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Yang F, Xu M, Chen X, Luo Y. Spotlight on porphyrins: Classifications, mechanisms and medical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114933. [PMID: 37236030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) are non-invasive treatment methods with obvious inhibitory effect on tumors and have few side effects, which have been widely concerned and explored by researchers. Sensitizer is the main factor in determining the therapeutic effect of PDT and SDT. Porphyrins, a group of organic compounds widespread in nature, can be activated by light or ultrasound and produce reactive oxygen species. Therefore, porphyrins as sensitizers in PDT have been widely explored and investigated for many years. Herein, we summarize the classical porphyrin compounds and their applications and mechanisms in PDT and SDT. The application of porphyrin in clinical diagnosis and imaging is also discussed. In conclusion, porphyrins have good application prospects in disease treatment as an important part of PDT or SDT, and in clinical diagnosis and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Meiqi Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Neonatal, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Yakun Luo
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Probes and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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2
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Muench NA, Patel S, Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Ikeda A, Nickells RW. The Influence of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function on Retinal Ganglion Cell Susceptibility in Optic Nerve Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071593. [PMID: 34201955 PMCID: PMC8306483 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The important roles of mitochondrial function and dysfunction in the process of neurodegeneration are widely acknowledged. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) appear to be a highly vulnerable neuronal cell type in the central nervous system with respect to mitochondrial dysfunction but the actual reasons for this are still incompletely understood. These cells have a unique circumstance where unmyelinated axons must bend nearly 90° to exit the eye and then cross a translaminar pressure gradient before becoming myelinated in the optic nerve. This region, the optic nerve head, contains some of the highest density of mitochondria present in these cells. Glaucoma represents a perfect storm of events occurring at this location, with a combination of changes in the translaminar pressure gradient and reassignment of the metabolic support functions of supporting glia, which appears to apply increased metabolic stress to the RGC axons leading to a failure of axonal transport mechanisms. However, RGCs themselves are also extremely sensitive to genetic mutations, particularly in genes affecting mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial clearance. These mutations, which systemically affect the mitochondria in every cell, often lead to an optic neuropathy as the sole pathologic defect in affected patients. This review summarizes knowledge of mitochondrial structure and function, the known energy demands of neurons in general, and places these in the context of normal and pathological characteristics of mitochondria attributed to RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Muench
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (N.A.M.); (S.P.); (R.J.D.)
| | - Sonia Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (N.A.M.); (S.P.); (R.J.D.)
| | - Margaret E. Maes
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria;
| | - Ryan J. Donahue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (N.A.M.); (S.P.); (R.J.D.)
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akihiro Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert W. Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (N.A.M.); (S.P.); (R.J.D.)
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gorska-Ponikowska M, Bastian P, Zauszkiewicz-Pawlak A, Ploska A, Zubrzycki A, Kuban-Jankowska A, Nussberger S, Kalinowski L, Kmiec Z. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated osteosarcoma cell death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1616. [PMID: 33452331 PMCID: PMC7811003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most malignant tumors of childhood and adolescence. Research on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission) and biogenesis has received much attention in last few years, as they are crucial for death of cancer cells. Specifically, it was shown that increased expression of the cytoplasmic dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) triggers mitochondrial fission (division), which activates BAX and downstream intrinsic apoptosis, effectively inhibiting OS growth. In the presented study, human OS cells (metastatic 143B OS cell line) were incubated with 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) at both physiologically and pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Confocal microscopy and western blot methods were applied to examine changes in Drp1 and BAX protein levels. Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1, MDIVI-1, was used in the study to further examine the role of Drp1 in 2-ME-mediated mechanism of action. To determine quantitative and qualitative changes in mitochondria, electron microscopy was used. 2-ME at all used concentrations increased mitochondrial fission and induced autophagy in OS cells. At the concentration of 1 µM 2-ME increased the area density of mitochondria in OS cells. Subsequent, upregulated expression of Drp1 and BAX proteins by 2-ME strongly suggests the activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. We further observed 2-ME-mediated regulation of glycolytic state of OS cells. Therefore, we suggest that changes of mitochondrial dynamics may represent a novel mechanism of anticancer action of 2-ME. This finding may open new approaches to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in the treatment of OS, however, it has to be confirmed by in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland ,grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.428936.2Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paulina Bastian
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Zauszkiewicz-Pawlak
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Ploska
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland ,Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adrian Zubrzycki
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Kuban-Jankowska
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stephan Nussberger
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland ,Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.PL), Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. A mitochondrial journey through acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111282. [PMID: 32209353 PMCID: PMC7254872 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States and APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is initiated by formation of a reactive metabolite which depletes hepatic glutathione and forms protein adducts. Studies over the years have established the critical role of c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) and its mitochondrial translocation, as well as mitochondrial oxidant stress and subsequent induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition in APAP pathophysiology. However, it is now evident that mitochondrial responses to APAP overdose are more nuanced than appreciated earlier, with multiple levels of control, for example, to dose of APAP. In addition, mitochondrial dynamics, as well as the organelle's importance in recovery and regeneration after APAP-induced liver injury is also being recognized, which are exciting new areas with significant therapeutic potential. Thus, this review examines the temporal course of hepatocyte mitochondrial responses to an APAP overdose with an emphasis on mechanistic response to various trigger checkpoints such as NAPQI-mitochondrial protein adduct formation and activated JNK translocation. Mitochondrial dynamics, the organelle's role in recovery after APAP and emerging areas of research which promise to provide further insight into modulation of APAP pathophysiology by these fascinating organelles will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Yu R, Lendahl U, Nistér M, Zhao J. Regulation of Mammalian Mitochondrial Dynamics: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:374. [PMID: 32595603 PMCID: PMC7300174 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles and important for a variety of cellular functions. They constantly undergo fission and fusion events, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics, which affects the shape, size, and number of mitochondria in the cell, as well as mitochondrial subcellular transport, mitochondrial quality control (mitophagy), and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics is associated with various human diseases. Mitochondrial dynamics is mediated by a set of mitochondria-shaping proteins in both yeast and mammals. In this review, we describe recent insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fusion and fission, particularly highlighting the coordinating roles of different mitochondria-shaping proteins in the processes, as well as the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the actin cytoskeleton and membrane phospholipids in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. We particularly focus on emerging roles for the mammalian mitochondrial proteins Fis1, Mff, and MIEFs (MIEF1 and MIEF2) in regulating the recruitment of the cytosolic Drp1 to the surface of mitochondria and how these proteins, especially Fis1, mediate crosstalk between the mitochondrial fission and fusion machineries. In summary, this review provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of mammalian mitochondrial dynamics and the involvement of these mechanisms in apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Monica Nistér
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Jian Zhao
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Ma JT, Zhang XY, Cao R, Sun L, Jing W, Zhao JZ, Zhang SL, Huang LT, Han CB. Effects of Dynamin-related Protein 1 Regulated Mitochondrial Dynamic Changes on Invasion and Metastasis of Lung Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:4045-4053. [PMID: 31417649 PMCID: PMC6692611 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mitochondrial imbalance of division and fusion will lead to uncontrolled cell growth. This study investigated the effects of mitochondrial dynamics regulated by dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) on the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells at the cellular level. Methods: Lentivirus-mediated RNAi and gene overexpression vectors containing shDrp1 and Lv-Drp1 were transfected into lung adenocarcinoma cell lines 95D and A549, respectively. An MTT assay was used to assess cell viability and a cell clone assay was used to evaluate the tumorigenic ability of lentivirus-infected cells. Cell invasion and wound healing assays were used to assess cell invasiveness and the migration rate after lentivirus infection. Annexin V-APC staining was used to determine the cell apoptosis rate. Results: In 95D cells, when the Drp1 gene is overexpressed (OE) the proliferation rate and apoptosis rate were significantly higher than those in the control group (NCOE) (P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference in clone number, invasion rate, and migration rate between the two groups (P > 0. 05). The proliferation rate and clone number in the shDrp1 infected 95D cell group (KD) were significantly lower than those in the control group (NCKD) (P < 0. 05). There was no difference in apoptosis rate, invasion rate, and migration rate between h (P > 0.05). In A549 cells, unlike in 95D cells, the invasion rate of the KD group was 25% lower than that of the NCKD group (P < 0.05). After 8 hours, the cell migration rates of the two groups were basically the same, but after 24 hours, the migration rate of the KD group was 10% lower than that of the NCKD group (P < 0.05). Compared with the NCOE group, the migration rate of the OE group increased significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Mitochondrial Drp1 is associated with the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Inhibition of Drp1 expression may contribute to anti-tumor therapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Tao Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jian-Zhu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Shu-Ling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Han
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
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Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: A mitochondrial perspective. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 85:195-219. [PMID: 31307587 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a highly effective analgesic, which is safe at therapeutic doses. However, an overdose can cause hepatotoxicity and even liver failure. APAP toxicity is currently the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Decades of research on mechanisms of liver injury have established the role of mitochondria as central players in APAP-induced hepatocyte necrosis and this chapter examines the various facets of the organelle's involvement in the process of injury as well as in resolution of damage. The injury process is initiated by formation of a reactive metabolite, which binds to sulfhydryl groups of cellular proteins including mitochondrial proteins. This inhibits the electron transport chain and leads to formation of reactive oxygen species, which induce the activation of redox-sensitive members of the MAP kinase family ultimately causing activation of c-Jun N terminal kinase, JNK. Translocation of JNK to the mitochondria then amplifies mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial permeability transition and release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins, which trigger nuclear DNA fragmentation. Together, these events result in hepatocyte necrosis, while adaptive mechanisms such as mitophagy remove damaged mitochondria and minimize the extent of the injury. This oscillation between recovery and necrosis is predominant in cells at the edge of the necrotic area in the liver, where induction of mitochondrial biogenesis is important for liver regeneration. All these aspects of mitochondria in APAP hepatotoxicity, as well as their relevance to humans with APAP overdose and development of therapeutic approaches will be examined in detail in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Liu JX, Shen SN, Tong Q, Wang YT, Lin LG. Honokiol protects hepatocytes from oxidative injury through mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liu J, Li D, Zhang T, Tong Q, Ye RD, Lin L. SIRT3 protects hepatocytes from oxidative injury by enhancing ROS scavenging and mitochondrial integrity. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3158. [PMID: 29072685 PMCID: PMC5680927 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidences of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been recognized in most of clinical and experimental liver diseases. SIRT3, a member of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, is mainly localized in mitochondria. So far, the role of SIRT3 in protecting hepatocytes against oxidative stress remains elusive. Herein, we found SIRT3 protein expression is decreased in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-treated AML12 cells in vitro and primary hepatocytes from CCl4-injured mice in vivo. To further verify the role of SIRT3 in protecting hepatocytes from t-BHP-induced injury, SIRT3 overexpressed AML12 cell line and primary hepatocytes were generated. SIRT3 overexpressed hepatocytes showed improved cell viability upon t-BHP challenge, with less intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. SIRT3 overexpression reduced superoxide dismutase 2 acetylation level and stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation to enhance anti-oxidative capacity. Moreover, SIRT3 deacetylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 to orchestrate DNA repair, resulting in improved mitochondrial function. Through deacetylating Ku70, SIRT3 also abated mitochondrial translocation of dynamin-related protein 1, to attenuate mitochondrial fragmentation in t-BHP-injured hepatocytes. These results suggested that SIRT3 protected hepatocytes against oxidative stress by enhancing ROS scavenging and maintaining mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau, China
| | - Qiang Tong
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Dequan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau, China
| | - Ligen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Macau, China
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Sommerville EW, Alston CL, Pyle A, He L, Falkous G, Naismith K, Chinnery PF, McFarland R, Taylor RW. De novo CTBP1 variant is associated with decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain activities. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e187. [PMID: 28955726 PMCID: PMC5610040 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the genetic etiology of a young woman presenting an early-onset, progressive neurodegenerative disorder with evidence of decreased mitochondrial complex I and IV activities in skeletal muscle suggestive of a mitochondrial disorder. Methods: A case report including diagnostic workup, whole-exome sequencing of the affected patient, filtering, and prioritization of candidate variants assuming a suspected autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder and segregation studies. Results: After excluding candidate variants for an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder, re-evaluation of rare and novel heterozygous variants identified a recently reported, recurrent pathogenic heterozygous CTBP1 missense change (c.991C>T, p.Arg331Trp), which was confirmed to have arisen de novo. Conclusions: We report the fifth known patient harboring a recurrent pathogenic de novo c.991C>T p.(Arg331Trp) CTBP1 variant, who was initially suspected to have an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder. Inheritance of suspected early-onset mitochondrial disease could wrongly be assumed to be autosomal recessive. Hence, this warrants continued re-evaluation of rare and novel heterozygous variants in patients with apparently unsolved suspected mitochondrial disease investigated using next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen W Sommerville
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Pyle
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Langping He
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Falkous
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Naismith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (E.W.S., C.L.A., L.H., G.F., R.M., R.W.T.), Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (E.W.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (A.P.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University; Armistead Child Development Centre (K.N.), Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.F.C.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (P.F.C.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Nah J, Miyamoto S, Sadoshima J. Mitophagy as a Protective Mechanism against Myocardial Stress. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1407-1424. [PMID: 28915329 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can undergo fusion, fission, biogenesis, and autophagic elimination to maintain mitochondrial quality control. Since the heart is in constant need of high amounts of energy, mitochondria, as a central energy supply source, play a crucial role in maintaining optimal cardiac performance. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the pathophysiology of heart diseases. In non-dividing, post-mitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes, elimination of dysfunctional organelles is essential to maintaining cellular function because non-dividing cells cannot dilute dysfunctional organelles through cell division. In this review, we discuss the recent findings regarding the physiological role of mitophagy in the heart and cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we discuss the functional role of mitophagy in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemic injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1407-1424, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Nah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pharmacology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and their translation to the human pathophysiology. J Clin Transl Res 2017; 3:157-169. [PMID: 28670625 PMCID: PMC5489132 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.03.2017s1.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and mechanisms of liver injury induced by APAP overdose have been the focus of extensive investigation. Studies in the mouse model, which closely reproduces the human condition, have shown that hepatotoxicity is initiated by formation of a reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which depletes cellular glutathione and forms protein adducts on mitochondrial proteins. This leads to mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress, accompanied by activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its translocation to the mitochondria. This then amplifies the mitochondrial oxidant stress, resulting in translocation of Bax and dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondria, which induces mitochondrial fission, and ultimately induction of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT). The induction of MPT triggers release of intermembrane proteins such as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G into the cytosol and their translocation to the nucleus, causing nuclear DNA fragmentation and activation of regulated necrosis. Though these cascades of events were primarily identified in the mouse model, studies on human hepatocytes and analysis of circulating biomarkers from patients after APAP overdose, indicate that a number of mechanistic events are identical in mice and humans. Circulating biomarkers also seem to be useful in predicting the course of liver injury after APAP overdose in humans and hold promise for significant clinical use in the near future. Relevance for patients: This review focuses on the mechanisms behind APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and the relevance of these to the human pathophysiology. Current investigations on various biomarkers which may be useful in clinical management of APAP overdose patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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13
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Drp1-Dependent Mitochondrial Fission Plays Critical Roles in Physiological and Pathological Progresses in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010144. [PMID: 28098754 PMCID: PMC5297777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research has demonstrated that mitochondrial morphology, distribution, and function are maintained by the balanced regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion, and perturbation of the homeostasis between these processes has been related to cell or organ dysfunction and abnormal mitochondrial redistribution. Abnormal mitochondrial fusion induces the fragmentation of mitochondria from a tubular morphology into pieces; in contrast, perturbed mitochondrial fission results in the fusion of adjacent mitochondria. A member of the dynamin family of large GTPases, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), effectively influences cell survival and apoptosis by mediating the mitochondrial fission process in mammals. Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission is an intricate process regulating both cellular and organ dynamics, including development, apoptosis, acute organ injury, and various diseases. Only after clarification of the regulative mechanisms of this critical protein in vivo and in vitro will it set a milestone for preventing mitochondrial fission related pathological processes and refractory diseases.
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Balog J, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Mitochondrial fission and fusion in secondary brain damage after CNS insults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2022-2033. [PMID: 27677674 PMCID: PMC5363672 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16671528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamically active organelles, regulated through fission and fusion events to continuously redistribute them across axons, dendrites, and synapses of neurons to meet bioenergetics requirements and to control various functions, including cell proliferation, calcium buffering, neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. However, following acute or chronic injury to CNS, altered expression and function of proteins that mediate fission and fusion lead to mitochondrial dynamic imbalance. Particularly, if the fission is abnormally increased through pro-fission mediators such as Drp1, mitochondrial function will be impaired and mitochondria will become susceptible to insertion of proapototic proteins. This leads to the formation of mitochondrial transition pore, which eventually triggers apoptosis. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction is a major promoter of neuronal death and secondary brain damage after an insult. This review discusses the implications of mitochondrial dynamic imbalance in neuronal death after acute and chronic CNS insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Balog
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA .,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Wang P, Wang P, Liu B, Zhao J, Pang Q, Agrawal SG, Jia L, Liu FT. Dynamin-related protein Drp1 is required for Bax translocation to mitochondria in response to irradiation-induced apoptosis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22598-612. [PMID: 26093086 PMCID: PMC4673185 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondria is a crucial step in DNA damage-mediated apoptosis, and is also found to be involved in mitochondrial fragmentation. Irradiation-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis was associated with Bax activation, but not mitochondrial fragmentation. Both Bax and Drp1 translocated from the cytosol to the mitochondria in response to irradiation. However, Drp1 mitochondrial translocation and oligomerization did not require Bax, and failed to induce apoptosis in Bax deficient diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. Using fluorescent microscopy and the intensity correlation analysis, we demonstrated that Bax and Drp1 were colocalized and the levels of colocalization were increased by UV irradiation. Using co-immuno-precipitation, we confirmed that Bax and Drp1 were binding partners. Irradiation induced a time-associated increase in the interaction between active Bax and Drp1. Knocking down Drp1 using siRNA blocked UV irradiation-mediated Bax mitochondrial translocation. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate for the first time, that Drp1 is required for Bax mitochondrial translocation, but Drp1-induced mitochondrial fragmentation alone is not sufficient to induce apoptosis in DLBCL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiguo Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Becky Liu
- East Surrey Hospital, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingsong Pang
- Department of Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Samir G Agrawal
- Pathology Group, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Jia
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Feng-Ting Liu
- Department of Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Kumari S, Mehta SL, Milledge GZ, Huang X, Li H, Li PA. Ubisol-Q10 Prevents Glutamate-Induced Cell Death by Blocking Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Permeability Transition Pore Opening. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:688-700. [PMID: 27194946 PMCID: PMC4870712 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are the major events that lead to the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) during glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and cell death. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has widely been used for the treatment of mitochondrial disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Comparing to traditional lipid-soluble CoQ10, water soluble CoQ10 (Ubisol-Q10) has high intracellular and intra-mitochondrial distribution. The aims of the present study are to determine the neuroprotective effects of Ubisol-Q10 on glutamate-induced cell death and to explore its functional mechanisms. HT22 neuronal cells were exposed to glutamate. Cell viability was measured and mitochondrial fragmentation was assessed by mitochondrial imaging. The mPTP opening was determined by mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium retention capacity. The results revealed that the anti-glutamate toxicity effects of Ubisol-Q10 was associated with its ability to block mitochondrial fragmentation, to maintain calcium retention capacity and mitochondrial membrane potential, and to prevent mPTP formation, AIF release, and DNA fragmentation. We concluded that Ubisol-Q10 protects cells from glutamate toxicity by preserving the integrity of mitochondrial structure and function. Therefore, adequate CoQ10 supplementation may be beneficial in preventing cerebral stroke and other disorders that involve mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumari
- 1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE) College of Art and Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;; 4. Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- 1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE) College of Art and Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;; 3. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Gaolin Z Milledge
- 2. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Xinyu Huang
- 2. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Haining Li
- 5. Neurological Center of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - P Andy Li
- 1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE) College of Art and Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Kandimalla R, Reddy PH. Multiple faces of dynamin-related protein 1 and its role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:814-828. [PMID: 26708942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a large role in neuronal function by constantly providing energy, particularly at synapses. Recent studies suggest that amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau interact with the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), causing excessive fragmentation of mitochondria and leading to abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons. Recent research also revealed Aβ-induced and phosphorylated tau-induced changes in mitochondria, particularly affecting mitochondrial shape, size, distribution and axonal transport in AD neurons. These changes affect mitochondrial health and, in turn, could affect synaptic function and neuronal damage and ultimately leading to memory loss and cognitive impairment in patients with AD. This article highlights recent findings in the role of Drp1 in AD pathogenesis. This article also highlights Drp1 and its relationships to glycogen synthase kinase 3, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, p53, and microRNAs in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 6630 S. Quaker Ste. E, MS 7495, Lubbock, TX 79413, United States.
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18
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Wu S, Xing D. Drp1, Mff, Fis1, and MiD51 are coordinated to mediate mitochondrial fission during UV irradiation-induced apoptosis. FASEB J 2015; 30:466-76. [PMID: 26432782 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission and proteins vital to this process play essential roles in apoptosis. Several mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, including mitochondrial fission protein 1 (Fis1), mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) and mitochondrial dynamics of 51 kDa protein (MiD51), also known as mitochondrial elongation factor 1 (MEIF1), have been reported to promote mitochondrial fission by recruiting the GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). However, it remains unclear how these fission factors coordinate to control apoptotic mitochondrial fission. Molecular studies have suggested the existence of interaction between Mff and Drp1, but fundamental questions remain concerning their function. In the present study, we reported that the phosphorylation status of Drp1-Ser(637) was essential for its interaction with Mff. UV stimulation induced a decrease in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Drp1 phosphorylation on Ser(637) and enhanced the interaction between Drp1 and Mff, resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation. Simultaneously, the interaction increased markedly between Fis1 and MiD51/MIEF1, whereas the interaction between Drp1 and MiD51/MIEF1 decreased significantly after UV irradiation, which suggests that Fis1 competitively binds to MiD51/MIEF1 to activate Drp1 indirectly. Moreover, Mff-Drp1 binding and Mff-mediated recruitment of Drp1 to mitochondria did not require Bax during UV stimulation. Our study revealed a novel role of Mff in regulation of mitochondrial fission and showed how the fission proteins are orchestrated to mediate the fission process during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Xing
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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RIP1-dependent Bid cleavage mediates TNFα-induced but Caspase-3-independent cell death in L929 fibroblastoma cells. Apoptosis 2015; 20:92-109. [PMID: 25398540 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
L929 fibroblastoma cells (L929-A) and L929 fibrosarcoma cells (L929-N) are different cell lines that are commonly used to study the cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). TNFα has been reported to induce necrosis in both of these cell lines. However, comparing the TNFα-induced cell death in these two cell lines, we found that, unlike the L929-N cells that show typical RIP3-dependent necrosis, TNFα-induced cell death in L929-A cells is pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD)-sensitive, which does not depend on RIP3. We also confirmed that the cell death signal in the L929-A cells was initiated through cytosol-preassembled ripoptosome and that the knockdown of either Caspase-8 or RIP1 protein blocked cell death. Compared with the L929-N cells, the L929-A cell line had lower levels of constitutive and inducible TNFα autocrine production, and the pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD or Q-VD did not kill the L929-A cells as they affect the L929-N cells. Moreover, the L929-A cells expressed less RIP3 protein than the L929-N cells; therefore, TNFα failed to induce RIP3-dependent necroptosis. In addition, the ripoptosome-mediated cell death signal was transduced to the mitochondria through Caspase-8-mediated and RIP1 kinase activity-dependent Bid cleavage. The RIP1 kinase inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) or Caspase-8 knockdown completely blocked Bid cleavage, and the knockdown of Bid or Bax/Bak prevented TNFα-induced cell death in the L929-A cells. Although the activation of Bax/Bak decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, the levels of mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins, including cytochrome-c (cyt-C) and Smac, declined, and western blotting and immunofluorescence staining analysis did not determine whether these proteins were redistributed to the cytosol. In addition, the mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 was also reduced, indicating that the reduced mitochondria proteins may be induced by the reduced mitochondria numbers. No efficient cyt-C release was observed; therefore, the limited activation and cleavage of downstream caspases, including Caspase-9, Caspase-7, Caspase-6 and Caspase-3, was insufficient to kill the cells. The Caspase-9, Caspase-6 and Caspase-3/7 inhibitors or Caspase-9 and -3 knockdown also failed to block cell death, and the overexpression of Bcl-2 also did not abrogate cell death. Moreover, the dead cells showed necrotic-like but not apoptotic characteristics under transmission electronmicroscopy, and these features were significantly different from mitochondrial apoptosis, indicating that the effector caspases were not the executioners of cell death. These new discoveries show that TNFα-induced cell death in L929-A cells is different than typical RIP3-dependent necrosis and Caspase-8/Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. These results highlight that caution is necessary when using different L929 cells as a model to investigate TNFα-induced cell death.
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Abstract
Dynamins and BAR proteins are crucial in a wide variety of cellular processes for their ability to mediate membrane remodeling, such as membrane curvature and membrane fission and fusion. In this review, we highlight dynamins and BAR proteins and the cellular mechanisms that are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. We specifically discuss the roles of the seproteinsin endocytosis, endo-lysosomal trafficking, autophagy, and apoptosis as these processes are all tightly linked to membrane remodeling and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Sundborger
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenny E. Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Wu S, Zhou F, Wei Y, Chen WR, Chen Q, Xing D. Cancer phototherapy via selective photoinactivation of respiratory chain oxidase to trigger a fatal superoxide anion burst. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:733-46. [PMID: 23992126 PMCID: PMC3910666 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Here, we develop a novel cancer treatment modality using mitochondria-targeting, high-fluence, low-power laser irradiation (HF-LPLI) in mouse tumor models and explore the mechanism of mitochondrial injury by HF-LPLI. RESULTS We demonstrated that the initial reaction after photon absorption was photosensitization of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), to inhibit enzymatic activity of COX in situ and cause respiratory chain superoxide anion (O2(-•)) burst. We also found that HF-LPLI exerted its main tumor killing effect through mitochondrial O2(-•) burst via electron transport chain (ETC). These phenomena were completely absent in the respiration-deficient cells and COX knockdown cells. With a carefully selected irradiation protocol, HF-LPLI could efficaciously destroy tumors. The inhibition of enzymatic activity of COX and generation of O2(-•) by HF-LPLI in vivo were also detected. INNOVATION It is the first time that the mechanism involved in the interaction between light and its photoacceptor under HF-LPLI treatment is clarified. Our results clearly indicate that HF-LPLI initiates its effects via targeted COX photoinactivation and that the tumor-killing efficacy is dependent of the subsequent mitochondrial O2(-•) burst via ETC. CONCLUSION Based on both in vitro and in vivo results, we conclude that HF-LPLI can selectively photoinactivate respiratory chain oxidase to trigger a fatal mitochondrial O2(-•) burst, producing oxidative damage on cancer cells. This study opens up the possibilities of applications of HF-LPLI as a mitochondria-targeting cancer phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wu
- 1 MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, China
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Mroz P, Yaroslavsky A, Kharkwal GB, Hamblin MR. Cell death pathways in photodynamic therapy of cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 3:2516-39. [PMID: 23914299 PMCID: PMC3729395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging cancer therapy that uses the combination of non-toxic dyes or photosensitizers (PS) and harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species and destroy tumors. The PS can be localized in various organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes and this sub-cellular location governs much of the signaling that occurs after PDT. There is an acute stress response that leads to changes in calcium and lipid metabolism and causes the production of cytokines and stress response mediators. Enzymes (particularly protein kinases) are activated and transcription factors are expressed. Many of the cellular responses center on mitochondria and frequently lead to induction of apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway involving caspase activation and release of cytochrome c. Certain specific proteins (such as Bcl-2) are damaged by PDT-induced oxidation thereby increasing apoptosis, and a build-up of oxidized proteins leads to an ER-stress response that may be increased by proteasome inhibition. Autophagy plays a role in either inhibiting or enhancing cell death after PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (A.Y.); (G.K.); (M.R.H.)
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617 726 1870; Fax: +1-617-726-8566
| | - Anastasia Yaroslavsky
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (A.Y.); (G.K.); (M.R.H.)
- Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gitika B Kharkwal
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (A.Y.); (G.K.); (M.R.H.)
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (A.Y.); (G.K.); (M.R.H.)
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Su YC, Qi X. Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics: a target for the treatment of neurological disorders? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been appreciated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. However, the molecular basis underlying the decline in mitochondrial function is not fully understood. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that frequently undergo fusion and fission. In healthy cells, the delicate balance between fusion and fission is required for maintaining normal mitochondrial and cellular function. However, under pathological conditions, the balance is disrupted, resulting in excessive mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The impaired fusion and fission processes can lead to apoptosis, necrosis and autophagic cell death and seem to play causal roles in the progression of acute and chronic neuronal injuries. In this article, important aspects of what is currently known about the molecular machinery regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion in mammalian cells is summarized. Special emphasis will be given to the consequences of disregulated mitochondrial morphology in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Su
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, E516, Cleveland, OH, 44106-44970, USA
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24
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Immunocytochemical studies on the nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinases substrate following 5-aminolevulinicacid-mediated photodynamic therapy on MCF-7 cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:518-25. [PMID: 24284105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicates that nuclear ubiquitous casein and cyclin-dependent kinases substrate (NUCKS) may play role in tumor growth. In present study authors examined whether photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induces NUCKS expression in breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. METHODS In the experiment concentration of 5-ALA was 6.5mM. Excitation wavelength was 630 ± 20 nm, total light dose of light 5 or 10 J/cm(2) and irradiance 60 mW/cm(2) was used. Cells were collected at established time points and Western blot and immunocytochemical studies were performed using antibody against NUCKS. RESULTS Studies proved strong cytotoxic effects in cells following PDT with 6.5mM of precursor and 10 J/cm(2). Western blot analysis revealed the strongest expression of NUCKS at 7h after PDT. At next time points, 18 and 24h, expression of NUCKS decreased and became similar to that of control group. Further immunocytochemical studies showed very strong expression of NUCKS following PDT with 5-ALA and light irradiation of 5 J/cm(2). Early, at 0 h, that expression was predominantly seen in nuclei, while at 7h expression of NUCKS was observed in disseminated manner within entire cells in both nuclei and cytoplasm, with prevalence of cytoplasmic staining. CONCLUSIONS Authors suggest that NUCKS is involved in cellular responses following PDT, and since parallel induction of NUCKS and proapoptotic marker Bax and inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was observed, this protein might also be involved in induction of apoptosis following PDT.
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Tong ZS, Miao PT, Liu TT, Jia YS, Liu XD. Enhanced antitumor effects of BPD-MA-mediated photodynamic therapy combined with adriamycin on breast cancer in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1319-24. [PMID: 22842729 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging treatment used to eradicate premalignant and early-stage cancers and to reduce tumor size in end-stage cancers. In this study, we investigated the effects of a combination of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA)-mediated PDT with adriamycin (ADM) on 4T1 breast carcinoma cells in vivo and the mechanisms underlying this effect. METHODS Normal BALA/c female mice bearing 4T1 breast carcinoma xenografts were tested. The animals were treated with PDT (BPD-MA 1 mg/kg, iv, plus single-dose laser irradiation) or ADM (5 mg/kg, iv) alone, or a combination of PDT with ADM. The tumor growth rate was determined by measuring the tumor weight. Cell apoptosis was measured with flow cytometry, and the expression of apoptosis-related molecules was assessed using Western blot. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined with immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Compared to PDT or ADM alone, PDT plus ADM produced a combined inhibition on the tumor growth, prolonged life span, and enhanced apoptosis in the mice bearing 4T1 subcutaneously xenografted tumors. The combination of PDT and ADM exerted additive effects on the upregulation of Bax and the downregulation of Bcl-2, and on the reduction of MVD in 4T1 xenografted tumors. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that PDT plus ADM exerts enhanced in vivo antitumor effect on breast cancer, which is closely associated with the cooperative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic pathways and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Thus, PDT plus ADM is a promising combined treatment strategy for breast carcinoma.
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Ferree A, Shirihai O. Mitochondrial dynamics: the intersection of form and function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 748:13-40. [PMID: 22729853 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3573-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria within a cell exist as a population in a dynamic -morphological continuum. The balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission dictates a spectrum of shapes from interconnected networks to fragmented individual units. This plasticity bestows the adaptive flexibility needed to adjust to changing cellular stresses and metabolic demands. The mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial dynamics, their importance in normal cell biology, and the roles they play in disease conditions are only beginning to be understood. Dysfunction of mitochondrial dynamics has been identified as a possible disease mechanism in Parkinson's disease. This chapter will introduce the budding field of mitochondrial dynamics and explore unique characteristics of affected neurons in Parkinson's disease that increase susceptibility to disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ferree
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Yang FY, Yu MX, Zhou Q, Chen WL, Gao P, Huang Z. Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Labeling on Human Endothelial Cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1805-20. [PMID: 22776829 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x652986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (INOPS) are a potential contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) tracking of transplanted endothelial cells. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of INOPS labeling on endothelial cells. The mixture of INOPS and poly-l-lysine (PLL) was used to label human endothelial cells. Labeling efficiency was examined by Prussian blue staining, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of iron oxide concentration on cell viability and proliferation were determined. The correlation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis was also examined. In vitro MRI scanning was carried out using a 1.5T MR system. INOPS-PLL could be readily taken up by endothelial cells and subsequently induce MRI signal intensity changes. However, higher labeling concentration (>50 μg/ml) and longer incubation (48 h) can affect cell viability and proliferation. Mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, and autolysosmes were observed under high INOPS-PLL concentrations, which were correlated to ROS production. INOPS-PLL nanoparticles can be used to label transplanted endothelial cells. However, high concentration of INOPS can impair cell viability, possibly through ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yuan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xi Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Li Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Medical Imaging Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Protective effect of gliclazide on diabetic peripheral neuropathy through Drp-1 mediated-oxidative stress and apoptosis. Neurosci Lett 2012; 523:45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The actions of mdivi-1, an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission, on rapidly activating delayed-rectifier K+ current and membrane potential in HL-1 murine atrial cardiomyocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bhavya BC, Indira D, Seervi M, Joseph J, Sobhan PK, Mathew KA, Varghese S, Santhoshkumar TR. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeted Bcl-2 Inhibitable Mitochondrial Fragmentation Initiates ER Stress-Induced Cell Death. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 749:83-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3381-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Chiaviello A, Postiglione I, Palumbo G. Targets and mechanisms of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer cells: a brief overview. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1014-41. [PMID: 24212652 PMCID: PMC3756402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This type of cancer typically develops over a period of many years, and if detected at an early enough stage can be eliminated by a variety of treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT). A critical discussion on the clinical applications of PDT in lung cancer is well outside the scope of the present report, which, in turn focuses on mechanistic and other aspects of the photodynamic action at a molecular and cellular level. The knowledge of these issues at pre-clinical levels is necessary to develop, check and adopt appropriate clinical protocols in the future. This report, besides providing general information, includes a brief overview of present experimental PDT and provides some non-exhaustive information on current strategies aimed at further improving the efficacy, especially in regard to lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chiaviello
- Department of Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare "L. Califano" - Università Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Reddy PH, Reddy TP, Manczak M, Calkins MJ, Shirendeb U, Mao P. Dynamin-related protein 1 and mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegenerative diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:103-18. [PMID: 21145355 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the recent developments of abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial fragmentation, and neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The GTPase family of proteins, including fission proteins, dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), mitochondrial fission 1 (Fis1), and fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1) are essential to maintain mitochondrial fission and fusion balance, and to provide necessary adenosine triphosphate to neurons. Among these, Drp1 is involved in several important aspects of mitochondria, including shape, size, distribution, remodeling, and maintenance of mitochondria in mammalian cells. In addition, recent advancements in molecular, cellular, electron microscopy, and confocal imaging studies revealed that Drp1 is associated with several cellular functions, including mitochondrial and peroxisomal fragmentation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and cell death. In the last two decades, tremendous progress has been made in researching mitochondrial dynamics, in yeast, worms, and mammalian cells; and this research has provided evidence linking Drp1 to neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers in the neurodegenerative disease field are beginning to recognize the possible involvement of Drp1 in causing mitochondrial fragmentation and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases. This article summarizes research findings relating Drp1 to mitochondrial fission and fusion, in yeast, worms, and mammals. Based on findings from the Reddy laboratory and others', we propose that mutant proteins of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD, PD, HD, and ALS, interact with Drp1, activate mitochondrial fission machinery, fragment mitochondria excessively, and impair mitochondrial transport and mitochondrial dynamics, ultimately causing mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hemachandra Reddy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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