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Vestweber D. Vascular Endothelial Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Regulates Endothelial Function. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:84-93. [PMID: 33595386 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00026.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is a receptor-type PTP (RPTP), predominantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells. It regulates embryonic and tumor angiogenesis and controls vascular permeability and homeostasis in inflammation. Major substrates are the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie-2 and the adhesion molecule VE-cadherin. This review describes how VE-PTP controls vascular functions by its various substrates and the therapeutic potential of VE-PTP in various pathophysiological settings.
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Drexler HCA, Vockel M, Polaschegg C, Frye M, Peters K, Vestweber D. Vascular Endothelial Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase: Identification of Novel Substrates Related to Junctions and a Ternary Complex with EPHB4 and TIE2. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2058-2077. [PMID: 31427368 PMCID: PMC6773558 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP, PTPRB) is a receptor type phosphatase that is crucial for the regulation of endothelial junctions and blood vessel development. We and others have shown recently that VE-PTP regulates vascular integrity by dephosphorylating substrates that are key players in endothelial junction stability, such as the angiopoietin receptor TIE2, the endothelial adherens junction protein VE-cadherin and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR2. Here, we have systematically searched for novel substrates of VE-PTP in endothelial cells by utilizing two approaches. First, we studied changes in the endothelial phosphoproteome on exposing cells to a highly VE-PTP-specific phosphatase inhibitor followed by affinity isolation and mass-spectrometric analysis of phosphorylated proteins by phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies. Second, we used a substrate trapping mutant of VE-PTP to pull down phosphorylated substrates in combination with SILAC-based quantitative mass spectrometry measurements. We identified a set of substrate candidates of VE-PTP, of which a remarkably large fraction (29%) is related to cell junctions. Several of those were found in both screens and displayed very high connectivity in predicted functional interaction networks. The receptor protein tyrosine kinase EPHB4 was the most prominently phosphorylated protein on VE-PTP inhibition among those VE-PTP targets that were identified by both proteomic approaches. Further analysis revealed that EPHB4 forms a ternary complex with VE-PTP and TIE2 in endothelial cells. VE-PTP controls the phosphorylation of each of these two tyrosine kinase receptors. Despite their simultaneous presence in a ternary complex, stimulating each of the receptors with their own specific ligand did not cross-activate the respective partner receptor. Our systematic approach has led to the identification of novel substrates of VE-PTP, of which many are relevant for the control of cellular junctions further promoting the importance of VE-PTP as a key player of junctional signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes C A Drexler
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Matthias Vockel
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Polaschegg
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Frye
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Department of Vascular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Kalluri AS, Vellarikkal SK, Edelman ER, Nguyen L, Subramanian A, Ellinor PT, Regev A, Kathiresan S, Gupta RM. Single-Cell Analysis of the Normal Mouse Aorta Reveals Functionally Distinct Endothelial Cell Populations. Circulation 2019; 140:147-163. [PMID: 31146585 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cells that form the arterial wall contribute to multiple vascular diseases. The extent of cellular heterogeneity within these populations has not been fully characterized. Recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing make it possible to identify and characterize cellular subpopulations. METHODS We validate a method for generating a droplet-based single-cell atlas of gene expression in a normal blood vessel. Enzymatic dissociation of 4 whole mouse aortas was followed by single-cell sequencing of >10 000 cells. RESULTS Clustering analysis of gene expression from aortic cells identified 10 populations of cells representing each of the main arterial cell types: fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells (ECs), and immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The most significant cellular heterogeneity was seen in the 3 distinct EC populations. Gene set enrichment analysis of these EC subpopulations identified a lymphatic EC cluster and 2 other populations more specialized in lipoprotein handling, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix production. These subpopulations persist and exhibit similar changes in gene expression in response to a Western diet. Immunofluorescence for Vcam1 and Cd36 demonstrates regional heterogeneity in EC populations throughout the aorta. CONCLUSIONS We present a comprehensive single-cell atlas of all cells in the aorta. By integrating expression from >1900 genes per cell, we are better able to characterize cellular heterogeneity compared with conventional approaches. Gene expression signatures identify cell subpopulations with vascular disease-relevant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya S Kalluri
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.).,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.S.K., E.R.E.)
| | - Shamsudheen K Vellarikkal
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.).,Center for Genomic Medicine (S.K.V., S.K., R.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Elazer R Edelman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.S.K., E.R.E.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (E.R.E., R.M.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.)
| | - Ayshwarya Subramanian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.)
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.).,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (P.T.E., S.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.)
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.).,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine (P.T.E., S.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.,Center for Genomic Medicine (S.K.V., S.K., R.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Rajat M Gupta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (A.S.K., S.K.V., L.N., A.S., P.T.E., A.R., S.K., R.M.G.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (E.R.E., R.M.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA.,Division of Genetics (R.M.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA.,Center for Genomic Medicine (S.K.V., S.K., R.M.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Mori M, Hazan R, Danielian PS, Mahoney JE, Li H, Lu J, Miller ES, Zhu X, Lees JA, Cardoso WV. Cytoplasmic E2f4 forms organizing centres for initiation of centriole amplification during multiciliogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15857. [PMID: 28675157 PMCID: PMC5500891 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal development of multiciliated cells is a hallmark of a variety of human
conditions associated with chronic airway diseases, hydrocephalus and infertility.
Multiciliogenesis requires both activation of a specialized transcriptional program
and assembly of cytoplasmic structures for large-scale centriole amplification that
generates basal bodies. It remains unclear, however, what mechanism initiates
formation of these multiprotein complexes in epithelial progenitors. Here we show
that this is triggered by nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the transcription
factor E2f4. After inducing a transcriptional program of centriole biogenesis, E2f4
forms apical cytoplasmic organizing centres for assembly and nucleation of
deuterosomes. Using genetically altered mice and E2F4 mutant proteins we demonstrate
that centriole amplification is crucially dependent on these organizing centres and
that, without cytoplasmic E2f4, deuterosomes are not assembled, halting
multiciliogenesis. Thus, E2f4 integrates nuclear and previously unsuspected
cytoplasmic events of centriole amplification, providing new perspectives for the
understanding of normal ciliogenesis, ciliopathies and cancer. Multiciliogenesis requires activation of transcriptional and protein assembly
programs; however, the mechanisms that initiate the formation of these multiprotein
complexes are unclear. Here the authors show that after inducing centriole biogenesis
genes, the transcription factor E2f4 is required in the cytoplasm for assembly and
nucleation of deuterosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munemasa Mori
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Renin Hazan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paul S Danielian
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John E Mahoney
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Huijun Li
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jining Lu
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
| | - Emily S Miller
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York 10032, USA
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Soni D, Regmi SC, Wang DM, DebRoy A, Zhao YY, Vogel SM, Malik AB, Tiruppathi C. Pyk2 phosphorylation of VE-PTP downstream of STIM1-induced Ca 2+ entry regulates disassembly of adherens junctions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L1003-L1017. [PMID: 28385807 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00008.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) stabilizes endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) through constitutive dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin. Here we investigated the role of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in regulating AJ assembly. We observed that SOCE induced by STIM1 activated Pyk2 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP at Y1981. Pyk2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP promoted Src binding to VE-PTP, Src activation, and subsequent VE-cadherin phosphorylation and thereby increased the endothelial permeability response. The increase in permeability was secondary to disassembly of AJs. Pyk2-mediated responses were blocked in EC-restricted Stim1 knockout mice, indicating the requirement for STIM1 in initiating the signaling cascade. A peptide derived from the Pyk2 phosphorylation site on VE-PTP abolished the STIM1/SOCE-activated permeability response. Thus Pyk2 activation secondary to STIM1-induced SOCE causes tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP, and VE-PTP, in turn, binds to and activates Src, thereby phosphorylating VE-cadherin to increase endothelial permeability through disassembly of AJs. Our results thus identify a novel signaling mechanism by which STIM1-induced Ca2+ signaling activates Pyk2 to inhibit the interaction of VE-PTP and VE-cadherin and hence increase endothelial permeability. Therefore, targeting the Pyk2 activation pathway may be a potentially important anti-inflammatory strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Soni
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sushil C Regmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Auditi DebRoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen M Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chinnaswamy Tiruppathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
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Role of Src Family Kinases in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2811-2823. [PMID: 27550814 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00311-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of epithelial cell turnover is important for the structural integrity and homeostasis of various tissues, including the intestine. Here we show that ablation of Csk, a negative regulator of Src family kinases (SFKs), specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) resulted in the development of hyperplasia throughout the intestinal epithelium of mice. Such conditional ablation of Csk also increased the proliferative activity and turnover of IECs, disturbed the differentiation of Paneth and goblet cells, reduced the number of intestinal stem cells, and attenuated the expression of Wnt target genes in the intestine. Moreover, the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the activities of both Rac and Yes-associated protein (YAP) were increased in intestinal crypts or organoids of the mutant mice, whereas inhibition of Rac or YAP activity rescued the mutant phenotypes. Our results thus suggest that SFKs promote the proliferation of IECs in intestinal crypts through activation of Rac or YAP and that they thereby contribute to the proper regulation of IEC turnover and intestinal homeostasis.
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7
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase SAP-1 protects against colitis through regulation of CEACAM20 in the intestinal epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510167112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells contribute to regulation of intestinal immunity in mammals, but the detailed molecular mechanisms of such regulation have remained largely unknown. Stomach-cancer-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SAP-1, also known as PTPRH) is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase that is localized specifically at microvilli of the brush border in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Here we show that SAP-1 ablation in interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice, a model of inflammatory bowel disease, resulted in a marked increase in the severity of colitis in association with up-regulation of mRNAs for various cytokines and chemokines in the colon. Tyrosine phosphorylation of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 20, an intestinal microvillus-specific transmembrane protein of the Ig superfamily, was greatly increased in the intestinal epithelium of the SAP-1-deficient animals, suggesting that this protein is a substrate for SAP-1. Tyrosine phosphorylation of CEACAM20 by the protein tyrosine kinase c-Src and the consequent association of CEACAM20 with spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) promoted the production of IL-8 in cultured cells through the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In addition, SAP-1 and CEACAM20 were found to form a complex through interaction of their ectodomains. SAP-1 and CEACAM20 thus constitute a regulatory system through which the intestinal epithelium contributes to intestinal immunity.
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8
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Mantilidewi KI, Murata Y, Mori M, Otsubo C, Kotani T, Kusakari S, Ohnishi H, Matozaki T. Shear stress-induced redistribution of vascular endothelial-protein-tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) in endothelial cells and its role in cell elongation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6451-6461. [PMID: 24451369 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are continuously exposed to shear stress (SS) generated by blood flow. Such stress plays a key role in regulation of various aspects of EC function including cell proliferation and motility as well as changes in cell morphology. Vascular endothelial-protein-tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is an R3-subtype PTP that possesses multiple fibronectin type III-like domains in its extracellular region and is expressed specifically in ECs. The role of VE-PTP in EC responses to SS has remained unknown, however. Here we show that VE-PTP is diffusely localized in ECs maintained under static culture conditions, whereas it undergoes rapid accumulation at the downstream edge of the cells relative to the direction of flow in response to SS. This redistribution of VE-PTP triggered by SS was found to require its extracellular and transmembrane regions and was promoted by integrin engagement of extracellular matrix ligands. Inhibition of actin polymerization or of Cdc42, Rab5, or Arf6 activities attenuated the SS-induced redistribution of VE-PTP. VE-PTP also underwent endocytosis in the static and SS conditions. SS induced the polarized distribution of internalized VE-PTP. Such an effect was promoted by integrin engagement of fibronectin but prevented by inhibition of Cdc42 activity or of actin polymerization. In addition, depletion of VE-PTP by RNA interference in human umbilical vein ECs blocked cell elongation in the direction of flow induced by SS. Our results suggest that the polarized redistribution of VE-PTP in response to SS plays an important role in the regulation of EC function by blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemala Isnainiasih Mantilidewi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoji Murata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Chihiro Otsubo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinya Kusakari
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.
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SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling factor Smarcd3/Baf60c controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inducing Wnt5a signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3011-25. [PMID: 23716599 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01443-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a gene signature predicted to regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in both epithelial tissue stem cells and breast cancer cells. A phenotypic RNA interference (RNAi) screen identified the genes within this 140-gene signature that promoted the conversion of mesenchymal epithelial cell adhesion molecule-negative (EpCAM-) breast cancer cells to an epithelial EpCAM+/high phenotype. The screen identified 10 of the 140 genes whose individual knockdown was sufficient to promote EpCAM and E-cadherin expression. Among these 10 genes, RNAi silencing of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling factor Smarcd3/Baf60c in EpCAM- breast cancer cells gave the most robust transition from the mesenchymal to epithelial phenotype. Conversely, expression of Smarcd3/Baf60c in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells induced an EMT. The mesenchymal-like phenotype promoted by Smarcd3/Baf60c expression resulted in gene expression changes in human mammary epithelial cells similar to that of claudin-low triple-negative breast cancer cells. These mammary epithelial cells expressing Smarcd3/Baf60c had upregulated Wnt5a expression. Inhibition of Wnt5a by either RNAi knockdown or blocking antibody reversed Smarcd3/Baf60c-induced EMT. Thus, Smarcd3/Baf60c epigenetically regulates EMT by activating WNT signaling pathways.
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10
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Nissou MF, El Atifi M, Guttin A, Godfraind C, Salon C, Garcion E, van der Sanden B, Issartel JP, Berger F, Wion D. Hypoxia-induced expression of VE-cadherin and filamin B in glioma cell cultures and pseudopalisade structures. J Neurooncol 2013; 113:239-49. [PMID: 23543272 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Most of our knowledge regarding glioma cell biology comes from cell culture experiments. For many years the standards for glioma cell culture were the use of cell lines cultured in the presence of serum and 20 % O2. However, in vivo, normoxia in many brain areas is in close to 3 % O2. Hence, in cell culture, the experimental value referred as the norm is hyperoxic compared to any brain physiological value. Likewise, cells in vivo are not usually exposed to serum, and low-passaged glioma neurosphere cultures maintained in serum-free medium is emerging as a new standard. A consequence of changing the experimental normoxic standard from 20 % O2 to the more brain physiological value of 3 % O2, is that a 3 % O2 normoxic reference point enabled a more rigorous characterization of the level of regulation of genes by hypoxia. Among the glioma hypoxia-regulated genes characterized using this approach we found VE-cadherin that is required for blood vessel formation, and filamin B a gene involved in endothelial cell motility. Both VE-cadherin and filamin B were found expressed in pseudopalisades, a glioblastoma pathognomonic structure made of hypoxic migrating cancer cells. These results provide additional clues on the role played by hypoxia in the acquisition of endothelial traits by glioma cells and on the functional links existing between pseudopalisades, hypoxia, and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Nissou
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, CHU Grenoble, Bâtiment E.J. Safra, 38042, Grenoble, France
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11
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Liao WH, Cheng CH, Hung KS, Chiu WT, Chen GD, Hwang PP, Hwang SPL, Kuan YS, Huang CJ. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (Ptpro) regulates cerebellar formation during zebrafish development through modulating Fgf signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2367-81. [PMID: 23361036 PMCID: PMC3676743 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein activities controlled by receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) play comparably important roles in transducing cell surface signals into the cytoplasm by protein tyrosine kinases. Previous studies showed that several RPTPs are involved in neuronal generation, migration, and axon guidance in Drosophila, and the vertebrate hippocampus, retina, and developing limbs. However, whether the protein tyrosine phosphatase type O (ptpro), one kind of RPTP, participates in regulating vertebrate brain development is largely unknown. We isolated the zebrafish ptpro gene and found that its transcripts are primarily expressed in the embryonic and adult central nervous system. Depletion of zebrafish embryonic Ptpro by antisense morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown resulted in prominent defects in the forebrain and cerebellum, and the injected larvae died on the 4th day post-fertilization (dpf). We further investigated the function of ptpro in cerebellar development and found that the expression of ephrin-A5b (efnA5b), a Fgf signaling induced cerebellum patterning factor, was decreased while the expression of dusp6, a negative-feedback gene of Fgf signaling in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary region, was notably induced in ptpro morphants. Further analyses demonstrated that cerebellar defects of ptpro morphants were partially rescued by inhibiting Fgf signaling. Moreover, Ptpro physically interacted with the Fgf receptor 1a (Fgfr1a) and dephosphorylated Fgfr1a in a dose-dependant manner. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that Ptpro activity is required for patterning the zebrafish embryonic brain. Specifically, Ptpro regulates cerebellar formation during zebrafish development through modulating Fgf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Liao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 104, Taiwan
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12
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Antoni G, Oudot-Mellakh T, Dimitromanolakis A, Germain M, Cohen W, Wells P, Lathrop M, Gagnon F, Morange PE, Tregouet DA. Combined analysis of three genome-wide association studies on vWF and FVIII plasma levels. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:102. [PMID: 21810271 PMCID: PMC3163514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of factor VIII (FVIII) and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) are well-established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, in particular venous thrombosis. Although high, the heritability of these traits is poorly explained by the genetic factors known so far. The aim of this work was to identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could influence the variability of these traits. Methods Three independent genome-wide association studies for vWF plasma levels and FVIII activity were conducted and their results were combined into a meta-analysis totalling 1,624 subjects. Results No single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) reached the study-wide significance level of 1.12 × 10-7 that corresponds to the Bonferroni correction for the number of tested SNPs. Nevertheless, the recently discovered association of STXBP5, STX2, TC2N and CLEC4M genes with vWF levels and that of SCARA5 and STAB2 genes with FVIII levels were confirmed in this meta-analysis. Besides, among the fifteen novel SNPs showing promising association at p < 10-5 with either vWF or FVIII levels in the meta-analysis, one located in ACCN1 gene also showed weak association (P = 0.0056) with venous thrombosis in a sample of 1,946 cases and 1,228 controls. Conclusions This study has generated new knowledge on genomic regions deserving further investigations in the search for genetic factors influencing vWF and FVIII plasma levels, some potentially implicated in VT, as well as providing some supporting evidence of previously identified genes.
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Anderson SM, Siegman SN, Segura T. The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) presentation within fibrin matrices on endothelial cell branching. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7432-43. [PMID: 21783250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been extensively investigated to promote vascularization at damaged or diseased sites and in tissue implants. Here we are interested in determining if the manner in which VEGF is presented from a scaffold to endothelial cells influences the architecture of the blood vessels formed. We bound VEGF to nanoparticles and placed these nanoparticles inside fibrin hydrogels, which contained human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) bound to cytodex beads. Fibroblast cells are plated on top of the fibrin gel to further mimic a physiologic environment. In addition, we used a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to determine the role of VEGF presentation on angiogenesis in vivo. We tested VEGF bound in high density and low density to study differences between growth factor presentation in heterogeneous nanodomains and homogenous distribution. VEGF covalently bound to nanoparticles at high density led to an increase in HUVEC tube branching, thickness, and total vessel network length compared to soluble VEGF. While VEGF bound electrostatically exhibited no significant difference with covalently bound VEGF in the tube formation assay, this method failed to promote host vessel infiltration into the fibrin implant on the CAM. Together our data suggest that the mode of VEGF presentation to endothelial cells influences the vessel architecture and vascularization of implants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Anderson
- University of California, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Murata Y, Mori M, Kotani T, Supriatna Y, Okazawa H, Kusakari S, Saito Y, Ohnishi H, Matozaki T. Tyrosine phosphorylation of R3 subtype receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases and their complex formations with Grb2 or Fyn. Genes Cells 2010; 15:513-24. [PMID: 20398064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is implicated in functional modulation of these enzymes. Stomach cancer-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SAP-1), as well as protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) and vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) are receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs), which belong to the R3 subtype RPTP family. Here, we have shown that the carboxyl (COOH)-terminal region of SAP-1 undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by the treatment with a PTP inhibitor. Src family kinases are important for the tyrosine phosphorylation of SAP-1. Either Grb2 or Fyn, through their Src homology-2 domains, bound to the tyrosine-phosphorylated SAP-1. Moreover, both PTPRO and VE-PTP underwent tyrosine phosphorylation in their COOH-terminal regions. Tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP or PTPRO also promoted their complex formations with Grb2 or Fyn. Forced expression of SAP-1, PTPRO or VE-PTP promoted cell spreading and lamellipodium formation of fibroblasts that expressed an activated form of Ras. In contrast, such effects of non-tyrosine-phosphorylated forms of these RPTPs were markedly smaller than those of wild-type RPTPs. Our results thus suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of R3 subtype RPTPs promotes their complex formations with Grb2 or Fyn and thus participates in the regulation of cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Murata
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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