1
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Davis CK, Arruri V, Joshi P, Vemuganti R. Non-pharmacological interventions for traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:641-659. [PMID: 38388365 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241234770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneity and variability of symptoms due to the type, site, age, sex, and severity of injury make each case of traumatic brain injury (TBI) unique. Considering this, a universal treatment strategy may not be fruitful in managing outcomes after TBI. Most of the pharmacological therapies for TBI aim at modifying a particular pathway or molecular process in the sequelae of secondary injury rather than a holistic approach. On the other hand, non-pharmacological interventions such as hypothermia, hyperbaric oxygen, preconditioning with dietary adaptations, exercise, environmental enrichment, deep brain stimulation, decompressive craniectomy, probiotic use, gene therapy, music therapy, and stem cell therapy can promote healing by modulating multiple neuroprotective mechanisms. In this review, we discussed the major non-pharmacological interventions that are being tested in animal models of TBI as well as in clinical trials. We evaluated the functional outcomes of various interventions with an emphasis on the links between molecular mechanisms and outcomes after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pallavi Joshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Davis CK, Bathula S, Jeong S, Arruri V, Choi J, Subramanian S, Ostrom CM, Vemuganti R. An antioxidant and anti-ER stress combination therapy elevates phosphorylation of α-Syn at serine 129 and alleviates post-TBI PD-like pathology in a sex-specific manner in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114795. [PMID: 38657855 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) in later life by >50%. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation are the major drivers of both TBI and PD pathologies. We presently evaluated if curtailing oxidative stress and ER stress concomitantly using a combination of apocynin and tert-butylhydroquinone and salubrinal during the acute stage after TBI in mice reduces the severity of late-onset PD-like pathology. The effect of multiple low doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on post-TBI neurodegeneration was also evaluated. The combo therapy elevated the level of phosphorylation at serine 129 (pS129) of α-Syn in the pericontusional cortex of male mice at 72 h post-TBI. Motor and cognitive deficits induced by TBI lasted at least 3 months and the combo therapy curtailed these deficits in both sexes. At 3 months post-TBI, male mice given combo therapy exhibited significantly lesser α-Syn aggregates in the SN and higher TH+ cells in the SNpc, compared to vehicle control. However, the aggregate number was not significantly different between groups of female mice. Moreover, TBI-induced loss of TH+ cells was negligible in female mice irrespective of treatment. The MPTP treatment aggravated PD-like pathology in male mice but had a negligible effect on the loss of TH+ cells in female mice. Thus, the present study indicates that mitigation of TBI-induced oxidative stress and ER stress at the acute stage could potentially reduce the risk of post-TBI PD-like pathology at least in male mice, plausibly by elevating pS129-α-Syn level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeongwoo Choi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shruti Subramanian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carlie M Ostrom
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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3
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Mehta SL, Chelluboina B, Morris-Blanco KC, Bathula S, Jeong S, Arruri V, Davis CK, Vemuganti R. Post-stroke brain can be protected by modulating the lncRNA FosDT. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:239-251. [PMID: 37933735 PMCID: PMC10993881 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231212378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that knockdown or deletion of Fos downstream transcript (FosDT; a stroke-induced brain-specific long noncoding RNA) is neuroprotective. We presently tested the therapeutic potential of FosDT siRNA in rodents subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using the Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable criteria, including sex, age, species, and comorbidity. FosDT siRNA (IV) given at 30 min of reperfusion significantly improved motor function recovery (rotarod test, beam walk test, and adhesive removal test) and reduced infarct size in adult and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats of both sexes. FosDT siRNA administered in a delayed fashion (3.5 h of reperfusion following 1 h transient MCAO) also significantly improved motor function recovery and decreased infarct volume. Furthermore, FosDT siRNA enhanced post-stroke functional recovery in normal and diabetic mice. Mechanistically, FosDT triggered post-ischemic neuronal damage via the transcription factor REST as REST siRNA mitigated the enhanced functional outcome in FosDT-/- rats. Additionally, NF-κB regulated FosDT expression as NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 significantly decreased post-ischemic FosDT induction. Thus, FosDT is a promising target with a favorable therapeutic window to mitigate secondary brain damage and facilitate recovery after stroke regardless of sex, age, species, and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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4
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Mehta SL, Arruri V, Vemuganti R. Role of transcription factors, noncoding RNAs, epitranscriptomics, and epigenetics in post-ischemic neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38279529 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Post-stroke neuroinflammation is pivotal in brain repair, yet persistent inflammation can aggravate ischemic brain damage and hamper recovery. Following stroke, specific molecules released from brain cells attract and activate central and peripheral immune cells. These immune cells subsequently release diverse inflammatory molecules within the ischemic brain, initiating a sequence of events, including activation of transcription factors in different brain cell types that modulate gene expression and influence outcomes; the interactive action of various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to regulate multiple biological processes including inflammation, epitranscriptomic RNA modification that controls RNA processing, stability, and translation; and epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications crucial in managing the genic response to stroke. Interactions among these events further affect post-stroke inflammation and shape the depth of ischemic brain damage and functional outcomes. We highlighted these aspects of neuroinflammation in this review and postulate that deciphering these mechanisms is pivotal for identifying therapeutic targets to alleviate post-stroke dysfunction and enhance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Chelluboina B, Jeong S, Davis CK, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Therapeutic Potential of Intravenous miR-21 Mimic after Stroke Following STAIR Criteria. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01223-8. [PMID: 38129636 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA-21 (miR-21) levels in the brain are crucial in determining post-stroke brain damage and recovery. The miR-21 exerts neuroprotection by targeting mRNAs that translate proteins that mediate brain damage. We currently determined the efficacy and efficiency of intravenously administered miR-21 mimic after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Adult male mice were intravenously administered with either control mimic or miR-21 mimic at 5 min/2 h after reperfusion following 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to determine the therapeutic window of miR-21 mimic. Adult female, type-2 diabetic male, aged male, and aged female mice were administered with control/miR-21 mimic at 5 min after reperfusion following 35 min/1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Early administration of miR-21 mimic significantly reduced brain damage and promoted long-term recovery after stroke. Further, miR-21 mimic is more effective in males than in females subjected to stroke. However, delayed treatment with miR-21 mimic is not efficacious, and type-2 diabetic subjects show no improvement with miR-21 mimic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Charles Kozhikkadan Davis
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chokkalla AK, Pajdzik K, Dou X, Dai Q, Mehta SL, Arruri V, Vemuganti R. Dysregulation of the Epitranscriptomic Mark m 1A in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:806-810. [PMID: 35737185 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of adenosine at N1 position yields N1-methyladenosine (m1A), which is an epitranscriptomic modification that regulates mRNA metabolism. Recent studies showed that altered m1A methylation promotes acute and chronic neurological diseases. We currently evaluated the effect of focal ischemia on cerebral m1A methylome and its machinery. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the peri-infarct cortex was analyzed at 12 h and 24 h of reperfusion. The bulk abundance of m1A was measured by mass spectrometry and dot blot, and transcriptome-wide m1A alterations were profiled using antibody-independent m1A-quant-seq. Expression of the m1A writers and erasers was estimated by real-time PCR. Ischemia significantly decreased m1A levels and concomitantly upregulated m1A demethylase alkB homolog 3 at 24 h of reperfusion compared to sham. Transcriptome-wide profiling showed differential m1A methylation at 14 sites (8 were hypo- and 6 were hypermethylated). Many of those are located in the 3'-UTRs of unannotated transcripts proximal to the genes involved in regulating protein complex assembly, circadian rhythms, chromatin remodeling, and chromosome organization. Using several different approaches, we show for the first time that m1A epitranscriptomic modification in RNA is highly sensitive to cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Kinga Pajdzik
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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7
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Jeong S, Chokkalla AK, Davis CK, Vemuganti R. Post-stroke depression: epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications and their interplay with gut microbiota. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4044-4055. [PMID: 37188778 PMCID: PMC10646155 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications that regulate physiological processes of an organism at the DNA and RNA levels, respectively, are novel therapeutic candidates for various neurological diseases. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are known to modulate DNA methylation and histone modifications (epigenetics), as well as RNA methylation especially N6-methyladenosine (epitranscriptomics). As gut microbiota as well as these modifications are highly dynamic across the lifespan of an organism, they are implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke and depression. The lack of specific therapeutic interventions for managing post-stroke depression emphasizes the need to identify novel molecular targets. This review highlights the interaction between the gut microbiota and epigenetic/epitranscriptomic pathways and their interplay in modulating candidate genes that are involved in post-stroke depression. This review further focuses on the three candidates, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ten-eleven translocation family proteins, and fat mass and obesity-associated protein based on their prevalence and pathoetiologic role in post-stroke depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chokkalla AK, Jeong S, Subramanian S, Vemuganti R. Immunomodulatory role of glycoRNAs in the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:499-504. [PMID: 36644904 PMCID: PMC10063830 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231151995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of lipids and proteins significantly increases the molecular diversity in the brain. Membrane-localized glycoconjugates facilitate critical neuro-immune interactions. Therefore, glycodysregulation is increasingly recognized as a novel hallmark of various acute and chronic neurological diseases. Although RNAs are heavily modified, they are never thought to be substrates for glycosylation due to their inaccessibility to the glycosylation machinery in the Golgi apparatus. The astonishing discovery of cell surface glycoRNAs opened new avenues for glycomedicine. This review highlighted the key features of GlycoRNAs and further discussed their potential immunomodulatory role in the brain, particularly focusing on post-stroke neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shruti Subramanian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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Mehta SL, Kim T, Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Tau and GSK-3β are Critical Contributors to α-Synuclein-Mediated Post-Stroke Brain Damage. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:94-101. [PMID: 36447045 PMCID: PMC10249510 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke secondary brain damage is significantly influenced by the induction and accumulation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn). α-Syn-positive inclusions are often present in tauopathies and elevated tau levels and phosphorylation promotes neurodegeneration. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a known promoter of tau phosphorylation. We currently evaluated the interaction of α-Syn with GSK-3β and tau in post-ischemic mouse brain. Transient focal ischemia led to increased cerebral protein-protein interaction of α-Syn with both GSK-3β and tau and elevated tau phosphorylation. Treatment with a GSK-3β inhibitor prevented post-ischemic tau phosphorylation. Furthermore, α-Syn interaction was observed to be crucial for post-ischemic GSK-3β-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation as it was not seen in α-Syn knockout mice. Moreover, tau knockout mice show significantly smaller brain damage after transient focal ischemia. Overall, the present study indicates that GSK-3β catalyzes the α-Syn-dependent tau phosphorylation and preventing this interaction is crucial to limit post-ischemic secondary brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail Code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Gene Silencing in the Brain with siRNA to Promote Long-Term Post-Stroke Recovery. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:419-425. [PMID: 36715950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a promising strategy to degrade target RNAs of interest after stroke using small interfering RNA (siRNA). An optimized targeting such as combining a siRNA with a nontoxic transfection reagent that facilitates the effective delivery of siRNAs to the brain and subsequent cellular uptake after stroke is needed. Furthermore, an appropriate route of administration such as intravenous (tail vein or retro-orbital sinus) or cerebroventricular injection has to be used. Using siRNAs tagged with fluorescent probes shows the cellular uptake of siRNA. Efficacy and window of opportunity for a siRNA needs to be determined by testing multiple doses and time frame that alters the long-term functional outcomes. Real-time PCR/western blots can be used to determine the siRNA efficiency by evaluating the knockdown of the RNA/protein of interest. In siRNA studies, it is also essential to identify a proper dose (efficacious, but not toxic) by histopathologic testing to identify any toxicity in the peripheral organs and CNS. This chapter describes the strategies to deliver siRNAs to treat stroke and to facilitate post-stroke long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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Vemuganti R, Chokkalla AK, Jeong S, Mehta SL, Morris-Blanco K, Bathula S, Qureshi S. Abstract TP233: Cerebroprotective Role Of M
6
A Demethylase Fat Mass And Obesity-associated Protein After Experimental Stroke. Stroke 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/str.54.suppl_1.tp233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) demethylates
N
6
-methyladenosine (m
6
A), which is a critical epitranscriptomic regulator of neuronal function. We previously reported that ischemic stroke induces m
6
A hypermethylation with a simultaneous decrease in FTO expression in the neurons. Currently, we evaluated the functional significance of restoring FTO with an adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9), and thus reducing m
6
A methylation in the post-stroke brain damage. Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were injected with FTO AAV9 (intracerebral) at 21 days prior to inducing transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Post-stroke brain damage (infarction, atrophy and white matter integrity) and neurobehavioral deficits (motor function, cognition, depression and anxiety-like behaviors) were evaluated between days 1 and 28 of reperfusion. FTO overexpression significantly decreased the post-stroke m
6
A hypermethylation. More importantly, exogenous FTO substantially decreased post-stroke grey and white matter damage and improved motor function recovery, cognition and depression-like behavior in both sexes. These results demonstrate that FTO-dependent m
6
A demethylation minimizes long-term sequelae of stroke independent of sex.
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Probelsky SM, Gaillard AB, Jeong S, Davis CK, Arruri V, Vemuganti R, Morris-Blanco KC. Abstract WP236: Tet3 Overexpression Improves Functional Recovery In Male And Female Mice Following Focal Ischemia. Stroke 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/str.54.suppl_1.wp236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to play a major role in the progression of stroke pathophysiology. The ten eleven translocases (TETs) are enzymes involved in generating DNA hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a brain enriched epigenetic modification that is associated with transcriptional activation and neuroprotection. We have previously shown that the TET3 isoform may be involved in promoting endogenous neuroprotective pathways following brain injury. In the current study, we investigated the role of TET3 activity after stroke by examining functional recovery, neuroprotection, and sex-specific differences after TET3 modulation. Adult C57BL6/J mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Dot blotting analysis revealed robust induction of 5hmC levels from 1 hour to 24 hours of reperfusion in the mouse cortex. Intracerebral injection of a neuronal-specific TET3 adenovirus further enhanced TET activity and 5hmC levels in both male and female mice. Overexpression of TET3 led to decreased infarct volume and edema and improved neurological scores at 24 hours of reperfusion. Furthermore, both male and female mice subjected to a battery of motor function assessments from 3 days to 14 days of reperfusion displayed enhanced motor function recovery with increased TET3. These results indicate that TET3-mediated epigenetic regulation may hold therapeutic potential following cerebral ischemia.
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Chelluboina B, Mehta SL, Kieft K, Breister AM, Anantharaman K, Vemuganti R. Abstract TP238: Acute Ischemic Stroke Induces Gut Virome And Bacteriome Dysbiosis. Stroke 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/str.54.suppl_1.tp238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We currently evaluated the effect of focal cerebral ischemia on gut virome and bacteriome in adult mice. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery. Virome and bacteriome were analyzed using shotgun metagenomics in the fecal samples collected from each mouse before and at 24h of reperfusion. Bioinformatics tools including VIBRANT (v1.2.1), DIAMOND Blastp (v0.9.14.115), VConTACT2 (v0.9.5), Cytoscape (v3.7.2), mash (v2.0), MUMmer (v3.1), Samtools (v1.11), DESeq2 (v1.28.1), MetaWRAP, and CRISPR Recognition Tool (v1.2) were used to assess viral networks, viral auxiliary metabolic genes, and viral protein network changes. Bacteriome was analyzed by kneaddata v0.7.2, MetaPhlAn version 2.7.7, and humann2 v2.8.1. Focal ischemia induced significant differences in fecal viral and bacterial taxa at the strain levels compared with sham. Furthermore, viral protein networks altered significantly after stroke. In particular, the clusters of Clostridia-like phages and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae phages showed a differential association between stroke and sham. In addition, we identified a significant reduction in the phages and bacteria of Lactobacillus after stroke. These studies indicate a possible viral-bacterial correlative change in the gut after stroke.
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Chokkalla AK, Jeong S, Mehta SL, Davis CK, Morris-Blanco KC, Bathula S, Qureshi SS, Vemuganti R. Cerebroprotective Role of N6-Methyladenosine Demethylase FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein) After Experimental Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:245-254. [PMID: 36321453 PMCID: PMC10250008 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated protein) demethylates N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which is a critical epitranscriptomic regulator of neuronal function. We previously reported that ischemic stroke induces m6A hypermethylation with a simultaneous decrease in FTO expression in neurons. Currently, we evaluated the functional significance of restoring FTO with an adeno-associated virus 9, and thus reducing m6A methylation in poststroke brain damage. METHODS Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were injected with FTO adeno-associated virus 9 (intracerebral) at 21 days prior to inducing transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Poststroke brain damage (infarction, atrophy, and white matter integrity) and neurobehavioral deficits (motor function, cognition, depression, and anxiety-like behaviors) were evaluated between days 1 and 28 of reperfusion. RESULTS FTO overexpression significantly decreased the poststroke m6A hypermethylation. More importantly, exogenous FTO substantially decreased poststroke gray and white matter damage and improved motor function recovery, cognition, and depression-like behavior in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that FTO-dependent m6A demethylation minimizes long-term sequelae of stroke independent of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Simran S Qureshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Mehta SL, Chokkalla AK, Bathula S, Arruri V, Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. CDR1as regulates α-synuclein-mediated ischemic brain damage by controlling miR-7 availability. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2022; 31:57-67. [PMID: 36618263 PMCID: PMC9800254 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transient focal ischemia decreased microRNA-7 (miR-7) levels, leading to derepression of its major target α-synuclein (α-Syn) that promotes secondary brain damage. Circular RNA CDR1as is known to regulate miR-7 abundance and function. Hence, we currently evaluated its functional significance after focal ischemia. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult mice significantly downregulated both CDR1as and miR-7 levels in the peri-infarct cortex between 3 and 72 h of reperfusion. Interestingly, neither pri-miR-7a nor 7b was altered in the ischemic brain. Intracerebral injection of an AAV9 vector containing a CDR1as gene significantly increased CDR1as levels by 21 days that persisted up to 4 months without inducing any observable toxicity in both sham and MCAO groups. Following transient MCAO, there was a significant increase in miR-7 levels and CDR1as binding to Ago2/miR-7 in the peri-infarct cortex of AAV9-CDR1as cohort compared with AAV9-Control cohort at 1 day of reperfusion. CDR1as overexpression significantly suppressed post-stroke α-Syn protein induction, promoted motor function recovery, decreased infarct size, and curtailed the markers of apoptosis, autophagy mitochondrial fragmentation, and inflammation in the post-stroke brain compared with AAV9-Control-treated cohort. Overall, our findings imply that CDR1as reconstitution is neuroprotective after stroke, probably by protecting miR-7 and preventing α-Syn-mediated neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L. Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA,Corresponding author Suresh L Mehta, PhD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Anil K. Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | | | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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16
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Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Kim T, Bhatula S, Bertogliat MJ, Gaillard AB, Vemuganti R. High-Dose Vitamin C Prevents Secondary Brain Damage After Stroke via Epigenetic Reprogramming of Neuroprotective Genes. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:1017-1036. [PMID: 35306630 PMCID: PMC9485293 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C has recently been identified as an epigenetic regulator by activating ten-eleven translocases (TETs), enzymes involved in generating DNA hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Currently, we investigated whether high-dose vitamin C promotes neuroprotection through epigenetic modulation of 5hmC, if there are sex-specific differences in outcome, and the therapeutic potential of vitamin C in stroke-related comorbidities in adult mice. Post-stroke treatment with ascorbate (reduced form), but not dehydroascorbate (oxidized form), increased TET3 activity and 5hmC levels and reduced infarct following focal ischemia. Hydroxymethylation DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that ascorbate increased 5hmC across the genome and specifically in promoters of several stroke pathophysiology-related genes, particularly anti-inflammatory genes. Ascorbate also decreased markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis in cortical peri-infarct neurons and promoted motor and cognitive functional recovery in both sexes via TET3. Furthermore, post-stroke ascorbate treatment reduced infarct volume and improved motor function recovery in aged, hypertensive and diabetic male and female mice. Delayed ascorbate treatment at 6 h of reperfusion was still effective at reducing infarct volume and motor impairments in adult mice. Collectively, this study shows that post-stroke treatment with high-dose ascorbate protects the brain through epigenetic reprogramming and may function as a robust therapeutic against stroke injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Saivenkateshkomal Bhatula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Alexis B Gaillard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mail code CSC-8660, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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Arruri V, Chokkalla AK, Jeong S, Chelluboina B, Mehta SL, Veeravalli KK, Vemuganti R. MMP-12 knockdown prevents secondary brain damage after ischemic stroke in mice. Neurochem Int 2022; 161:105432. [PMID: 36252818 PMCID: PMC9907318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) mediates blood-brain barrier disruption via tight junction protein degradation after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Currently, we evaluated whether MMP-12 knockdown protects the post-stroke mouse brain and promotes better functional recovery. Adult male mice were injected with negative siRNA or MMP-12 siRNA (intravenous) at 5 min of reperfusion following 1 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. MMP-12 knockdown significantly reduced the post-ischemic infarct volume and improved motor and cognitive functional recovery. Mechanistically, MMP-12 knockdown ameliorated degradation of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-5, and occludin after focal ischemia. MMP-12 knockdown also decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6, and the expression of apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 after ischemia. Overall, the present study indicates that MMP-12 promotes secondary brain damage after stroke and hence is a promising stroke therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates a central role for epigenetic modifications in the progression of stroke pathology. These epigenetic mechanisms are involved in complex and dynamic processes that modulate post-stroke gene expression, cellular injury response, motor function, and cognitive ability. Despite decades of research, stroke continues to be classified as a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with limited clinical interventions. Thus, technological advances in the field of epigenetics may provide innovative targets to develop new stroke therapies. This review presents the evidence on the impact of epigenomic readers, writers, and erasers in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology. We specifically explore the role of DNA methylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, histone modifications, and epigenomic regulation by long non-coding RNAs in modulating gene expression and functional outcome after stroke. Furthermore, we highlight promising pharmacological approaches and biomarkers in relation to epigenetics for translational therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samantha M Probelsky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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19
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Chelluboina B, Kieft K, Breister A, Anantharaman K, Vemuganti R. Gut virome dysbiosis following focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1597-1602. [PMID: 35702025 PMCID: PMC9441728 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke leads to gut bacterial dysbiosis that impacts the post-stroke outcome. The gut microbiome also contains a high abundance of viruses which might play a crucial role in disease progression and recovery by modulating the metabolism of both host and host's gut bacteria. We presently analyzed the virome composition (viruses and phages) by shotgun metagenomics in the fecal samples obtained at 1 day of reperfusion following transient focal ischemia in adult mice. Viral genomes, viral auxiliary metabolic genes, and viral protein networks were compared between stroke and sham conditions (stroke vs sham, exclusive to sham and exclusive to stroke). Following focal ischemia, abundances of 2 viral taxa decreased, and 5 viral taxa increased compared with the sham. Furthermore, the abundance of Clostridia-like phages and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae-like phages were altered in the stroke compared with the sham cohorts. This is the first report to show that the gut virome responds acutely to stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristopher Kieft
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Breister
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison,
WI, USA
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20
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Davis CK, Bathula S, Hsu M, Morris-Blanco KC, Chokkalla AK, Jeong S, Choi J, Subramanian S, Park JS, Fabry Z, Vemuganti R. An Antioxidant and Anti-ER Stress Combo Therapy Decreases Inflammation, Secondary Brain Damage and Promotes Neurological Recovery following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6810-6821. [PMID: 35882557 PMCID: PMC9436019 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0212-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex pathophysiology of post-traumatic brain damage might need a polypharmacological strategy with a combination of drugs that target multiple, synergistic mechanisms. We currently tested a combination of apocynin (curtails formation of reactive oxygen species), tert-butylhydroquinone (promotes disposal of reactive oxygen species), and salubrinal (prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress) following a moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by controlled cortical impact in adult mice. Adult mice of both sexes treated with the above tri-combo showed alleviated motor and cognitive deficits, attenuated secondary lesion volume, and decreased oxidative DNA damage. Concomitantly, tri-combo treatment regulated post-TBI inflammatory response by decreasing the infiltration of T cells and neutrophils and activation of microglia in both sexes. Interestingly, sexual dimorphism was seen in the case of TBI-induced microgliosis and infiltration of macrophages in the tri-combo-treated mice. Moreover, the tri-combo treatment prevented TBI-induced white matter volume loss in both sexes. The beneficial effects of tri-combo treatment were long-lasting and were also seen in aged mice. Thus, the present study supports the tri-combo treatment to curtail oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress concomitantly as a therapeutic strategy to improve TBI outcomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Of the several mechanisms that contribute to TBI pathophysiology, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation play a major role. The present study shows the therapeutic potential of a combination of apocynin, tert-butylhydroquinone, and salubrinal to prevent oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress and the interrelated inflammatory response in mice subjected to TBI. The beneficial effects of the tri-combo include alleviation of TBI-induced motor and cognitive deficits and lesion volume. The neuroprotective effects of the tri-combo are also linked to its ability to prevent TBI-induced white matter damage. Importantly, neuroprotection by the tri-combo treatment was observed to be not dependent on sex or age. Our data demonstrate that a polypharmacological strategy is efficacious after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | | | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program
| | - Soomin Jeong
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | | | | | | | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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21
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Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system that routes distinct cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Accumulating evidence highlight the mechanisms of autophagy, such as clearance of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and damaged organelles. The critical role of autophagy in selective degradation of the transcriptome is still emerging and could shape the total proteome of the cell, and thus can regulate the homeostasis under stressful conditions. Unregulated autophagy that potentiates secondary brain damage is a key pathological features of acute CNS injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. This review discussed the mutual modulation of autophagy and RNA and its significance in mediating the functional consequences of acute CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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22
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Rayasam A, Kijak JA, Kissel L, Choi YH, Kim T, Hsu M, Joshi D, Laaker CJ, Cismaru P, Lindstedt A, Kovacs K, Vemuganti R, Chiu SY, Priyathilaka TT, Sandor M, Fabry Z. CXCL13 expressed on inflamed cerebral blood vessels recruit IL-21 producing T FH cells to damage neurons following stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:125. [PMID: 35624463 PMCID: PMC9145182 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, largely due to the inflammatory response to brain ischemia during post-stroke reperfusion. Despite ongoing intensive research, there have not been any clinically approved drugs targeting the inflammatory component to stroke. Preclinical studies have identified T cells as pro-inflammatory mediators of ischemic brain damage, yet mechanisms that regulate the infiltration and phenotype of these cells are lacking. Further understanding of how T cells migrate to the ischemic brain and facilitate neuronal death during brain ischemia can reveal novel targets for post-stroke intervention. METHODS To identify the population of T cells that produce IL-21 and contribute to stroke, we performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in mice and performed flow cytometry on brain tissue. We also utilized immunohistochemistry in both mouse and human brain sections to identify cell types and inflammatory mediators related to stroke-induced IL-21 signaling. To mechanistically demonstrate our findings, we employed pharmacological inhibitor anti-CXCL13 and performed histological analyses to evaluate its effects on brain infarct damage. Finally, to evaluate cellular mechanisms of stroke, we exposed mouse primary neurons to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions with or without IL-21 and measured cell viability, caspase activity and JAK/STAT signaling. RESULTS Flow cytometry on brains from mice following tMCAO identified a novel population of cells IL-21 producing CXCR5+ CD4+ ICOS-1+ T follicular helper cells (TFH) in the ischemic brain early after injury. We observed augmented expression of CXCL13 on inflamed brain vascular cells and demonstrated that inhibition of CXCL13 protects mice from tMCAO by restricting the migration and influence of IL-21 producing TFH cells in the ischemic brain. We also illustrate that neurons express IL-21R in the peri-infarct regions of both mice and human stroke tissue in vivo. Lastly, we found that IL-21 acts on mouse primary ischemic neurons to activate the JAK/STAT pathway and induce caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings identify a novel mechanism for how pro-inflammatory T cells are recruited to the ischemic brain to propagate stroke damage and provide a potential new therapeutic target for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Julie A Kijak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lee Kissel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taehee Kim
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martin Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dinesh Joshi
- Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Collin J Laaker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter Cismaru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anders Lindstedt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krisztian Kovacs
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shing Yan Chiu
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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23
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Ng GYQ, Sheng DPLK, Bae HG, Kang SW, Fann DYW, Park J, Kim J, Alli-Shaik A, Lee J, Kim E, Park S, Han JW, Karamyan V, Okun E, Dheen T, Hande MP, Vemuganti R, Mallilankaraman K, Lim LHK, Kennedy BK, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Gunaratne J, Mattson MP, Foo RSY, Jo DG, Arumugam TV. Integrative epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal metabolic switching by intermittent fasting in brain. GeroScience 2022; 44:2171-2194. [PMID: 35357643 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) remains the most effective intervention to achieve robust anti-aging effects and attenuation of age-related diseases in various species. Epigenetic modifications mediate the biological effects of several environmental factors on gene expression; however, no information is available on the effects of IF on the epigenome. Here, we first found that IF for 3 months caused modulation of H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) in the cerebellum, which in turn orchestrated a plethora of transcriptomic changes involved in robust metabolic switching processes commonly observed during IF. Second, a portion of both the epigenomic and transcriptomic modulations induced by IF was remarkably preserved for at least 3 months post-IF refeeding, indicating that memory of IF-induced epigenetic changes was maintained. Notably, though, we found that termination of IF resulted in a loss of H3K9me3 regulation of the transcriptome. Collectively, our study characterizes the novel effects of IF on the epigenetic-transcriptomic axis, which controls myriad metabolic processes. The comprehensive analyses undertaken in this study reveal a molecular framework for understanding how IF impacts the metabolo-epigenetic axis of the brain and will serve as a valuable resource for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong-Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Yang-Wei Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinsu Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonki Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Asfa Alli-Shaik
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunae Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Whan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vardan Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-IIan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Buck Institute for Research On Aging, Novato, USA
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger Sik-Yin Foo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Centre for Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea. .,Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Chelluboina B, Chokkalla AK, Mehta SL, Morris-Blanco KC, Bathula S, Sankar S, Park JS, Vemuganti R. Tenascin-C induction exacerbates post-stroke brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:253-263. [PMID: 34689646 PMCID: PMC9122520 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211056392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of tenascin-C (TNC) in ischemic stroke pathology is not known despite its prognostic association with cerebrovascular diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of TNC knockdown on post-stroke brain damage and its putative mechanism of action in adult mice of both sexes. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and injected (i.v.) with either TNC siRNA or a negative (non-targeting) siRNA at 5 min after reperfusion. Motor function (beam walk and rotarod tests) was assessed between days 1 and 14 of reperfusion. Infarct volume (T2-MRI), BBB damage (T1-MRI with contrast), and inflammatory markers were measured at 3 days of reperfusion. The TNC siRNA treated cohort showed significantly curtailed post-stroke TNC protein expression, motor dysfunction, infarction, BBB damage, and inflammation compared to the sex-matched negative siRNA treated cohort. These results demonstrate that the induction of TNC during the acute period after stroke might be a mediator of post-ischemic inflammation and secondary brain damage independent of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Sneha Sankar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Soo Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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25
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Chokkalla AK, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Epitranscriptomic Modifications Modulate Normal and Pathological Functions in CNS. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:1-11. [PMID: 34224107 PMCID: PMC8727632 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA is more than just a combination of four genetically encoded nucleobases as it carries extra information in the form of epitranscriptomic modifications. Diverse chemical groups attach covalently to RNA to enhance the plasticity of cellular transcriptome. The reversible and dynamic nature of epitranscriptomic modifications allows RNAs to achieve rapid and context-specific gene regulation. Dedicated cellular machinery comprising of writers, erasers, and readers drives the epitranscriptomic signaling. Epitranscriptomic modifications control crucial steps of mRNA metabolism such as splicing, export, localization, stability, degradation, and translation. The majority of the epitranscriptomic modifications are highly abundant in the brain and contribute to activity-dependent gene expression. Thus, they regulate the vital physiological processes of the brain, such as synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and stress response. Furthermore, epitranscriptomic alterations influence the progression of several neurologic disorders. This review discussed the molecular mechanisms of epitranscriptomic regulation in neurodevelopmental and neuropathological conditions with the goal to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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26
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Vemuganti R, Shah Z. Oxidative Stress in Chronic and Acute CNS insults. Neurochem Int 2021; 153:105274. [PMID: 34971748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Zahoor Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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27
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Lopez MS, Morris-Blanco KC, Ly N, Maves C, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. MicroRNA miR-21 Decreases Post-stroke Brain Damage in Rodents. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:483-493. [PMID: 34796453 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to their role in controlling translation, microRNAs emerged as novel therapeutic targets to modulate post-stroke outcomes. We previously reported that miR-21 is the most abundantly induced microRNA in the brain of rodents subjected to preconditioning-induced cerebral ischemic tolerance. We currently show that intracerebral administration of miR-21 mimic decreased the infarct volume and promoted better motor function recovery in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The miR-21 mimic treatment is also efficacious in aged mice of both sexes subjected to focal ischemia. Mechanistically, miR-21 mimic treatment decreased the post-ischemic levels of several pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory RNAs, which might be responsible for the observed neuroprotection. We further observed post-ischemic neuroprotection in adult mice administered with miR-21 mimic intravenously. Overall, the results of this study implicate miR-21 as a promising candidate for therapeutic translation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Lopez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | | | - Nancy Ly
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Carly Maves
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,Cell & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA. .,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The mammalian brain expresses several classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). These ncRNAs play vital roles in regulating cellular processes by RNA/protein scaffolding, sponging and epigenetic modifications during the pathophysiological conditions, thereby controlling transcription and translation. Some of these functions are the result of crosstalk between ncRNAs to form a competitive endogenous RNA network. These intricately organized networks comprise lncRNA/miRNA, circRNA/miRNA, or lncRNA/miRNA/circRNA, leading to crosstalk between coding and ncRNAs through miRNAs. The miRNA response elements predominantly mediate the ncRNA crosstalk to buffer the miRNAs and thereby fine-tune and counterbalance the genomic changes and regulate neuronal plasticity, synaptogenesis and neuronal differentiation. The perturbed levels and interactions of the ncRNAs could lead to pathologic events like apoptosis and inflammation. Although the regulatory landscape of the ncRNA crosstalk is still evolving, some well-known examples such as lncRNA Malat1 sponging miR-145, circRNA CDR1as sponging miR-7, and lncRNA Cyrano and the circRNA CDR1as regulating miR-7, has been shown to affect brain function. The ability to manipulate these networks is crucial in determining the functional outcome of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. The focus of this review is to highlights the interactions and crosstalk of these networks in regulating pathophysiologic CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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29
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Yin KJ, Vemuganti R. Long noncoding RNAs and CNS disorders. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105176. [PMID: 34481038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S514 BST 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, H4/334 CSC, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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30
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Abstract
A proper diet is important for health and longevity. Controlling the amount of food consumed is immensely beneficial as it promotes multiple cellular and molecular protective mechanisms and simultaneously prevents toxic mechanisms. Intermittent fasting (IF) is a flexible and easy-to-adopt dietary modification that helps to mitigate metabolic disorders like diabetes and hypertension, and thus the devastating age-related diseases like heart attack, stroke and dementia. The benefits of IF seem to be mediated by altered epigenetic and transcriptional programming leading to reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial damage and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.,William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, USA
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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31
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Mehta SL, Chokkalla AK, Kim T, Bathula S, Chelluboina B, Morris-Blanco KC, Holmes A, Banerjee A, Chauhan A, Lee J, Venna VR, McCullough LD, Vemuganti R. Long Noncoding RNA Fos Downstream Transcript Is Developmentally Dispensable but Vital for Shaping the Poststroke Functional Outcome. Stroke 2021; 52:2381-2392. [PMID: 33940958 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program (A.K.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Saivenkateshkomal Bathula
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Aleah Holmes
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Venugopal R Venna
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston (A.H., A.B., A.C., J.L., V.R.V., L.D.M.)
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery (S.L.M., A.K.C., T.K., S.B., B.C., K.C.M.-B., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program (A.K.C., R.V.), University of Wisconsin-Madison.,William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison (R.V.)
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32
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Abstract
Ubiquitination by Nedd4 (neuronally expressed developmentally downregulated 4) family of HECT type E3 ligases plays a key role in degrading misfolded and damaged proteins, and its disruption leads to neurodegeneration. Parkinson's disease-causing protein α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is ubiquitinated by the Nedd4 family and degraded by endosomes. Nedd4l is the only Nedd4 homolog that showed upregulation in post-stroke surviving cortical neurons where it correlated with neuroprotection. We tested the role of Nedd4l after stroke by subjecting the Nedd4l-/- mice to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Focal ischemia significantly increased Nedd4l expression and poly-ubiquitinated α-Syn levels, and knockout of Nedd4l reduced post-ischemic poly-ubiquitinated α-Syn that is majorly located in the peri-infarct neurons. Co-immunoprecipitation further shows that focal ischemia enhances the α-Syn-Nedd4l interaction resulting in increased ubiquitination of α-Syn. Nedd4l knockout mice (n = 7 mice/group) showed exacerbated post-ischemic motor dysfunction manifested by decreased time on the rotarod and increased number of foot faults, and significantly increased ischemic brain damage. This suggests that Nedd4l might be a potential therapeutic target to minimize α-Syn-mediated toxicity after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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33
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Chelluboina B, Chokkalla AK, Mehta SL, Bathula S, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. Abstract P776: Post-Stroke Tenascin-C Induction Mediates the Ischemic Pathogenesis. Stroke 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic role of Tenascin-C (TNC) in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke is not known despite its prognostic association with cerebrovascular diseases. We currently observed that transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) upregulated cerebral TNC mRNA and protein expression between 3h and 24h reperfusion in adult mice of both sexes. We then evaluated the effect of TNC knockdown on ischemic outcome in adult mice of both sexes by treating with either TNC siRNA or control siRNA (intravenous) at 5 min of reperfusion following transient MCAO. TNC siRNA treatment significantly reduced the post-ischemic TNC protein induction tested at 72h reperfusion compared with the sex-matched control siRNA treated cohorts (n=6/group/sex). TNC siRNA cohorts showed significantly improved post-stroke motor function identified by beam walk test and rotarod test between days 1 and 14 of reperfusion compared with the sex-matched control siRNA cohorts (n=7/group/sex). TNC siRNA cohorts of both sexes also showed decreased post-ischemic BBB disruption (evaluated with T1-weighted MRI with gadobenate dimeglumine as contrast agent) and reduced infarction (assessed with T2-weighted MRI) at 3 days of reperfusion compared with the sex-matched control siRNA treated cohorts (n =4/group for BBB and n =12/group/sex for infarct). At day 21 of reperfusion, the survival rate was observed to be higher in the TNC siRNA treated mice compared with the control siRNA treated mice (n =7/group/sex). These studies thus show that induction of TNC during the acute period after stroke might be a mediator of ischemic brain damage and its knockdown is neuroprotective. Importantly this effect is independent of sex. The study was funded by the Department of Neurological Surgery, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Banerjee A, Chokkalla AK, Shi J, Lee J, Venna VR, Vemuganti R, McCullough LD. Abstract P735: QPCR Panel Profiling Reveals MiRNAs That Modulate Microglial Activation in Aged Males Isolated After Stroke. Stroke 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Social isolation (SI) after stroke is associated with increased ischemic injury and significantly delayed recovery due to exacerbation of microglial activation and immune mediated pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Studies have identified miRNAs that modulate and regulate this inflammatory transition through inflammasome NLRP3 activation. However, studies examining miRNA-based microglial activation in SI within the neuro-immune landscape are limited. We investigated miRNA profiles in aged mice to provide biomarkers and to identify underlying mechanisms related to microglial activation within the cerebral environment to mitigate this pathological microglial phenotype.
Methods:
Aged C57BL/6 male mice (18-20 months) were subjected to a 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion and were assigned to either (SI) or continued pair-housing (PH) immediately after stroke. On day 15, mice were sacrificed, and plasma samples were subjected to microRNAome (miRNAome) analysis. Top miRNAs were identified using bioinformatics frameworks and pathway analysis was performed using KEGG platform. Flow Cytometry (FACS) was performed on brain tissue and blood to determine if stroke or SI leads to changes in microglial and systemic myeloid activation.
Results:
The whole miRNAome panel analysis revealed 12 differentially expressed miRNAs (FC of 3 or higher) within the plasma following volcano plot and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis confirmed by qPCR validation (P< 0.05). Network analysis revealed miR-495-3p as a pivotal node that targeted the largest subset of immune specific genes (P< 0.05); most notable for the inflammasome NLRP3, a regulator of microglial activation. Significant microglial activation was seen in post-stroke SI mice compared to pair-housed cohorts, identified through MHC-II presentation and the intracellular release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Conclusion:
This study provides an overview of the miRNA changes induced by post-stroke isolation. Additionally, these results suggest that there is potential to use plasma-based miRNAs as a source of novel biomarkers. Further, microglial inflammasome specific pathways appear to be involved in post-stroke social isolation.
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35
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Abstract
The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) epigenetic modification is highly enriched in the CNS and a critical modulator of neuronal function and development. We found that cortical 5hmC was enhanced from 5 min to three days of reperfusion following focal ischemia in adult mice. Blockade of the 5hmC-producing enzyme ten-eleven translocase 3 (TET3) increased edema, infarct volume, and motor function impairments. To determine the mechanism by which TET3 provides ischemic neuroprotection, we assessed the genomic regions where TET3 modulates 5hmC. Genome-wide sequencing analysis of differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) revealed that focal ischemia robustly increased 5hmC at the promoters of thousands of genes in a TET3-dependent manner. TET3 inhibition reduced 5hmC at the promoters of neuroprotective genes involved in cell survival, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, antioxidant defense, DNA repair, and metabolism demonstrating a role for TET3 in endogenous protection against stroke. The mRNA expression of several genes with known involvement in ischemic neuroprotection were also reduced with TET3 knockdown in both male and female mice, establishing a correlation between decreased promoter 5hmC levels and decreased gene expression. Collectively, our results indicate that TET3 globally increases 5hmC at regulatory regions and overwhelmingly modulates 5hmC in several neuroprotective pathways that may improve outcome after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Research, William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Research, William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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36
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Boltze J, Aronowski JA, Badaut J, Buckwalter MS, Caleo M, Chopp M, Dave KR, Didwischus N, Dijkhuizen RM, Doeppner TR, Dreier JP, Fouad K, Gelderblom M, Gertz K, Golubczyk D, Gregson BA, Hamel E, Hanley DF, Härtig W, Hummel FC, Ikhsan M, Janowski M, Jolkkonen J, Karuppagounder SS, Keep RF, Koerte IK, Kokaia Z, Li P, Liu F, Lizasoain I, Ludewig P, Metz GAS, Montagne A, Obenaus A, Palumbo A, Pearl M, Perez-Pinzon M, Planas AM, Plesnila N, Raval AP, Rueger MA, Sansing LH, Sohrabji F, Stagg CJ, Stetler RA, Stowe AM, Sun D, Taguchi A, Tanter M, Vay SU, Vemuganti R, Vivien D, Walczak P, Wang J, Xiong Y, Zille M. New Mechanistic Insights, Novel Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:623751. [PMID: 33584250 PMCID: PMC7876251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.623751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has brought tremendous progress in diagnostic and therapeutic options for cerebrovascular diseases as exemplified by the advent of thrombectomy in ischemic stroke, benefitting a steeply increasing number of stroke patients and potentially paving the way for a renaissance of neuroprotectants. Progress in basic science has been equally impressive. Based on a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying cerebrovascular diseases, new therapeutic targets have been identified and novel treatment strategies such as pre- and post-conditioning methods were developed. Moreover, translationally relevant aspects are increasingly recognized in basic science studies, which is believed to increase their predictive value and the relevance of obtained findings for clinical application.This review reports key results from some of the most remarkable and encouraging achievements in neurovascular research that have been reported at the 10th International Symposium on Neuroprotection and Neurorepair. Basic science topics discussed herein focus on aspects such as neuroinflammation, extracellular vesicles, and the role of sex and age on stroke recovery. Translational reports highlighted endovascular techniques and targeted delivery methods, neurorehabilitation, advanced functional testing approaches for experimental studies, pre-and post-conditioning approaches as well as novel imaging and treatment strategies. Beyond ischemic stroke, particular emphasis was given on activities in the fields of traumatic brain injury and cerebral hemorrhage in which promising preclinical and clinical results have been reported. Although the number of neutral outcomes in clinical trials is still remarkably high when targeting cerebrovascular diseases, we begin to evidence stepwise but continuous progress towards novel treatment options. Advances in preclinical and translational research as reported herein are believed to have formed a solid foundation for this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslaw A Aronowski
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jerome Badaut
- NRS UMR 5287, INCIA, Brain Molecular Imaging Team, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mateo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens P Dreier
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Golubczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara A Gregson
- Neurosurgical Trials Group, Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland.,Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maulana Ikhsan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alex Palumbo
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monica Pearl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Miguel Perez-Pinzon
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anna M Planas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Àrea de Neurociències, Barcelona, Spain.,Department d'Isquèmia Cerebral I Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Ami P Raval
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Dandan Sun
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Sabine U Vay
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Denis Vivien
- UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandy University, Caen, France.,CHU Caen, Clinical Research Department, CHU de Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Marietta Zille
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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37
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Chandran R, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Antioxidant Combo Therapy Protects White Matter After Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:344-347. [PMID: 33486699 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ensuing oxidative stress promotes the secondary brain damage that encompasses both grey matter and white matter. As this contributes to the long-term neurological deficits, decreasing oxidative stress during the acute period of TBI is beneficial. While NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is the major producer of ROS, transcription factor Nrf2 that induces antioxidant enzymes promotes efficient ROS disposal. We recently showed that treatment with an antioxidant drug combo of apocynin (NOX2 inhibitor) and TBHQ (Nrf2 activator) protects the grey matter in adult mice subjected to TBI. We currently show that this antioxidant combo therapy given at 2 h and 24 h after TBI also protects white matter in mouse brain. Thus, the better functional outcomes after TBI in the combo therapy treated mice might be due to a combination of sparing both grey matter and white matter. Hence, the antioxidant combo we tested is a potent therapeutic option for translation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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38
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Chokkalla AK, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Epitranscriptomic regulation by m 6A RNA methylation in brain development and diseases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2331-2349. [PMID: 32967524 PMCID: PMC7820693 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20960033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular RNAs are pervasively tagged with diverse chemical moieties, collectively called epitranscriptomic modifications. The methylation of adenosine at N6 position generates N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which is the most abundant and reversible epitranscriptomic modification in mammals. The m6A signaling is mediated by a dedicated set of proteins comprised of writers, erasers, and readers. Contrary to the activation-repression binary view of gene regulation, emerging evidence suggests that the m6A methylation controls multiple aspects of mRNA metabolism, such as splicing, export, stability, translation, and degradation, culminating in the fine-tuning of gene expression. Brain shows the highest abundance of m6A methylation in the body, which is developmentally altered. Within the brain, m6A methylation is biased toward neuronal transcripts and sensitive to neuronal activity. In a healthy brain, m6A maintains several developmental and physiological processes such as neurogenesis, axonal growth, synaptic plasticity, circadian rhythm, cognitive function, and stress response. The m6A imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic CNS insults, brain cancer, and neuropsychiatric disorders. This review discussed the molecular mechanisms of m6A regulation and its implication in the developmental, physiological, and pathological processes of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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39
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Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Therapeutic potential of nutraceuticals to protect brain after stroke. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104908. [PMID: 33220386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke leads to significant neuronal death and long-term neurological disability due to synergistic pathogenic mechanisms. Stroke induces a change in eating habits and in many cases, leads to undernutrition that aggravates the post-stroke pathology. Proper nutritional regimen remains a major strategy to control the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases including stroke. Studies indicate that nutraceuticals (isolated and concentrated form of high-potency natural bioactive substances present in dietary nutritional components) can act as prophylactic as well as adjuvant therapeutic agents to prevent stroke risk, to promote ischemic tolerance and to reduce post-stroke consequences. Nutraceuticals are also thought to regulate blood pressure, delay neurodegeneration and improve overall vascular health. Nutraceuticals potentially mediate these effects by their powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review discusses the studies that have highlighted the translational potential of nutraceuticals as stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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40
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Davis CK, Vemuganti R. DNA damage and repair following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105143. [PMID: 33127471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to promote significant DNA damage irrespective of age, sex, and species. Chemical as well as structural DNA modification start within minutes and persist for days after TBI. Although several DNA repair pathways are induced following TBI, the simultaneous downregulation of some of the genes and proteins of these pathways leads to an aberrant overall DNA repair process. In many instances, DNA damages escape even the most robust repair mechanisms, especially when the repair process becomes overwhelmed or becomes inefficient by severe or repeated injuries. The persisting DNA damage and/or lack of DNA repair contributes to long-term functional deficits. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of TBI-induced DNA damage and repair. We further discussed the putative experimental therapies that target the members of the DNA repair process for improved outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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41
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increased expression of α-Syn (α-Synuclein) is known to mediate secondary brain damage after stroke. We presently studied if α-Syn knockdown can protect ischemic brain irrespective of sex and age. METHODS Adult and aged male and female mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. α-Syn small interfering RNA (siRNA) was administered intravenous at 30 minutes or 3 hour reperfusion. Poststroke motor deficits were evaluated between day 1 and 7 and infarct volume was measured at day 7 of reperfusion. RESULTS α-Syn knockdown significantly decreased poststroke brain damage and improved poststroke motor function recovery in adult and aged mice of both sexes. However, the window of therapeutic opportunity for α-Syn siRNA is very limited. CONCLUSIONS α-Syn plays a critical role in ischemic brain damage and preventing α-Syn protein expression early after stroke minimizes poststroke brain damage leading to better functional outcomes irrespective of age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin (B.C., T.K., S.L.M., J.-Y.K., S.B., R.V.)
| | - Taehee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin (B.C., T.K., S.L.M., J.-Y.K., S.B., R.V.)
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin (B.C., T.K., S.L.M., J.-Y.K., S.B., R.V.)
| | - Joo-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin (B.C., T.K., S.L.M., J.-Y.K., S.B., R.V.)
| | - Saivenkateshkomal Bathula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin (B.C., T.K., S.L.M., J.-Y.K., S.B., R.V.)
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin (B.C., T.K., S.L.M., J.-Y.K., S.B., R.V.).,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison (R.V.)
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42
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Famakin BM, Vemuganti R. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Focal Cerebral Ischemia: a Focus on the Neurovascular Unit. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2690-2701. [PMID: 32306272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A robust innate immune activation leads to downstream expression of inflammatory mediators that amplify tissue damage and consequently increase the morbidity after stroke. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is a major innate immune pathway activated acutely and chronically after stroke. Hence, understanding the intricacies of the temporal profile, specific control points, and cellular specificity of TLR4 activation is crucial for the development of any novel therapeutics targeting the endogenous innate immune response after focal cerebral ischemia. The goal of this review is to summarize the current findings related to TLR4 signaling after stroke with a specific focus on the components of the neurovascular unit such as astrocytes, neurons, endothelial cells, and pericytes. In addition, this review will examine the effects of focal cerebral ischemia on interaction of these neurovascular unit components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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43
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Nalamolu KR, Challa SR, Mohandass A, Mussman JP, Ilahi SB, Bedadala MR, Klopfenstein JD, Pinson DM, Wang DZ, Kalyanasundaram R, Vemuganti R, Veeravalli KK. ShRNA‐mediated gene silencing of t‐PA prevents BBB disruption and elevation of MMP‐12 after ischemic stroke. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Nalamolu KR, Challa SR, Fornal CA, Martin RC, Olson EA, Ujjainwala AL, Klopfenstein JD, Pinson DM, Wang DZ, Kalyanasundaram R, Vemuganti R, Veeravalli KK. MMP‐12 knockdown during acute and chronic phases promotes post‐stroke neurological recovery. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elsa A. Olson
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria
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45
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Abstract
In mammals, many classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are expressed at a much higher level in the brain than in other organs. Recent studies have identified a new class of ncRNAs called circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are produced by back-splicing and fusion of either exons, introns, or both exon-intron into covalently closed loops. The circRNAs are also highly enriched in the brain and increase continuously from the embryonic to the adult stage. Although the functional significance and mechanism of action of circRNAs are still being actively explored, they are thought to regulate the transcription of their host genes and sequestration of miRNAs and RNA binding proteins. Some circRNAs are also shown to have translation potential to form peptides. The expression and abundance of circRNAs seem to be spatiotemporally maintained in a normal brain. Altered expression of circRNAs is also thought to mediate several disorders, including brain-tumor growth, and acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders by affecting mechanisms such as angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity, autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review discusses the involvement of various circRNAs in brain development and CNS diseases. A better understanding of the circRNA function will help to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat CNS complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States.
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46
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Chelluboina B, Mehta SL, Chokkalla AK, Bathula S, Park JS, Vemuganti R. Abstract WP138: Intermittent Fasting Prevents Ischemic Progression and Promotes Long-Term Recovery. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) showed a substantial benefit in preventing vascular complications in both humans and animal models. We currently evaluated the effect of IF on post-stroke ischemic progression and motor dysfunction. Cohorts of adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to IF (16 h fasting and 8 h feeding) or ad libitum (AL) feeding for 45 days. Mice were subjected to one hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on day 45. Infarct size was measured on day 1 and 7 with T2-weighted 4.5T magnetic resonance imaging and Image J software with multi FDF opener plugin. Post-stroke motor deficits were evaluated with rotarod and beam walk tests between days 1 to 14 of reperfusion. Long-term post-stroke survival (till 90 days of reperfusion) was noted in both groups. IF group showed a significant decrease in body weight (by ~5.3g), soft weight (by ~5.6g), and lean weight (~8.1g) compared to AL group as identified by DEXA scanning on day 45 (n=6/group, *p<0.05 by ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test). The IF group showed significantly decreased brain infarction at both day 1 and day 7 of reperfusion (AL group showed 43% and 39% infarct size on days 1 and 7 while IF group showed 24% and 7.5% infarction on days 1 and 7; n=6-8/group, *p<0.05 by ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test.) IF cohort also showed significant improvement in post-stroke motor dysfunction identified by fewer foot faults (beam walk test) and more time on rotarod between days 1 to 14 of reperfusion compared with AL cohort. At day 90 of reperfusion, IF mice showed a high survival rate than AL mice (08 of 10 IF mice survived while 04 of 10 AL mice survived). Thus, our studies show that IF significantly preconditions the brain against post-stroke damage and improves the long term functional outcome.
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47
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Vemuganti R, Arumugam TV. Molecular Mechanisms of Intermittent Fasting-induced Ischemic Tolerance. Cond Med 2020; 3:9-17. [PMID: 34278242 PMCID: PMC8281895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a significant factor in determining human well-being. Excessive eating and/or diets with higher than needed amounts of carbohydrates, salt, and fat are known to cause metabolic disorders and functional changes in the body. To compensate the ill effects, many designer diets including the Mediterranean diet, the Okinawa diet, vegetarian/vegan diets, keto diet, anti-inflammatory diet, and the anti-oxidant diet have been introduced in the past 2 decades. While these diets are either enriched or devoid of one or more specific components, a better way to control diet is to limit the amount of food consumed. Caloric restriction (CR), which involves limiting the amount of food consumed rather than eliminating any specific type of food, as well as intermittent fasting (IF), which entails limiting the time during which food can be consumed on a given day, have gained popularity because of their positive effects on human health. While the molecular mechanisms of these 2 dietary regimens have not been fully deciphered, they are known to prolong the life span, control blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Furthermore, CR and IF were both shown to decrease the incidence of heart attack and stroke, as well as their ill effects. In particular, IF is thought to promote metabolic switching by altering gene expression profiles leading to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, while increasing plasticity and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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48
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Bertogliat MJ, Morris-Blanco KC, Vemuganti R. Epigenetic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injury. Neurochem Int 2020; 133:104642. [PMID: 31838024 PMCID: PMC8074401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are emerging as major players in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and susceptibility to acute brain injury. DNA and histone modifications act together with non-coding RNAs to form a complex gene expression machinery that adapts the brain to environmental stressors and injury response. These modifications influence cell-level operations like neurogenesis and DNA repair to large, intricate processes such as brain patterning, memory formation, motor function and cognition. Thus, epigenetic imbalance has been shown to influence the progression of many neurological disorders independent of aberrations in the genetic code. This review aims to highlight ways in which epigenetics applies to several commonly researched neurodegenerative diseases and forms of acute brain injury as well as shed light on the benefits of epigenetics-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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49
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Nalamolu KR, Challa SR, Martin RC, Olson EA, Ujjainwala AL, Klopfenstein JD, Pinson DM, Kalyanasundaram R, Vemuganti R, Veeravalli KK. Abstract TP100: Post-Transcriptional Inactivation of MMP-12 Immediately After Reperfusion Facilitates Neurological Recovery After Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.tp100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
We recently showed in a rodent model of transient focal cerebral ischemia that matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) induction in the ischemic brain promotes post-stroke blood-brain barrier disruption, apoptosis, demyelination, and infarction. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of elevated MMP-12 on post-stroke neurological function and to identify the time window of therapeutic opportunity for MMP-12 suppression.
Methods:
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Cohorts of rats (n =8-15/group) were administered with either MMP-12 shRNA or scrambled shRNA sequence (vehicle control) expressing plasmids (1 mg/Kg; intravenous) formulated as nanoparticles. The differences in sample size of various cohorts were attributed to the exclusion criteria followed, high mortality rate in vehicle control-treated group, and sample size required for statistical analysis. To assess the reflex, balance, sensory, and motor functions, rats from various cohorts were subjected to modified neurological severity scoring (mNSS), adhesive removal test, beam walk test and rotarod test at day 1, 3 and 5 of reperfusion. To assess the time window of therapeutic opportunity, various cohorts of rats were treated at 5 min, 3h, and 6h of reperfusion. Investigators blinded to study groups analyzed all outcome parameters.
Results:
The post-stroke percent survival rate in cohorts treated with MMP12shRNA expressing plasmids range from 82 to 89 as compared to 67 in vehicle control-treated group. The cohort of rats treated at 5 min of reperfusion with MMP-12snRNA expressing plasmids showed significantly better functional recovery as assessed by various neurological tests. However, delayed administration of MMP-12snRNA expressing plasmid (either at 3h or 6h of reperfusion) failed to promote any significant improvement in post-stroke neurological recovery.
Conclusions:
Post-stroke induction of MMP-12 in the ischemic brain contributes to neurological deficits and impedes recovery. MMP-12 targeting treatments immediately after reperfusion could offer substantial therapeutic benefits.
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Alrfaei BM, Clark P, Vemuganti R, Kuo JS. MicroRNA miR-100 Decreases Glioblastoma Growth by Targeting SMARCA5 and ErbB3 in Tumor-Initiating Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820960748. [PMID: 32945237 PMCID: PMC7502994 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820960748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and most frequently diagnosed malignant human glioma. Despite the best available standard of care (surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy), the median survival of GBM patients is less than 2 years. Many recent studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important for promoting or reducing/limiting GBM growth. In particular, we previously showed that GBMs express decreased levels of miR-100 relative to control tissue and that restoring miR-100 expression reduced GBM tumorigenicity by modulating SMRT/NCOR2 (Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 2). Here, we demonstrate that miR-100 overexpression decreases expression of the stem cell markers, nestin and L1CAM, and decreases proliferation of GBM tumor-initiating cells (cancer stem cells). We further show that miR-100-mediated anti-tumorigenic activity limits the activity of SMARCA5 and its downstream target STAT3 (known as mTOR-STAT3-Notch pathway). In addition, we report ErbB3 (Her3) as a putative miR-100 target, including inhibition of its downstream AKT and ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Cancer Res, King Abdullah Int’l Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul Clark
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John S. Kuo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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