Kovács N, Hashimoto H, Reglődi D, Szolcsányi J, Pintér E, Mócsai A, Helyes Z. Differential regulatory role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the serum-transfer arthritis model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2739-50. [PMID: 25048575 PMCID: PMC4320777 DOI: 10.1002/art.38772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide (PACAP) expressed in capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons and immune cells has divergent functions in inflammatory and pain processes. This study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of PACAP in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Arthritis was induced in PACAP−/− and wild-type (PACAP+/+) mice by K/BxN serum transfer. General features of the disease were investigated by semiquantitative scoring, plethysmometry, and histopathologic analysis. Mechano- and thermonociceptive thresholds and motor functions were also evaluated. Metabolic activity was assessed by positron emission tomography. Bone morphology was measured by in vivo micro–computed tomography, myeloperoxidase activity and superoxide production by bioluminescence imaging with luminol and lucigenin, respectively, and vascular permeability by fluorescent indocyanine green dye study. Results PACAP+/+ mice developed notable joint swelling, reduced grasping ability, and mechanical (but not thermal) hyperalgesia after K/BxN serum transfer. In PACAP−/− mice clinical scores and edema were significantly reduced, and mechanical hyperalgesia and motor impairment were absent, throughout the 2-week period of observation. Metabolic activity and superoxide production increased in the tibiotarsal joints of wild-type mice but were significantly lower in PACAP−/− animals. Myeloperoxidase activity in the ankle joints of PACAP−/− mice was significantly reduced in the early phase of arthritis, but increased in the late phase. Synovial hyperplasia was also significantly increased, and progressive bone spur formation was observed in PACAP-deficient mice only. Conclusion In PACAP-deficient mice with serum-transfer arthritis, joint swelling, vascular leakage, hyperalgesia, and early inflammatory cell accumulation are reduced; in the later phase of the disease, immune cell function and bone neoformation are increased. Elucidation of the underlying pathways of PACAP activity may open promising new avenues for development of therapy in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, and Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Signalling Enhances Osteogenesis in UMR-106 Cell Line. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:555-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) signalling exerts chondrogenesis promoting and protecting effects: implication of calcineurin as a downstream target. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91541. [PMID: 24643018 PMCID: PMC3958376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an important neurotrophic factor influencing differentiation of neuronal elements and exerting protecting role during traumatic injuries or inflammatory processes of the central nervous system. Although increasing evidence is available on its presence and protecting function in various peripheral tissues, little is known about the role of PACAP in formation of skeletal components. To this end, we aimed to map elements of PACAP signalling in developing cartilage under physiological conditions and during oxidative stress. mRNAs of PACAP and its receptors (PAC1,VPAC1, VPAC2) were detectable during differentiation of chicken limb bud-derived chondrogenic cells in micromass cell cultures. Expression of PAC1 protein showed a peak on days of final commitment of chondrogenic cells. Administration of either the PAC1 receptor agonist PACAP 1-38, or PACAP 6-38 that is generally used as a PAC1 antagonist, augmented cartilage formation, stimulated cell proliferation and enhanced PAC1 and Sox9 protein expression. Both variants of PACAP elevated the protein expression and activity of the Ca-calmodulin dependent Ser/Thr protein phosphatase calcineurin. Application of PACAPs failed to rescue cartilage formation when the activity of calcineurin was pharmacologically inhibited with cyclosporine A. Moreover, exogenous PACAPs prevented diminishing of cartilage formation and decrease of calcineurin activity during oxidative stress. As an unexpected phenomenon, PACAP 6-38 elicited similar effects to those of PACAP 1-38, although to a different extent. On the basis of the above results, we propose calcineurin as a downstream target of PACAP signalling in differentiating chondrocytes either in normal or pathophysiological conditions. Our observations imply the therapeutical perspective that PACAP can be applied as a natural agent that may have protecting effect during joint inflammation and/or may promote cartilage regeneration during degenerative diseases of articular cartilage.
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Csanaky K, Doppler W, Tamas A, Kovacs K, Toth G, Reglodi D. Influence of terminal differentiation and PACAP on the cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor secretion of mammary epithelial cells. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:28-36. [PMID: 24323361 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide with trophic and cytoprotective effects, has been shown to affect cell survival, proliferation, and also differentiation of various cell types. The high PACAP level in the milk and its changes during lactation suggest a possible effect of PACAP on the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Mammary cell differentiation is regulated by hormones, growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, and angiogenic proteins. In this study, differentiation was hormonally induced by lactogenic hormones in confluent cultures of HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells. We investigated the effect of PACAP on mammary cell differentiation as well as release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Differentiation was assessed by expression analysis of the milk protein β-casein. Differentiation significantly decreased the secretion of interferon gammainduced protein (IP)-10, "regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted" (RANTES), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and amphiregulin (AREG). The changes in the levels of IP-10 and RANTES may be relevant for the alterations in homing of T cells and B cells at different stages of mammary gland development, while the changes of the EGFR ligands may facilitate the switch from proliferative to lactating stage. PACAP did not modulate the expression of β-casein or the activity of hormone-induced pathways as determined by the analysis of phosphorylation of Akt, STAT5, and p38 MAPK. However, PACAP decreased the release of EGF and AREG from non-differentiated cells. This may influence the extracellular signal-related transactivation of EGFR in the non-differentiated mammary epithelium and is considered to have an impact on the modulation of oncogenic EGFR signaling in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csanaky
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA "Lendulet" PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
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14
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Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and PAC1 in the periodontal ligament after tooth luxation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:885-92. [PMID: 23801193 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is widely distributed throughout the nervous system. PACAP not only acts as a neurotransmitter but also elicits a broad spectrum of biological action via the PACAP-specific receptor, PAC1. However, no studies have investigated PACAP and PAC1 in the periodontal ligament (PDL), so we aimed to perform this investigation in rats after tooth luxation. In the PDL of an intact first molar, there are few osteoclasts and osteoblasts. However, at days 3 and 5 after luxation, large PAC1-positive cells, thought to be osteoclasts because of their expression of the osteoclast marker, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, were detected in appreciable numbers. Osteoblast numbers increased dramatically on day 7 after luxation, and PAC1-positive mononuclear small cells were increased at day 14, many of which expressed the osteoblast marker, alkaline phosphatase. PACAP-positive nerve fibers were rarely detected in the PDL of intact first molars, but were increasingly evident at this site on days 5 and 7 after luxation. Double-immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated the relationship between PACAP-positive nerve fibers and PAC1-positive osteoclasts/-blasts in the PDL. At 5 days after luxation, PACAP-positive nerve fibers appeared in close proximity to PAC1-positive osteoclasts. At 7 days after luxation, PACAP-positive nerve fibers appeared in close proximity to PAC1-positive osteoblasts. These results suggest that PACAP may have effects on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the PDL after tooth luxation and thus regulate bone remodeling after these types of injury.
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15
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Zhang S, Kaplan FS, Shore EM. Different roles of GNAS and cAMP signaling during early and late stages of osteogenic differentiation. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44:724-31. [PMID: 22903279 PMCID: PMC3557937 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1321845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) and fibrous dysplasia (FD) are genetic diseases of bone formation at opposite ends of the osteogenic spectrum: imperfect osteogenesis of the skeleton occurs in FD, while heterotopic ossification in skin, subcutaneous fat, and skeletal muscle forms in POH. POH is caused by heterozygous inactivating germline mutations in GNAS, which encodes G-protein subunits regulating the cAMP pathway, while FD is caused by GNAS somatic activating mutations. We used pluripotent mouse ES cells to examine the effects of Gnas dysregulation on osteoblast differentiation. At the earliest stages of osteogenesis, Gnas transcripts Gsα, XLαs and 1A are expressed at low levels and cAMP levels are also low. Inhibition of cAMP signaling (as in POH) by 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine enhanced osteoblast differentiation while conversely, increased cAMP signaling (as in FD), induced by forskolin, inhibited osteoblast differentiation. Notably, increased cAMP was inhibitory for osteogenesis only at early stages after osteogenic induction. Expression of osteogenic and adipogenic markers showed that increased cAMP enhanced adipogenesis and impaired osteoblast differentiation even in the presence of osteogenic factors, supporting cAMP as a critical regulator of osteoblast and adipocyte lineage commitment. Furthermore, increased cAMP signaling decreased BMP pathway signaling, indicating that G protein-cAMP pathway activation (as in FD) inhibits osteoblast differentiation, at least in part by blocking the BMP-Smad pathway, and suggesting that GNAS inactivation as occurs in POH enhances osteoblast differentiation, at least in part by stimulating BMP signaling. These data support that differences in cAMP levels during early stages of cell differentiation regulate cell fate decisions. Supporting information available online at http:/www.thieme-connect.de/ejournals/toc/hmr.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F. S. Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E. M. Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Qiu N, Zhou H, Xiao Z. Downregulation of PKD1 by shRNA results in defective osteogenic differentiation via cAMP/PKA pathway in human MG-63 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:967-76. [PMID: 22034075 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutations and/or deletions of Pkd1 in mouse models resulted in attenuation of osteoblast function and defective bone formation; however, the function of PKD1 in human osteoblast and bone remains uncertain. In the current study, we used lentivirus-mediated shRNA technology to stably knock down PKD1 in the human osteoblastic MG-63 cell line and to investigate the role of PKD1 on human osteoblast function and molecular mechanisms. We found that a 53% reduction of PKD1 by PKD1 shRNA in stable, transfected MG-63 cells resulted in increased cell proliferation and impaired osteoblastic differentiation as reflected by increased BrdU incorporation, decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition and by decreased expression of RUNX2 and OSTERIX compared to control shRNA MG-63 cells. In addition, knockdown of PKD1 mRNA caused enhanced adipogenesis in stable PKD1 shRNA MG-63 cells as evidenced by elevated lipid accumulation and increased expression of adipocyte-related markers such as PPARγ and aP2. The stable PKD1 shRNA MG-63 cells exhibited lower basal intracellular calcium, which led to attenuated cytosolic calcium signaling in response to fluid flow shear stress, as well as increased intracellular cAMP messages in response to forskolin (10 µM) stimulation. Moreover, increased cell proliferation, inhibited osteoblastic differentiation, and osteogenic and adipogenic gene markers were significantly reversed in stable PKD1 shRNA MG-63 cells when treated with H89 (1 µM), an inhibitor of PKA. These findings suggest that downregulation of PKD1 in human MG-63 cells resulted in defective osteoblast function via intracellular calcium-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Qiu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
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17
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Carroll SH, Wigner NA, Kulkarni N, Johnston-Cox H, Gerstenfeld LC, Ravid K. A2B adenosine receptor promotes mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and bone formation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15718-27. [PMID: 22403399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.344994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of osteoblasts from their precursors, mesenchymal stem cells, is an important component of bone homeostasis as well as fracture healing. The A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) is a Gα(s)/α(q)-protein-coupled receptor that signals via cAMP. cAMP-mediated signaling has been demonstrated to regulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into various skeletal tissue lineages. Here, we studied the role of this receptor in the differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts. In vitro differentiation of bone marrow-derived MSCs from A2BAR KO mice resulted in lower expression of osteoblast differentiation transcription factors and the development of fewer mineralized nodules, as compared with WT mice. The mechanism of effect involves, at least partially, cAMP as indicated by experiments involving activation of the A2BAR or addition of a cAMP analog during differentiation. Intriguingly, in vivo, microcomputed tomography analysis of adult femurs showed lower bone density in A2BAR KO mice as compared with WT. Furthermore, A2BAR KO mice display a delay in normal fracture physiology with lower expression of osteoblast differentiation genes. Thus, our study identified the A2BAR as a new regulator of osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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18
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Ibrahim H, Barrow P, Foster N. Transcriptional modulation by VIP: a rational target against inflammatory disease. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:213-22. [PMID: 22704338 PMCID: PMC3365377 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic, highly conserved, peptide found in many different biological systems throughout invertebrate phyla. VIP is produced by cells of the immune system but also inhibits many different inflammatory products produced by these immune cells, including cytokines and chemokines. VIP inhibits these immune mediators by affecting transcriptional regulators such as NFκB and activator protein 1 which transcribes genes responsible for the production of inflammatory mediators in response to pathogens or cytokines. In this review, the therapeutic potential of VIP will be discussed in the context of transcriptional regulation of immune cells in in vitro and in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Ibrahim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire NG7 2NR UK
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19
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He JY, Jiang LS, Dai LY. The roles of the sympathetic nervous system in osteoporotic diseases: A review of experimental and clinical studies. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:253-63. [PMID: 21262391 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid aging of the world population, the issue of skeletal health is becoming more prominent and urgent. The bone remodeling mechanism has sparked great interest among bone research societies. At the same time, increasing clinical and experimental evidence has driven attention towards the pivotal role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is thought to be partially controlled by the hypothalamus, a process which is mediated by the adrenergic nerves and neurotransmitters. Currently, new knowledge about the role of the SNS in the development and pathophysiology of osteoporosis is being generated. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence that proves the involvement of the SNS in bone metabolism and to outline some common osteoporotic diseases that occur under different circumstances. The adrenergic signaling pathway and its neurotransmitters are involved to various degrees of importance in the development of osteoporosis in postmenopause, as well as in spinal cord injury, depression, unloading and the complex regional pain syndrome. In addition, clinical and pharmacological studies have helped to increase the comprehension of the adrenergic signaling pathway. We try to individually examine the contributions of the SNS in osteoporotic diseases from a different perspective. It is our hope that a further understanding of the adrenergic signaling by the SNS will pave the way for conceptualizing optimal treatment regimens for osteoporosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
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20
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Giusta MS, Andrade H, Santos AV, Castanheira P, Lamana L, Pimenta AMC, Goes AM. Proteomic analysis of human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue undergoing osteoblast differentiation. Cytotherapy 2011; 12:478-90. [PMID: 20230220 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903580270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Stem cells derived from human adipose tissue (ASC) have the capacity for renewal, are easily obtained and have plasticity properties that allow them to differentiate into several cell types, including osteoblast cells. With the aim of understanding the issue of the osteogenic process and finding reliable biomarkers in cells undergoing the osteogeneic differentiation process, this work took advantage of a proteomic approach to identify proteins involved in osteogenesis. METHODS For this purpose, ASC were analyzed under three conditions: S0, in the absence of stimulation; S1, with 2 weeks of osteogenic medium stimulation; and S2, with 4 weeks of osteogenic medium stimulation. The identification of ASC was carried out by flow cytometry using antibodies specific to known undifferentiated stem cell-surface markers. Cell viability, enzymatic activity, mineral deposition, collagen structure and production and gene analyzes were evaluated for each condition. RESULTS Phenotypic modifications were observed during the in vitro osteogenic differentiation process by two-dimensional (2-D) differential image gel electrophoresis (DIGE). The proteins were identified by mass espectrometry in tandem (MS/MS) analyzes using Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with TOF/TOF is a tandem mass spectrometry method where two time-of-flight mass spectrometers are used consecutively (MALDI-TOF/TOF). A total of 51 differentially expressed proteins was identified when comparing the three observed conditions. Sixteen different spots were identified in the S0 stage compared with S2, while 28 different spots were found in S2 compared with S0. S1 expressed seven different spots compared with S0 and S2. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the involvement of several proteins directly related to the osteogenic pathway, which can be used to improve understanding of the osteogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Giusta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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Wang M, Krauss JL, Domon H, Hosur KB, Liang S, Magotti P, Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. Microbial hijacking of complement-toll-like receptor crosstalk. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra11. [PMID: 20159852 PMCID: PMC2824906 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) coordinates innate immunity. We report a previously unknown immune subversion mechanism involving microbial exploitation of communication between complement and TLRs. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major oral and systemic pathogen with complement C5 convertase-like activity, synergizes with C5a (fragment of complement protein C5) to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations, resulting in suppression of macrophage immune function and enhanced pathogen survival in vitro and in vivo. This synergy required TLR2 signaling, a pertussis toxin- and thapsigargin-sensitive C5a receptor pathway, with protein kinase A and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta as downstream effectors. Antagonistic blockade of the C5a receptor abrogated this evasive strategy and may thus have important therapeutic implications for periodontitis and atherosclerosis, diseases in which P. gingivalis is implicated. This first demonstration of complement-TLR crosstalk for immunosuppressive cAMP signaling indicates that pathogens may not simply undermine complement or TLRs (or both) as separate entities, but may also exploit their crosstalk pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Krauss
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY, USA
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hisanori Domon
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kavita B. Hosur
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Paola Magotti
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Martha Triantafilou
- University of Sussex School of Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity Group, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Triantafilou
- University of Sussex School of Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity Group, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Lambris
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, KY, USA
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease, Louisville, KY, USA
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22
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Noguchi Y, Harii N, Giuliani C, Tatsuno I, Suzuki K, Kohn LD. Thyroglobulin (Tg) induces thyroid cell growth in a concentration-specific manner by a mechanism other than thyrotropin/cAMP stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:890-4. [PMID: 19951699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg), a major product of the thyroid gland, serves as a macromolecular precursor of thyroid hormone biosynthesis. In addition, Tg stored in the thyroid follicles is a potent regulator of thyroid-specific gene expression. In conjunction with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and iodide, Tg regulates thyroid follicle function, which is the minimal functional unit of the thyroid gland. In the present study, we show that Tg stimulates growth of FRTL-5 thyroid cells in the absence of TSH, insulin and serum. Unlike TSH, Tg did not increase cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels; rather, the TSH signal counteracted Tg-induced cell growth. A specific inhibitor of A-kinase, H-89, did not modulate the effect of Tg. Tg increased kinase activity of Akt to the same level as TSH, insulin and 5% serum, while LY294002 abolished Tg-induced growth. Interestingly, low Tg concentrations maximized growth-promotion activity and induction of the apical iodide transporter (PDS; SLC26A4), whereas high Tg concentrations suppressed both cell growth and the expression of thyroid-specific genes. These results suggest that a low levels of Tg in the follicular lumen might stimulates cell growth and iodide transport to accelerate the iodide organification process; however, elevated Tg levels in the follicle might then shut down all of these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Noguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, Tokyo 150-8308, Japan
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23
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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