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Galat Y, Perepitchka M, Elcheva I, Iannaccone S, Iannaccone PM, Galat V. iPSC-derived progenitor stromal cells provide new insights into aberrant musculoskeletal development and resistance to cancer in down syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13252. [PMID: 32764607 PMCID: PMC7414019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a congenital disorder caused by trisomy 21 (T21). It is associated with cognitive impairment, muscle hypotonia, heart defects, and other clinical anomalies. At the same time, individuals with Down syndrome have lower prevalence of solid tumor formation. To gain new insights into aberrant DS development during early stages of mesoderm formation and its possible connection to lower solid tumor prevalence, we developed the first model of two types of DS iPSC-derived stromal cells. Utilizing bioinformatic and functional analyses, we identified over 100 genes with coordinated expression among mesodermal and endothelial cell types. The most significantly down-regulated processes in DS mesodermal progenitors were associated with decreased stromal progenitor performance related to connective tissue organization as well as muscle development and functionality. The differentially expressed genes included cytoskeleton-related genes (actin and myosin), ECM genes (Collagens, Galectin-1, Fibronectin, Heparan Sulfate, LOX, FAK1), cell cycle genes (USP16, S1P complexes), and DNA damage repair genes. For DS endothelial cells, our analysis revealed most down-regulated genes associated with cellular response to external stimuli, cell migration, and immune response (inflammation-based). Together with functional assays, these results suggest an impairment in mesodermal development capacity during early stages, which likely translates into connective tissue impairment in DS patients. We further determined that, despite differences in functional processes and characteristics, a significant number of differentially regulated genes involved in tumorigenesis were expressed in a highly coordinated manner across endothelial and mesodermal cells. These findings strongly suggest that microRNAs (miR-24-4, miR-21), cytoskeleton remodeling, response to stimuli, and inflammation can impact resistance to tumorigenesis in DS patients. Furthermore, we also show that endothelial cell functionality is impaired, and when combined with angiogenic inhibition, it can provide another mechanism for decreased solid tumor development. We propose that the same processes, which specify the basis of connective tissue impairment observed in DS patients, potentially impart a resistance to cancer by hindering tumor progression and metastasis. We further establish that cancer-related genes on Chromosome 21 are up-regulated, while genome-wide cancer-related genes are down-regulated. These results suggest that trisomy 21 induces a modified regulation and compensation of many biochemical pathways across the genome. Such downstream interactions may contribute toward promoting tumor resistant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mariana Perepitchka
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Irina Elcheva
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Iannaccone
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip M Iannaccone
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vasiliy Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- ARTEC Biotech Inc, Chicago, IL, USA.
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LEFTY2/endometrial bleeding-associated factor up-regulates Na+ Coupled Glucose Transporter SGLT1 expression and Glycogen Accumulation in Endometrial Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230044. [PMID: 32236143 PMCID: PMC7112196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LEFTY2 (endometrial bleeding associated factor; EBAF or LEFTYA), a cytokine released shortly before menstrual bleeding, is a negative regulator of cell proliferation and tumour growth. LEFTY2 down-regulates Na+/H+ exchanger activity with subsequent inhibition of glycolytic flux and lactate production in endometrial cancer cells. Glucose can be utilized not only for glycolysis but also for glycogen formation. Both glycolysis and glycogen formation require cellular glucose uptake which could be accomplished by the Na+ coupled glucose transporter-1 (SGLT1; SLC5A1). The present study therefore explored whether LEFTY2 modifies endometrial SGLT1 expression and activity as well as glycogen formation. Ishikawa and HEC1a cells were exposed to LEFTY2, SGLT1 and glycogen synthase (GYS1) transcript levels determined by qRT-PCR. SGLT1, GYS1 and phospho-GYS1 protein abundance was quantified by western blotting, cellular glucose uptake from 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)Amino)-2-Deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) uptake, and cellular glycogen content utilizing an enzymatic assay and subsequent colorimetry. As a result, a 48-hour treatment with LEFTY2 significantly increased SGLT1 and GYS1 transcript levels as well as SGLT1 and GYS1 protein abundance in both Ishikawa and HEC1a cells. 2-NBDG uptake and cellular glycogen content were upregulated significantly in Ishikawa (type 1) but not in type 2 endometrial HEC1a cells, although there was a tendency of increased 2-NBDG uptake. Further, none of the effects were seen in human benign endometrial cells (HESCs). Interestingly, in both Ishikawa and HEC1a cells, a co-treatment with TGF-β reduced SGLT1, GYS and phospho-GYS protein levels, and thus reduced glycogen levels and again HEC1a cells had no significant change. In conclusion, LEFTY2 up-regulates expression and activity of the Na+ coupled glucose transporter SGLT1 and glycogen synthase GYS1 in a cell line specific manner. We further show the treatment with LEFTY2 fosters cellular glucose uptake and glycogen formation and TGF-β can negate this effect in endometrial cancer cells.
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Gambichler T, Ardabili S, Lang K, Dreißigacker M, Scheel C, Brand-Saberi B, Skrygan M, Stockfleth E, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T, Becker JC. Expression of Lefty predicts Merkel cell carcinoma-specific death. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2016-2020. [PMID: 32022949 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lefty and Nodal are transforming growth factor β-related proteins, which, beside their role in determination of laterality during embryogenesis, have also been linked with cancer progression. OBJECTIVES Prompted by the observed significant left-sided laterality of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), we addressed whether Lefty and Nodal are expressed in MCC and correlated expression patterns with clinical parameters such as MCC laterality and patient outcome. METHODS Expression of Lefty and Nodal in primary MCC was assessed in 29 patients by immunohistochemistry. The histology (H-)score was calculated and correlated with clinical parameters. RESULTS The median (range) H-score of Lefty and Nodal was 17.6 (0-291) and 74.9 (0.7-272), respectively. There was a significant correlation between Lefty expression and Nodal expression (correlation coefficient of 0.60, P = 0.0006). There was no significant correlation between Lefty expression and Nodal expression with either tumour laterality, gender, age, Merkel cell polyomavirus status, disease stage, anatomical localization of primary tumours or disease relapse. On univariate analysis, low Lefty expression and Nodal expression were significantly associated with MCC-specific death (P = 0.010 and P = 0.019, respectively). On univariate analysis, low Lefty expression was the only significant independent predictor for MCC-specific death (P = 0.025) as indicated by an odds ratio of 14 (95% CI: 1.43-137.33). CONCLUSIONS Lefty and Nodal are frequently expressed in MCC, but not correlated with tumour laterality. Importantly, our data suggest that a low level of Lefty expression in primary MCC is a strong predictor of MCC-specific death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ardabili
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - K Lang
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurances, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - M Dreißigacker
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - C Scheel
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Skrygan
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - E Stockfleth
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurances, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - T Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurances, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - J C Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, DKTK Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, West German Cancer Center, Dermatology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Zhang M, Wang L, An K, Cai J, Li G, Yang C, Liu H, Du F, Han X, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Pei D, Long Y, Xie X, Zhou Q, Sun Y. Lower genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem cells reflects increased non-homologous end joining. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:49. [PMID: 30045759 PMCID: PMC6060453 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) share many common features, including similar morphology, gene expression and in vitro differentiation profiles. However, genomic stability is much lower in iPSCs than in ESCs. In the current study, we examined whether changes in DNA damage repair in iPSCs are responsible for their greater tendency towards mutagenesis. METHODS Mouse iPSCs, ESCs and embryonic fibroblasts were exposed to ionizing radiation (4 Gy) to introduce double-strand DNA breaks. At 4 h later, fidelity of DNA damage repair was assessed using whole-genome re-sequencing. We also analyzed genomic stability in mice derived from iPSCs versus ESCs. RESULTS In comparison to ESCs and embryonic fibroblasts, iPSCs had lower DNA damage repair capacity, more somatic mutations and short indels after irradiation. iPSCs showed greater non-homologous end joining DNA repair and less homologous recombination DNA repair. Mice derived from iPSCs had lower DNA damage repair capacity than ESC-derived mice as well as C57 control mice. CONCLUSIONS The relatively low genomic stability of iPSCs and their high rate of tumorigenesis in vivo appear to be due, at least in part, to low fidelity of DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Ke An
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Guochao Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Huixian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Du
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yingli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
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Jin XJ, Cai PS, Zhu SP, Wang LJ, Zhu H. Negative correlation between X-linked inhibitors of apoptosis and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase expression levels in cervical carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5340-5346. [PMID: 29113168 PMCID: PMC5661384 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitors of apoptosis (XIAP) and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) have been widely reported to serve roles in the development of cervical carcinoma. The present study analyzed the associations between the expression levels of XIAP and Smac in normal cervical epithelium, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections was performed in order to analyze the expression levels of XIAP and Smac in 15 cases of normal cervical tissues, 69 cases of CIN and 76 cases of cervical carcinoma. All the tissue samples were confirmed by pathological diagnosis. The association of XIAP and Smac expression levels was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, χ2 tests and Spearman's ρ for the nonparametric bi-variant correlation analysis. Overall survival was determined using the log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The expression level of XIAP was increased in CIN and cervical carcinoma tissues compared with normal cervical tissues, whereas Smac demonstrated a converse expression pattern to XIAP in these tissues. The positive staining level of XIAP protein was increased in grade 3 CIN compared with that in grade 1–2 CIN, and was significantly higher in the less-differentiated tissue of cervical carcinoma compared with the well- or medium-differentiated tissues (P<0.05). The staining level was also significantly increased in cervical carcinoma with stage 2b-3 compared with tissues from stage 1–2a carcinoma (P<0.05). The expression levels of Smac were in opposition to these results. XIAP was associated with pelvic lymph node metastasis, whereas no association was identified with Smac expression. The expression level of XIAP was significantly and negatively associated with cell survival time in cervical carcinoma, whereas the expression level of Smac was significantly and positively associated with cell survival time in cervical carcinoma. Therefore, XIAP and Smac may participate in the development of cervical cancer. The expression levels of XIAP and Smac were significantly and inversely associated. This may be useful in early diagnosis, evaluation of surgery and chemotherapy and the prognosis of cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Jin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Sheng Cai
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Pin Zhu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jie Wang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Li J, Zhang F, Yu L, Fujimoto N, Yoshioka M, Li X, Shi J, Kotera H, Liu L, Chen Y. Culture substrates made of elastomeric micro-tripod arrays for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:236-244. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric micro-tripod arrays were used as novel substrates for culturing and long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - F. Zhang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
| | - L. Yu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Department of Micro Engineering
| | - N. Fujimoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Department of Micro Engineering
| | - M. Yoshioka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - X. Li
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
| | - J. Shi
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
- CNRS-ENS-UPMC UMR 8640
- Paris
- France
| | - H. Kotera
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
| | - L. Liu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - Y. Chen
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
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Li X, Shi S, Li FF, Cheng R, Han Y, Diao LW, Zhang Q, Zhi JX, Liu SL. Characterization of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor gene STX18 variations for possible roles in congenital heart diseases. Gene 2016; 598:79-83. [PMID: 27816473 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is among the most prevalent and complex congenital anatomic malformations in newborns. Interactions of cardiac progenitor with a broad range of cellular regulatory factors play key roles in the formation of mammalian heart and pathogenesis of CHD. STX18 is a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor, which is involved in numeral cellular activities such as organelle assembly and the cell cycle. The aim of this work was to find evidence on whether STX18 variations might be associated with CHD in Chinese Han populations. We evaluated SNPs rs2044, rs33952588, rs61740788, rs12504020 and rs12644497, which are located within the exon or intron sequences of the STX18 gene, for 310 Chinese Han CHD patients and 400 non-CHD controls. Using SPSS software (version 19.0) and the online software OEGE, we conducted statistical analyses and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, respectively. Among the five SNPs identified in the STX18 gene, rs33952588 and rs61740788 had very low genetic heterozygosity. In contrast, the genetic heterozygosity of the remaining three variations rs12504020 and rs12644497 near the 5'UTR and rs2044 within 3'UTR of the STX18 gene was considerably high. Analysis of associations of these genetic variations with the risk of CHD showed that rs12644497 (P value=0.017<0.05) was associated with the risk of CHD, specifically VSD and ASD, whereas rs12504020 (P value=0.560>0.05) and rs2044 (P value=0.972>0.05) were not. The SNP rs12644497 in the STX18 gene was associated with CHD in Chinese Han populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Cardiology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei-Feng Li
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Cardiology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Cardiology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Wei Diao
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Antibiotics, Heilongjiang Province Food and Drug Inspection Testing Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Ji-Xin Zhi
- Department of Cardiology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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LeftyA decreases Actin Polymerization and Stiffness in Human Endometrial Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29370. [PMID: 27404958 PMCID: PMC4941646 DOI: 10.1038/srep29370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
LeftyA, a cytokine regulating stemness and embryonic differentiation, down-regulates cell proliferation and migration. Cell proliferation and motility require actin reorganization, which is under control of ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and p21 protein-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). The present study explored whether LeftyA modifies actin cytoskeleton, shape and stiffness of Ishikawa cells, a well differentiated endometrial carcinoma cell line. The effect of LeftyA on globular over filamentous actin ratio was determined utilizing Western blotting and flow cytometry. Rac1 and PAK1 transcript levels were measured by qRT-PCR as well as active Rac1 and PAK1 by immunoblotting. Cell stiffness (quantified by the elastic modulus), cell surface area and cell volume were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a result, 2 hours treatment with LeftyA (25 ng/ml) significantly decreased Rac1 and PAK1 transcript levels and activity, depolymerized actin, and decreased cell stiffness, surface area and volume. The effect of LeftyA on actin polymerization was mimicked by pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 and PAK1. In the presence of the Rac1 or PAK1 inhibitor LeftyA did not lead to significant further actin depolymerization. In conclusion, LeftyA leads to disruption of Rac1 and Pak1 activity with subsequent actin depolymerization, cell softening and cell shrinkage.
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Galat V, Galat Y, Perepitchka M, Jennings LJ, Iannaccone PM, Hendrix MJC. Transgene Reactivation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derivatives and Reversion to Pluripotency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1060-72. [PMID: 27193052 PMCID: PMC4939377 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in regenerative medicine and disease modeling. It is now felt that clinical trials should be performed with iPSCs derived with nonintegrative constructs. Numerous studies, however, including those describing disease models, are still being published using cells derived from iPSCs generated with integrative constructs. Our experimental work presents the first evidence of spontaneous transgene reactivation in vitro in several cellular types. Our results show that the transgenes were predominantly silent in parent iPSCs, but in mesenchymal and endothelial iPSC derivatives, the transgenes experienced random upregulation of Nanog and c-Myc. Additionally, we provide evidence of spontaneous secondary reprogramming and reversion to pluripotency in mesenchymal stem cells derived from iPSCs. These findings strongly suggest that the studies, which use cellular products derived from iPSCs generated with retro- or lentiviruses, should be evaluated with consideration of the possibility of transgene reactivation. The in vitro model described here provides insight into the earliest events of culture transformation and suggests the hypothesis that reversion to pluripotency may be responsible for the development of tumors in cell replacement experiments. The main goal of this work, however, is to communicate the possibility of transgene reactivation in retro- or lenti-iPSC derivatives and the associated loss of cellular fidelity in vitro, which may impact the outcomes of disease modeling and related experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Galat
- 1 Department of Pathology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yekaterina Galat
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mariana Perepitchka
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence J Jennings
- 1 Department of Pathology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Philip M Iannaccone
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- 3 Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Li FF, Han Y, Shi S, Li X, Zhu XD, Zhou J, Shao QL, Li XQ, Liu SL. Characterization of Transcriptional Repressor Gene MSX1 Variations for Possible Associations with Congenital Heart Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142666. [PMID: 26556783 PMCID: PMC4640503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human heart consists of several cell types with distinct lineage origins. Interactions between these cardiac progenitors are very important for heart formation. The muscle segment homeobox gene family plays a key role in the cell morphogenesis and growth, controlled cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, but the relationships between the genetic abnormalities and CHD phenotypes still remain largely unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate variations in MSX1 and MSX2 for their possible associations with CHD. Methods We sequenced the MSX1 and MSX2 genes for 300 Chinese Han CHD patients and 400 normal controls and identified the variations. The statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-Square Tests as implemented in SPSS (version 19.0). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test of the population was carried out using the online software OEGE. Results Six variations rs4647952, rs2048152, rs4242182, rs61739543, rs111542301 and rs3087539 were identified in the MSX2 gene, but the genetic heterozygosity of those SNPs was very low. In contrast, the genetic heterozygosity of two variations rs3821949 near the 5’UTR and rs12532 within 3’UTR of the MSX1 gene was considerably high. Statistical analyses showed that rs3821949 and rs12532 were associated with the risk of CHD (specifically VSD). Conclusions The SNPs rs3821949 and rs12532 in the MSX1 gene were associated with CHD in Chinese Han populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Feng Li
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Li
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xi-Dong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Intensive care unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing-Liang Shao
- Department of Neonatalogy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Qi Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (S-LL); (X-QL)
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (S-LL); (X-QL)
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New Anti-Nodal Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Nodal Pre-Helix Loop Involved in Cripto-1 Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21342-62. [PMID: 26370966 PMCID: PMC4613256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal is a potent embryonic morphogen belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. Typically, it also binds to the ALK4/ActRIIB receptor complex in the presence of the co-receptor Cripto-1. Nodal expression is physiologically restricted to embryonic tissues and human embryonic stem cells, is absent in normal cells but re-emerges in several human cancers, including melanoma, breast, and colon cancer. Our aim was to obtain mAbs able to recognize Nodal on a major CBR (Cripto-Binding-Region) site and to block the Cripto-1-mediated signalling. To achieve this, antibodies were raised against hNodal(44-67) and mAbs generated by the hybridoma technology. We have selected one mAb, named 3D1, which strongly associates with full-length rhNodal (KD 1.4 nM) and recognizes the endogenous protein in a panel of human melanoma cell lines by western blot and FACS analyses. 3D1 inhibits the Nodal-Cripto-1 binding and blocks Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Data suggest that inhibition of the Nodal-Cripto-1 axis is a valid therapeutic approach against melanoma and 3D1 is a promising and interesting agent for blocking Nodal-Cripto mediated tumor development. These findings increase the interest for Nodal as both a diagnostic and prognostic marker and as a potential new target for therapeutic intervention.
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12
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Li FF, Zhou J, Zhao DD, Yan P, Li X, Han Y, Li XS, Wang GY, Yu KJ, Liu SL. Characterization of SMAD3 Gene Variants for Possible Roles in Ventricular Septal Defects and Other Congenital Heart Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131542. [PMID: 26110764 PMCID: PMC4482402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal/TGF signaling pathway has an important effect at early stages of differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in directing them to develop into different embryonic lineages. SMAD3 is a key intracellular messenger regulating factor in the Nodal/TGF signaling pathway, playing important roles in embryonic and, particularly, cardiovascular system development. The aim of this work was to find evidence on whether SMAD3 variations might be associated with ventricular septal defects (VSD) or other congenital heart diseases (CHD). METHODS We sequenced the SMAD3 gene for 372 Chinese Han CHD patients including 176 VSD patients and evaluated SNP rs2289263, which is located before the 5'UTR sequence of the gene. The statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-Square Tests as implemented in SPSS (version 13.0). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test of the population was carried out using the online software OEGE. RESULTS Three heterozygous variants in SMAD3 gene, rs2289263, rs35874463 and rs17228212, were identified. Statistical analyses showed that the rs2289263 variant located before the 5'UTR sequence of SMAD3 gene was associated with the risk of VSD (P value=0.013 <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The SNP rs2289263 in the SMAD3 gene is associated with VSD in Chinese Han populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Feng Li
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Li
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Gui-Yu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (GYW); (KJY); (SLL)
| | - Kai-Jiang Yu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (GYW); (KJY); (SLL)
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (GYW); (KJY); (SLL)
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LeftyA sensitive cytosolic pH regulation and glycolytic flux in Ishikawa human endometrial cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:845-9. [PMID: 25838200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LeftyA, a powerful regulator of stemness, embryonic differentiation, and reprogramming of cancer cells, counteracts cell proliferation and tumor growth. Key properties of tumor cells include enhanced glycolytic flux, which is highly sensitive to cytosolic pH and thus requires export of H(+) and lactate. H(+) extrusion is in part accomplished by Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, such as NHE1. An effect of LeftyA on transport processes has, however, never been reported. The present study thus explored whether LeftyA modifies regulation of cytosolic pH (pHi) in Ishikawa cells, a well differentiated endometrial carcinoma cell model. METHODS NHE1 transcript levels were determined by qRT-PCR, NHE1 protein abundance quantified by Western blotting, pHi estimated utilizing (2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein [BCECF] fluorescence, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity from Na(+) dependent realkalinization after an ammonium pulse, and lactate concentration in the supernatant utilizing an enzymatic assay and subsequent colorimetry. RESULTS A 2 h treatment with LeftyA (8 ng/ml) significantly decreased NHE1 transcript levels (by 99.6%), NHE1 protein abundance (by 71%), Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity (by 55%), pHi (from 7.22 ± 0.02 to 7.05 ± 0.02), and lactate release (by 41%). CONCLUSIONS LeftyA markedly down-regulates NHE1 expression, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity, pHi, and lactate release in Ishikawa cells. Those effects presumably contribute to cellular reprogramming and growth inhibition.
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Freude K, Pires C, Hyttel P, Hall VJ. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Alzheimer's Disease Patients: The Promise, the Hope and the Path Ahead. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1402-36. [PMID: 26237610 PMCID: PMC4470192 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The future hope of generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from Alzheimer’s disease patients is multifold. Firstly, they may help to uncover novel mechanisms of the disease, which could lead to the development of new and unprecedented drugs for patients and secondly, they could also be directly used for screening and testing of potential new compounds for drug discovery. In addition, in the case of familial known mutations, these cells could be targeted by use of advanced gene-editing techniques to correct the mutation and be used for future cell transplantation therapies. This review summarizes the work so far in regards to production and characterization of iPS cell lines from both sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s patients and from other iPS cell lines that may help to model the disease. It provides a detailed comparison between published reports and states the present hurdles we face with this new technology. The promise of new gene-editing techniques and accelerated aging models also aim to move this field further by providing better control cell lines for comparisons and potentially better phenotypes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark.
| | - Carlota Pires
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark.
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark.
| | - Vanessa Jane Hall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, Denmark.
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15
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Lefty inhibits glioma growth by suppressing Nodal-activated Smad and ERK1/2 pathways. J Neurol Sci 2014; 347:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Deng X, Zhou J, Li FF, Yan P, Zhao EY, Hao L, Yu KJ, Liu SL. Characterization of nodal/TGF-lefty signaling pathway gene variants for possible roles in congenital heart diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104535. [PMID: 25111179 PMCID: PMC4128709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal/TGF-Lefty signaling pathway has important effects at early stages of differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in directing them to differentiate into different embryonic lineages. LEFTY, one of transforming growth factors in the Nodal/TGF-Lefty signaling pathway, plays an important role in the development of heart. The aim of this work was to find evidence on whether Lefty variations are associated with congenital heart diseases (CHD). METHODS We sequenced the Lefty gene for 230 Chinese Han CHD patients and evaluated SNPs rs2295418, rs360057 and g.G169A, which are located within the translated regions of the genes. The statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-Square Tests as implemented in SPSS (version 13.0). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test of the population was carried out using online software OEGE, and multiple-sequence alignments of LEFTY proteins were carried out using the Vector NTI software. RESULTS Two heterozygous variants in Lefty1 gene, g.G169A and g.A1035C, and one heterozygous variant in Lefty2 gene, g.C925A, were identified. Statistical analyses showed that the rs2295418 (g.C925A) variant in Lefty2 gene was obviously associated with the risk of CHD (P value = 0.016<0.05). The genotype frequency of rs360057 (g.A1035C) variant in Lefty1 gene was associated with the risk of CHD (P value = 0.007<0.05), but the allele frequency was not (P value = 0.317>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The SNP rs2295418 in the Lefty2 gene is associated with CHD in Chinese Han populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Deng
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei-Feng Li
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (K-JY); (F-FL); (S-LL)
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Er-Ying Zhao
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Hao
- Department of Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kai-Jiang Yu
- Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (K-JY); (F-FL); (S-LL)
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (K-JY); (F-FL); (S-LL)
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Nanofibrous gelatin substrates for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6259-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Simpson DL, Wehman B, Galat Y, Sharma S, Mishra R, Galat V, Kaushal S. Engineering patient-specific valves using stem cells generated from skin biopsy specimens. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:947-54. [PMID: 25038011 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric patients requiring valve replacement will likely require reoperations due to a progressive deterioration of valve durability and limited repair and growth potential. To address these concerns, we sought to generate a biologically active pulmonary valve using patient-specific valvular cells and decellularized human pulmonary valves. METHODS We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming skin fibroblast cells. We then differentiated iPSCs to mesenchymal stem cells (iPCSs-MSCs) using culture conditions that favored an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Next, decellularized human pulmonary heart valves were seeded with iPCS-MSCs using a combination of static and dynamic culture conditions and cultured up to 30 days. RESULTS The iPSCs-MSCs displayed cluster of differentiation CD105 and CD90 expression exceeding 90% after four passages and could differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes (n = 4). Consistent with an MSC phenotype, iPSCs-MSCs lacked expression of CD45 and CD34. Compared with bone marrow MSCs, iPSCs-MSC proliferated more readily by twofold but maintained a gene expression profile exceeding 80% identical to bone marrow MSCs. In repopulated pulmonary valves compared with decellularized pulmonary valves, immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased cellularity, α-smooth muscle actin expression, and increased presence of extracellular matrix components, such as proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, suggesting sustained cell function and maturation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the feasibility of constructing a biologically active human pulmonary valve using a sustainable and proliferative cell source. The bioactive pulmonary valve is expected to have advantages over existing valvular replacements, which will require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Simpson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brody Wehman
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yekaterina Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, iPS and Human Stem Cell Core Facility, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sudhish Sharma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachana Mishra
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vasiliy Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, iPS and Human Stem Cell Core Facility, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland.
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19
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Eid JE, Garcia CB. Reprogramming of mesenchymal stem cells by oncogenes. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:18-31. [PMID: 24938913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originate from embryonic mesoderm and give rise to the multiple lineages of connective tissues. Transformed MSCs develop into aggressive sarcomas, some of which are initiated by specific chromosomal translocations that generate fusion proteins with potent oncogenic properties. The sarcoma oncogenes typically prime MSCs through aberrant reprogramming. They dictate commitment to a specific lineage but prevent mature differentiation, thus locking the cells in a state of proliferative precursors. Deregulated expression of lineage-specific transcription factors and controllers of chromatin structure play a central role in MSC reprogramming and sarcoma pathogenesis. This suggests that reversing the epigenetic aberrancies created by the sarcoma oncogenes with differentiation-related reagents holds great promise as a beneficial addition to sarcoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane E Eid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 771 Preston, Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Christina B Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM320, Huston, TX 77030, USA
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Human pluripotent stem cell culture: considerations for maintenance, expansion, and therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:13-26. [PMID: 24388173 PMCID: PMC3915741 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide powerful resources for application in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical development. In the past decade, various methods have been developed for large-scale hPSC culture that rely on combined use of multiple growth components, including media containing various growth factors, extracellular matrices, 3D environmental cues, and modes of multicellular association. In this Protocol Review, we dissect these growth components by comparing cell culture methods and identifying the benefits and pitfalls associated with each one. We further provide criteria, considerations, and suggestions to achieve optimal cell growth for hPSC expansion, differentiation, and use in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Human induced pluripotent stem cells from basic research to potential clinical applications in cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:430290. [PMID: 24288679 PMCID: PMC3830845 DOI: 10.1155/2013/430290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are derived from a direct reprogramming of human somatic cells to a pluripotent stage through ectopic expression of specific transcription factors. These cells have two important properties, which are the self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the human body. So, the discovery of hiPSCs opens new opportunities in biomedical sciences, since these cells may be useful for understanding the mechanisms of diseases in the production of new diseases models, in drug development/drug toxicity tests, gene therapies, and cell replacement therapies. However, the hiPSCs technology has limitations including the potential for the development of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities leading to tumorigenicity. Nowadays, basic research in the hiPSCs field has made progress in the application of new strategies with the aim to enable an efficient production of high-quality of hiPSCs for safety and efficacy, necessary to the future application for clinical practice. In this review, we show the recent advances in hiPSCs' basic research and some potential clinical applications focusing on cancer. We also present the importance of the use of statistical methods to evaluate the possible validation for the hiPSCs for future therapeutic use toward personalized cell therapies.
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Mooney BM, Raof NA, Li Y, Xie Y. Convergent mechanisms in pluripotent stem cells and cancer: Implications for stem cell engineering. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:408-19. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Saito A, Ochiai H, Okada S, Miyata N, Azuma T. Suppression of Lefty expression in induced pluripotent cancer cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:2165-74. [PMID: 23407711 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-221432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and stem cells share the ability to silence tumor suppressors. We focused on Lefty, which encodes one of the most abundant tumor suppressors in embryonic stem (ES) cells and is not expressed in somatic cancer cells. We found that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) induced demethylation of the Lefty B cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) island and increased Lefty expression (10-200 times) in human pancreatic cancer cells and human liver cancer cells (PLC/PRF/5 and HLF). Expression of Cripto, another important factor in Nodal-Lefty signaling, was not increased after adding TGF-β. We generated reprogrammed cancer cells that revealed high expression of immature marker proteins, high proliferation, and the potential to express morphological patterns of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, suggesting that these cells may have cancer stem cell-like phenotypes. We investigated Lefty and found that reprogrammed human liver cancer cells (induced pluripotent cancer cells) displayed a much lower ability to express Lefty, although less Lefty B CpG methylation was also observed. We also found that a MEK inhibitor dramatically enhanced Lefty expression in human pancreatic cancers with mutated ras, whereas Lefty B CpG methylation was not decreased. These observations indicate that despite the demethylation of DNA strands in promoter regions of pluripotency-associated genes, including Lefty gene, Lefty expression was not induced well in reprogrammed cells. Of note was the fact that Lefty is abundantly expressed in human ES cells but not in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We thus think that reprogrammed cancer cells share the mechanism for expression of Lefty with iPS cells. This shared mechanism may contribute to the cancerous transformation of iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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Pawani H, Bhartiya D. Pluripotent stem cells for cardiac regeneration: overview of recent advances & emerging trends. Indian J Med Res 2013; 137:270-82. [PMID: 23563370 PMCID: PMC3657850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell based regenerative therapy has emerged as one of the most promising options of treatment for patients suffering from heart failure. Various adult stem cells types have undergone extensive clinical trials with limited success which is believed to be more of a cytokine effect rather than cell therapy. Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have emerged as an attractive candidate stem cell source for obtaining cardiomyocytes (CMs) because of their tremendous capacity for expansion and unquestioned potential to differentiate into CMs. Studies carried out in animal models indicate that ES-derived CMs can partially remuscularize infarcted hearts and improve contractile function; however, the effect was not sustained over long follow up periods due to their limited capacity of cell division in vivo. Thus, the concept of transplanting multipotent cardiovascular progenitors derived from ES cells has emerged since the progenitors retain robust proliferative ability and multipotent nature enabling repopulation of other myocardial elements also in addition to CMs. Transplantation of CMs (progenitors) seeded in biodegradable scaffold and gel based engineered constructs has met with modest success due to issues like cell penetration, nutrient and oxygen availability and inflammation triggered during scaffold degradation inversely affecting the seeded cells. Recently cell sheet based tissue engineering involving culturing cells on 'intelligent' polymers has been evolved. Generation of a 3-D pulsatile myocardial tissue has been achieved. However, these advances have to be looked at with cautious optimism as many challenges need to be overcome before using these in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Pawani
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India,Reprint requests: Dr Deepa Bhartiya, Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR) Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India e-mail: ,
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25
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Soto-Gutierrez A, Wertheim JA, Ott HC, Gilbert TW. Perspectives on whole-organ assembly: moving toward transplantation on demand. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3817-23. [PMID: 23114604 DOI: 10.1172/jci61974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ever-growing demand for transplantable organs to replace acute and chronically damaged tissues. This demand cannot be met by the currently available donor organs. Efforts to provide an alternative source have led to the development of organ engineering, a discipline that combines cell biology, tissue engineering, and cell/organ transplantation. Over the last several years, engineered organs have been implanted into rodent recipients and have shown modest function. In this article, we summarize the most recent advances in this field and provide a perspective on the challenges of translating this promising new technology into a proven regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation Section of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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26
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Serra M, Brito C, Correia C, Alves PM. Process engineering of human pluripotent stem cells for clinical application. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:350-9. [PMID: 22541338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, constitute an extremely attractive tool for cell therapy. However, flexible platforms for the large-scale production and storage of hPSCs in tightly controlled conditions are necessary to deliver high-quality cells in relevant quantities to satisfy clinical demands. Here we discuss the main principles for the bioprocessing of hPSCs, highlighting the impact of environmental factors, novel 3D culturing approaches and integrated bioreactor strategies for controlling hPSC culture outcome. Knowledge on hPSC bioprocessing accumulated during recent years provides important insights for the establishment of more robust production platforms and should potentiate the implementation of novel hPSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Serra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Bioengineering embryonic stem cell microenvironments for the study of breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7662-91. [PMID: 22174624 PMCID: PMC3233430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent disease amongst women worldwide and metastasis is the main cause of death due to breast cancer. Metastatic breast cancer cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells display similar characteristics. However, unlike metastatic breast cancer cells, ES cells are nonmalignant. Furthermore, embryonic microenvironments have the potential to convert metastatic breast cancer cells into a less invasive phenotype. The creation of in vitro embryonic microenvironments will enable better understanding of ES cell-breast cancer cell interactions, help elucidate tumorigenesis, and lead to the restriction of breast cancer metastasis. In this article, we will present the characteristics of breast cancer cells and ES cells as well as their microenvironments, importance of embryonic microenvironments in inhibiting tumorigenesis, convergence of tumorigenic and embryonic signaling pathways, and state of the art in bioengineering embryonic microenvironments for breast cancer research. Additionally, the potential application of bioengineered embryonic microenvironments for the prevention and treatment of invasive breast cancer will be discussed.
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28
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Galat V, Malchenko S, Galat Y, Ishkin A, Nikolsky Y, Kosak ST, Soares BM, Iannaccone P, Crispino JD, Hendrix MJC. A model of early human embryonic stem cell differentiation reveals inter- and intracellular changes on transition to squamous epithelium. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1250-63. [PMID: 21861759 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular events leading to human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation are the subject of considerable scrutiny. Here, we characterize an in vitro model that permits analysis of the earliest steps in the transition of hESC colonies to squamous epithelium on basic fibroblast growth factor withdrawal. A set of markers (GSC, CK18, Gata4, Eomes, and Sox17) point to a mesendodermal nature of the epithelial cells with subsequent commitment to definitive endoderm (Sox17, Cdx2, nestin, and Islet1). We assayed alterations in the transcriptome in parallel with the distribution of immunohistochemical markers. Our results indicate that the alterations of tight junctions in pluripotent culture precede the beginning of differentiation. We defined this cell population as "specified," as it is committed toward differentiation. The transitional zone between "specified" pluripotent and differentiated cells displays significant up-regulation of keratin-18 (CK18) along with a decrease in the functional activity of gap junctions and the down-regulation of 2 gap junction proteins, connexin 43 (Cx43) and connexin 45 (Cx45), which is coincidental with substantial elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. These findings reveal a set of cellular changes that may represent the earliest markers of in vitro hESC transition to an epithelial phenotype, before the induction of gene expression networks that guide hESC differentiation. Moreover, we hypothesize that these events may be common during the primary steps of hESC commitment to functionally varied epithelial tissue derivatives of different embryological origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, iPS and Human Stem Cell Core Facility, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60614-3394, USA.
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29
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Hamm CA, Costa FF. The impact of epigenomics on future drug design and new therapies. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:626-35. [PMID: 21570477 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The future of drug design and the development of new therapeutics will rely on our ability to unravel the complexities of the epigenome in normal and disease states. Proper epigenetic regulation is essential for normal differentiation in embryogenesis and development. Conversely, abnormal epigenetic regulation is a feature of complex diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease and other pathologies. Epigenetic therapies hold promise for a wide range of biological applications, from cancer treatment to the establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells. The creation of more specific and effective epigenetic therapies, however, requires a more complete understanding of epigenomic landscapes. Here, we give a historical overview of the epigenomics field and how epigenetic modifications can affect embryo development and disease etiology. We also discuss the impact of current and future epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hamm
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children's Memorial Research Center and Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, 2430N. Halsted St, Box 220, Chicago, IL, USA
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30
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Abstract
The unique abilities of human pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and to differentiate into cells of the three germ layers make them an invaluable tool for the future of regenerative medicine. However, the same properties also make them tumorigenic, and therefore hinder their clinical application. Hence, the tumorigenicity of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) has been extensively studied. Until recently, it was assumed that human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) would behave like their embryonic counterparts in respect to their tumorigenicity. However, a rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that there are important genetic and epigenetic differences between these two cell types, which seem to influence their tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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31
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Guo L, Zhao RCH, Wu Y. The role of microRNAs in self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:608-16. [PMID: 21288479 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs involved in post-trascriptional regulation of gene expression and diverse biological activities. They are crucial for self-renewal and behavior of embryonic stem cells, but their role in mesenchymal stem cells has been poorly understood. Recently emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs are closely involved in controlling key steps of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into certain cell lineages. This review focuses on miRNAs identified recently that regulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and other activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Life Science Division, Tsinghua University Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Sullivan GJ, Bai Y, Fletcher J, Wilmut I. Induced pluripotent stem cells: epigenetic memories and practical implications. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:880-5. [PMID: 21059705 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be obtained by direct reprogramming of different somatic cells to a pluripotent state by forced expression of a handful of transcription factors. It was generally assumed that iPSCs are functionally equivalent to their embryonic stem cell (ESC) counterparts. Recently, a number of research groups have demonstrated that this is not the case, showing that iPSCs retain 'epigenetic memory' of the donor tissue from which they were derived and display skewed differentiation potential. This raises the question whether such cells are fit for experimental, diagnostic or therapeutic purpose. A brief survey of the literature illustrates that differences at both epigenetic and transcriptome level are observed between various pluripotent stem cell populations. Interestingly, iPSC populations with perceived 'anomalies' can be coaxed to a more ESC-like cellular state either by continuous passaging--which attenuates these epigenetic differences--or treatment with small molecules that target the machinery responsible for remodelling the genome. This suggests that the establishment of an epigenetic status approximating an ESC counterpart is largely a passive process. The mechanisms responsible remain to be established. Meanwhile, other areas of reprogramming are rapidly evolving such as, trans-differentiation of one somatic cell type to another by the forced expression of key transcription factors. When it comes to assessing their practical usefulness, the same question will also apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Sullivan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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