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Nakayama I, Higa-Nakamine S, Uehara A, Sugahara K, Kakinohana M, Yamamoto H. Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression and morphology of lung epithelial cells by interleukin-1β. J Biochem 2021; 168:113-123. [PMID: 32016419 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggested that the overactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was involved in the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis. Elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate EGFR residence on the plasma membrane during inflammatory lung conditions is important for identifying potential therapies. We have demonstrated that flagellin phosphorylated EGFR at Ser1047 and induced transient EGFR internalization. In this study, we examined the molecular pathway and effect of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) on EGFR in alveolar epithelial cells. Treatment of A549 cells with IL-1β induced the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) and MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAPK-2), as well as EGFR phosphorylation at serine 1047. Both MAPKAPK-2 activation and EGFR phosphorylation were inhibited by SB203580, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor. In addition, MK2a inhibitor (a MAPKAPK-2 inhibitor) suppressed EGFR phosphorylation. Assessment of the biotinylation of cell surface proteins indicated that IL-1β induced EGFR internalization. Furthermore, long-term treatment of A549 cells with IL-1β caused morphological changes and loss of cell-cell contact. Moreover, IL-1β augmented the effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These results suggested that IL-1β regulates EGFR functions and induces morphological changes of alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.,Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa 904-2293, Japan
| | - Sayomi Higa-Nakamine
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Ayako Uehara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugahara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Manabu Kakinohana
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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2
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Okitsu-Sakurayama S, Higa-Nakamine S, Torihara H, Higashiyama S, Yamamoto H. Roles of Pyk2 in signal transduction after gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor stimulation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3033-3043. [PMID: 32984962 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is highly expressed in hypothalamic neurons. It has been reported that GnRH treatment of cultured GnRH neurons (GT1-7 cells) activated proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), and Pyk2 was involved in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 (ERK1/2). In the present study, we first examined the possibility that GnRH treatment might activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We found that activation of EGFR after GnRH treatment for 5 min was much less than after EGF or heparin-binding EGF treatment. Next, we examined whether or not Pyk2 bound to growth factor receptor-binding protein 2 (Grb2). We overexpressed FLAG-fused Pyk2 in GT1-7 cells, and immunoprecipitated Pyk2 using an anti-FLAG antibody. The binding of Pyk2 to Grb2 was detected only after GnRH treatment. In contrast, a site-directed mutant of Pyk2 wherein tyrosine 881 was mutated to phenylalanine did not bind to Grb2. Studies with small interfering RNA and inhibitors indicated that the activation of Grb2/Ras/Raf/MEK was a major pathway to ERK1/2 activation after the short-term treatment of GT1-7 cells with GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Okitsu-Sakurayama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Hidetsugu Torihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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3
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Arakaki K, Uehara A, Higa-Nakamine S, Kakinohana M, Yamamoto H. Increased expression of EGR1 and KLF4 by polysulfide via activation of the ERK1/2 and ERK5 pathways in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Biomed Res 2020; 41:119-129. [PMID: 32522929 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium trisulfide (Na2S3) releases hydrogen polysulfide (H2Sn) and is useful for the investigation of the effects of H2Sn on the cell functions. In the present study, we first examined the effects of Na2S3 on the gene expression of IEC-6 cells, a rat intestinal epithelial cell line. Microarray analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that Na2S3 increased the gene expression of early growth response 1 (EGR1) and Kruppel-like transcription factor 4 (KLF4). It was interesting that U0126, an inhibitor of the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), ERK2, and ERK5, inhibited the Na2S3-induced gene expression of EGR1 and KLF4. Na2S3 activated ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) within 15 min. In addition to ERK1/2, Na2S3 activated ERK5. We noticed that the electrophoretic mobility of ERK5 was decreased after Na2S3 treatment. Phos-tag analysis and in vitro dephosphorylation of the cell extracts indicated that the gel-shift of ERK5 was due to its phosphorylation. The gel-shift of ERK5 was inhibited completely by both U0126 and ERK5-IN-1, a specific inhibitor of ERK5. From these results, we concluded that the gel-shift of ERK5 was induced through autophosphorylation by activated ERK5 after Na2S3 treatment. The present study suggested that H2Sn affected various functions of intestinal epithelial cells through the activation of the ERK1/2 and ERK5 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Arakaki
- Departments of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Ayako Uehara
- Departments of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Sayomi Higa-Nakamine
- Departments of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Manabu Kakinohana
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Departments of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
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4
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Higa‐Nakamine S, Okitsu‐Sakurayama S, Kina S, Yamamoto H. Fyn‐mediated phosphorylation of Pyk2 promotes its activation and dissociation downstream of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor. FEBS J 2020; 287:3551-3564. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayomi Higa‐Nakamine
- Department of Biochemistry Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
| | - Shiho Okitsu‐Sakurayama
- Department of Biochemistry Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
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5
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Activation of Pyk2 by CaM kinase II in cultured hypothalamic neurons and gonadotroph cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6865-6875. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Higa T, Takahashi H, Higa-Nakamine S, Suzuki M, Yamamoto H. Up-regulation of DUSP5 and DUSP6 by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cultured hypothalamic neurons, GT1-7 cells. Biomed Res 2018; 39:149-158. [PMID: 29899190 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted from hypothalamic neurons (GnRH neurons) and stimulates anterior pituitary gonadotrophs to synthesize and secrete gonadotropins. In addition to gonadotrophs, GnRH neurons also express GnRH receptors, and the autocrine action of GnRH is reportedly involved in the regulation of functions of GnRH neurons. There is accumulating evidence that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), one of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), is activated by GnRH and involved in various effects of GnRH in GnRH neurons. In the present study, we performed microarray analysis to examine the types of genes whose expression was regulated by GnRH in immortalized mouse GnRH neurons (GT1-7 cells). We found that 257 genes among 55,681 genes examined were up-regulated after 30-min treatment of GT1-7 cells with GnRH. These up-regulated genes included four dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases (DUSPs), DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP5, and DUSP6. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that the mRNA levels of DUSP5 and DUSP6 were robustly increased within 30 min. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK activation, completely inhibited the increases in the mRNA levels of DUSP5 and DUSP6. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that ERK activation peaked at 5 min and declined steeply at 60 min, whereas DUSP5 and DUSP6 proteins were increased from 60 min. It was notable that down-regulation of DUSP6 augmented GnRH-induced ERK activation approximately 1.7-fold at 60 min. These results suggested that the up-regulation of DUSP6 regulates the duration of ERK activation at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Higa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Hana Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Sayomi Higa-Nakamine
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
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7
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Phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor at serine 1047 in cultured lung alveolar epithelial cells by bradykinin B2 receptor stimulation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Omoto Y, Higa-Nakamine S, Higa A, Yamamoto H. ErbB4 cleavage by gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor stimulation in cultured gonadotroph cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:171-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Kondo Y, Higa-Nakamine S, Maeda N, Toku S, Kakinohana M, Sugahara K, Kukita I, Yamamoto H. Stimulation of Cell Migration by Flagellin Through the p38 MAP Kinase Pathway in Cultured Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:247-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kondo
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
- Department of Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Sayomi Higa-Nakamine
- Department of Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Noriko Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Seikichi Toku
- Department of Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Manabu Kakinohana
- Department of Anesthesiology; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugahara
- Department of Anesthesiology; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Ichiro Kukita
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry; Graduate School of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
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10
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Higa-Nakamine S, Maeda N, Toku S, Yamamoto H. Involvement of Protein Kinase D1 in Signal Transduction from the Protein Kinase C Pathway to the Tyrosine Kinase Pathway in Response to Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25974-85. [PMID: 26338704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and its stimulation activates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). We found that the transactivation of ErbB4 was involved in GnRH-induced ERK activation in immortalized GnRH neurons (GT1-7 cells). We found also that GnRH induced the cleavage of ErbB4. In the present study, we examined signal transduction for the activation of ERK and the cleavage of ErbB4 after GnRH treatment. Both ERK activation and ErbB4 cleavage were completely inhibited by YM-254890, an inhibitor of Gq/11 proteins. Down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) markedly decreased both ERK activation and ErbB4 cleavage. Experiments with two types of PKC inhibitors, Gö 6976 and bisindolylmaleimide I, indicated that novel PKC isoforms but not conventional PKC isoforms were involved in ERK activation and ErbB4 cleavage. Our experiments indicated that the novel PKC isoforms activated protein kinase D (PKD) after GnRH treatment. Knockdown and inhibitor experiments suggested that PKD1 stimulated the phosphorylation of Pyk2 by constitutively activated Src and Fyn for ERK activation. Taken together, it is highly possible that PKD1 plays a critical role in signal transduction from the PKC pathway to the tyrosine kinase pathway. Activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway may be involved in the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayomi Higa-Nakamine
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Noriko Maeda
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Seikichi Toku
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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11
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Lu YM, Gao YP, Tao RR, Liao MH, Huang JY, Wu G, Han F, Li XM. Calpain-Dependent ErbB4 Cleavage Is Involved in Brain Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2600-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Neuregulin-1β Regulates the migration of Different Neurochemical Phenotypic Neurons from Organotypically Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Explants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:69-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Nishi H, Maeda N, Izumi S, Higa-Nakamine S, Toku S, Kakinohana M, Sugahara K, Yamamoto H. Differential regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor by hydrogen peroxide and flagellin in cultured lung alveolar epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 748:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Yamamoto H, Higa-Nakamine S, Noguchi N, Maeda N, Kondo Y, Toku S, Kukita I, Sugahara K. Desensitization by different strategies of epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB4. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:287-93. [PMID: 24553453 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r11cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Four transmembrane tyrosine kinases constitute the ErbB protein family: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. In general, the structure and mechanism of the activation of these members are similar. However, significant differences in homologous desensitization are known between EGFR and ErbB4. Desensitization of ligand-occupied EGFR occurs by endocytosis, while that of ErbB4 occurs by selective cleavage at the cell surface. Because ErbB4 is abundantly expressed in neurons from fetal to adult brains, elucidation of the desensitization mechanism is important to understand neuronal development and synaptic functions. Recently, it has become clear that heterologous desensitization of EGFR and ErbB4 are induced by endocytosis and cleavage, respectively, similar to homologous desensitization. It has been reported that heterologous desensitization of EGFR is induced by serine phosphorylation of EGFR via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAP kinase) pathway in various cell lines, including alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, the protein kinase C pathway is involved in ErbB4 cleavage. In this review, we will describe recent advances in the desensitization mechanisms of EGFR and ErbB4, mainly in alveolar epithelial cells and hypothalamic neurons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
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15
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Li Y, Li H, Liu G, Liu Z. Effects of neuregulin-1β on growth-associated protein 43 expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:22-30. [PMID: 23524246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) is a growth factor with potent neuroprotective capacity. Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) is expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and an indicator of neuronal survival in vitro. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the effects of NRG-1β on GAP-43 expression in DRG neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (Glu) in vitro. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways involved in these effects were also determined. Embryonic rat DRG neurons were treated with Glu in the absence or presence of NRG-1β and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and/or ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. After that, GAP-43 mRNA and GAP-43 protein levels were analyzed by real time-PCR and western blot assay, respectively. GAP-43 expression in situ was determined by immunofluorescent labeling. The results showed that the decreased GAP-43 levels induced by Glu could be partially reversed by the presence of NRG-1β. Inhibitors (LY294002, PD98059) either alone or in combination blocked the effects of NRG-1β. These data provide new insights of the actions of NRG-1β in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
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16
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Phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor at serine 1047 by MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 in cultured lung epithelial cells treated with flagellin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 529:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Kondo Y, Higa-Nakamine S, Noguchi N, Maeda N, Toku S, Isohama Y, Sugahara K, Kukita I, Yamamoto H. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by flagellin in cultured lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L1057-69. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognizes bacterial flagellin and activates host inflammatory responses, mainly through activation of the NF-κB pathway. Although pulmonary fibrosis occurs in some cases of lung infection by flagellated bacteria, the pathological roles of TLR5 stimulation in pulmonary fibrosis have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we first confirmed that flagellin activated the NF-κB pathway in cultured A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Next, we examined the types of genes whose expression was modulated by flagellin in the cells. Microarray analysis of gene expression indicated that flagellin induced a change in gene expression that had a similar trend to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a key factor in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Biochemical analysis revealed that TGF-β1 and flagellin increased the level of fibronectin protein, while they reduced the level of E-cadherin protein after 30 h of treatment. Interestingly, simultaneous treatment with TGF-β1 and flagellin significantly augmented these EMT-related changes. Flagellin strongly activated p38 MAP kinase, and the activation was sustained for longer than 30 h. SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase, inhibited the upregulation of fibronectin by both flagellin and TGF-β1. Simultaneous treatment with TGF-β1 and flagellin augmented the activation of p38 MAP kinase by TGF-β1 or flagellin alone. These results strongly suggest that flagellin cooperates with TGF-β1 in the induction of EMT in alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kondo
- Departments of 1Biochemistry,
- Emergency Medicine, and
| | | | - Nobuhiro Noguchi
- Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan; and
| | | | | | - Yoichiro Isohama
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugahara
- Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan; and
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Yue W, Song L, Fu G, Li Y, Liu H. Neuregulin-1β regulates tyrosine kinase receptor expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 180:33-42. [PMID: 23142316 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) signaling regulates neuronal development, migration, myelination, and synaptic maintenance. Three members of tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) family, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC, have been identified in DRG neurons. Whether NRG-1β and its signaling pathways influence the expression of these Trk receptors in DRG neurons is still unclear. In the present study, primary cultured DRG neurons were used to determine the effects of NRG-1β on TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC expression in DRG neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (Glu). The involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the effects of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways on NRG-1β were also determined. DRG neurons were cultured for 48h and then exposed to Glu, Glu plus NRG-1β, LY294002 plus Glu plus NRG-1β, PD98059 plus Glu plus NRG-1β, and PD98059 plus LY294002 plus Glu plus NRG-1β for an additional 24h. The DRG neurons were continuously exposed to culture media as a control. After that, all cultures were processed for detection of mRNA levels of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC using real time-PCR analysis. Protein levels of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC were detected using a Western blot assay. The expression of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC in situ was determined by a fluorescent labeling technique. The levels of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), total protein levels of Akt and ERK1/2 were detected using a Western blot assay. The results indicated that in primary cultured DRG neurons with excitotoxicity induced by Glu, NRG-1β increased the expression of TrkA and TrkB their mRNAs, but not TrkC and its mRNA. Inhibitors (LY294002, PD98059) either alone or in combination blocked the effects of NRG-1β. NRG-1β may play an important role in regulating the expression of different Trk receptors in DRG neurons through the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China.
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