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Myo AC, Kobayashi Y, Niki Y, Kamimoto H, Moriyama K. Exosome-mediated small interfering RNA delivery inhibits aberrant osteoblast differentiation in Apert syndrome model mice. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 153:105753. [PMID: 37348363 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apert syndrome, an autosomal dominant congenital disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, is caused by a missense mutation (S252W or P253R) in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Exosomes are naturally occurring carriers that deliver nucleic acids, including small interfering RNA (siRNA), to induce gene silencing. This study aimed to develop siRNA-loaded exosomes (Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W) to silence the Fgfr2S252W gain-of-function mutation, thereby inhibiting the increased osteoblastic differentiation caused by the constitutive activation of FGFR2 signaling in calvarial osteoblastic cells isolated from Apert syndrome model mice. DESIGN Primary calvarial osteoblast-like cells were isolated from the embryonic calvarial sutures of the Apert syndrome model (Fgfr2S252W/+) and littermate wild-type mice (Ap-Ob and Wt-Ob, respectively). Exosomes were extracted from the serum of wild-type mice, validated using biomarkers, and used to encapsulate siRNAs. After exosome-mediated siRNA transfection, cells were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope to validate the delivery of Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W, followed by western blot and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS After 24 h of Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W delivery in both Ap-Ob and Wt-Ob, siRNA-loaded exosome delivery was validated. Moreover, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) mRNA expression, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were significantly increased in Ap-Ob. The levels of phospho-p44/42 protein, Runx2, Col1a1, and ALP were significantly decreased after Ex-siRNAFgfr2S252W transfection but did not affect Wt-Ob. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA targeting Fgfr2S252W is a potential non-invasive treatment for aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Chan Myo
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Yuki Niki
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamimoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Cassim A, Hettiarachchi D, Dissanayake VHW. Genetic determinants of syndactyly: perspectives on pathogenesis and diagnosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:198. [PMID: 35549993 PMCID: PMC9097448 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the digits is a tightly regulated process. During embryogenesis, disturbance of genetic pathways in limb development could result in syndactyly; a common congenital malformation consisting of webbing in adjacent digits. Currently, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the exact developmental mechanism leading to this condition. The best studied canonical interactions of Wingless‐type–Bone Morphogenic Protein–Fibroblast Growth Factor (WNT–BMP–FGF8), plays a role in the interdigital cell death (ICD) which is thought to be repressed in human syndactyly. Animal studies have displayed other pathways such as the Notch signaling, metalloprotease and non-canonical WNT-Planar cell polarity (PCP), to also contribute to failure of ICD, although less prominence has been given. The current diagnosis is based on a clinical evaluation followed by radiography when indicated, and surgical release of digits at 6 months of age is recommended. This review discusses the interactions repressing ICD in syndactyly, and characterizes genes associated with non-syndromic and selected syndromes involving syndactyly, according to the best studied canonical WNT-BMP-FGF interactions in humans. Additionally, the controversies regarding the current syndactyly classification and the effect of non-coding elements are evaluated, which to our knowledge has not been previously highlighted. The aim of the review is to better understand the developmental process leading to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraah Cassim
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Dineshani Hettiarachchi
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Vajira H W Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Al-Namnam NM, Jayash SN, Hariri F, Rahman ZAA, Alshawsh MA. Insights and future directions of potential genetic therapy for Apert syndrome: A systematic review. Gene Ther 2021; 28:620-633. [PMID: 33619359 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apert syndrome is a genetic disorder characterised by craniosynostosis and structural discrepancy of the craniofacial region as well as the hands and feet. This condition is closely linked with fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) gene mutations. Gene therapies are progressively being tested in advanced clinical trials, leading to a rise of its potential clinical indications. In recent years, research has made great progress in the gene therapy of craniosynostosis syndromes and several studies have investigated its influences in preventing/diminishing the complications of Apert syndrome. This article reviewed and exhibited different techniques of gene therapy and their influences in Apert syndrome progression. A systematic search was executed using electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, SciFinder and Web of Science for all studies of gene therapy for Apert syndrome. The primary outcomes measurements vary from protein to gene expressions. According to the findings of included studies, we conclude that the gene therapy using FGF in Apert syndrome was critical in the regulation of suture fusion and patency, occurred via alterations in cellular proliferation. The superior outcome could be brought by biological therapies targeting the FGF/FGFR signalling. More studies in molecular genetics in Apert syndrome are recommended. This study reviews the current literature and provides insights to future possibilities of genetic therapy as intervention in Apert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soher Nagi Jayash
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Firdaus Hariri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kobayashi Y, Ogura K, Hikita R, Tsuji M, Moriyama K. Craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese patients with Apert syndrome or Crouzon syndrome. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:36-44. [PMID: 32144423 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene are responsible for both Apert syndrome (AS) and Crouzon syndrome (CS). These diseases share phenotypic characteristics, including midfacial hypoplasia and premature fusion of the calvarial suture(s). Given the extensive range of craniofacial growth and developmental abnormalities, management of these patients requires a multidisciplinary approach. This study aimed to compare craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese orthodontic patients with AS or CS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Lateral cephalograms, orthopantomograms, dental casts, medical interview records, facial photographs, and intraoral photographs of 7 AS patients and 12 CS patients on initial visits were used in this study. Cephalometric analyses were performed, and standard scores were calculated based on age- and sex-matched Japanese standard values. RESULTS Cephalometric analysis revealed that AS patients had significantly more severe maxillary hypoplasia in two dimensions and increased clockwise mandibular rotation. Additionally, cleft of the soft palate, anterior open bite, severe crowding in the maxillary dental arch, and congenitally missing teeth occurred more frequently among AS patients. Multiple fusions between cervical vertebrae C2, C3, C5, and C6 were observed in the AS patients. LIMITATIONS Small sample size. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Our study shows that AS patients have more severe craniofacial and maxillofacial deformities than CS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogura
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Hikita
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Tsuji
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Epstein RJ, Tian LJ, Gu YF. 2b or Not 2b: How Opposing FGF Receptor Splice Variants Are Blocking Progress in Precision Oncology. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:9955456. [PMID: 34007277 PMCID: PMC8110382 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9955456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
More than ten thousand peer-reviewed studies have assessed the role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) in cancer, but few patients have yet benefited from drugs targeting this molecular family. Strategizing how best to use FGFR-targeted drugs is complicated by multiple variables, including RNA splicing events that alter the affinity of ligands for FGFRs and hence change the outcomes of stromal-epithelial interactions. The effects of splicing are most relevant to FGFR2; expression of the FGFR2b splice isoform can restore apoptotic sensitivity to cancer cells, whereas switching to FGFR2c may drive tumor progression by triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The differentiating and regulatory actions of wild-type FGFR2b contrast with the proliferative actions of FGFR1 and FGFR3, and may be converted to mitogenicity either by splice switching or by silencing of tumor suppressor genes such as CDH1 or PTEN. Exclusive use of small-molecule pan-FGFR inhibitors may thus cause nonselective blockade of FGFR2 isoforms with opposing actions, undermining the rationale of FGFR2 drug targeting. This splice-dependent ability of FGFR2 to switch between tumor-suppressing and -driving functions highlights an unmet oncologic need for isoform-specific drug targeting, e.g., by antibody inhibition of ligand-FGFR2c binding, as well as for more nuanced molecular pathology prediction of FGFR2 actions in different stromal-tumor contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Epstein
- New Hope Cancer Center, Beijing United Hospital, 9-11 Jiangtai West Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Clinical School, 84 Victoria St, Darlinghurst 2010 Sydney, Australia
| | - Li Jun Tian
- New Hope Cancer Center, Beijing United Hospital, 9-11 Jiangtai West Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yan Fei Gu
- New Hope Cancer Center, Beijing United Hospital, 9-11 Jiangtai West Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
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Torii D, Kobayashi T, Horie T, Tsutsui TW. Characterization of dental pulp stem cells isolated from a patient diagnosed with Crouzon syndrome. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5317-5324. [PMID: 33386632 PMCID: PMC8048801 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells isolated from patients with rare diseases are important to elucidate their pathogeny and mechanisms to enable regenerative therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration using patient‐derived dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are unclear. In this study, we investigated the levels of mRNA and protein expression related to cellular differentiation of Crouzon syndrome patient‐derived DPSCs (CS‐DPSCs) with a Gly338Arg fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 mutation. Multipotency‐related gene expression levels were equivalent in both healthy donor DPSCs and CS‐DPSCs. CS‐DPSCs showed higher osteocalcin (OCN) expression than healthy donor DPSCs. CS‐DPSCs showed a lower increase in the rate of OCN expression among phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)‐treated cells than healthy donor DPSCs compared with untreated control cells. CS‐DPSCs showed a lower phosphorylation rate of p38 and p44/42 in PMA‐treated cells than healthy donor DPSCs compared with untreated control cells. These results demonstrate that CS‐DPSCs have higher OCN expression and lower PMA stimulation‐responsiveness than healthy donor DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Torii
- Department of Pharmacology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Research Center for Odontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Horie
- Research Center for Odontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral Health, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo W Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Min Swe NM, Kobayashi Y, Kamimoto H, Moriyama K. Aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 regulate osteoblast differentiation in the developing coronal sutures of an Apert syndrome (Fgfr2 S252W /+ ) mouse model. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:465-476. [PMID: 32822074 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apert syndrome is an autosomal, dominant inherited disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and syndactyly caused by gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays critical roles in regulating the skeletal development. Here, we analyzed the role of this pathway in the developing coronal sutures (CS) of a murine Apert syndrome model (Fgfr2S252W/+ ). RESULTS We observed aberrantly increased mRNA expression of Lrp5 and Lrp6 in CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice, whereas both wild type (WT) and Fgfr2S252W/+ mice showed similar expression of other Wnt/β-catenin-related genes, such as Wnt3, Wnt3a, Fzd4, Fzd6, Axin2, and Dkk1 as evidenced by in situ hybridization. Significantly increased Lrp5 and Lrp6 mRNA expression was observed by quantitative PCR analysis of cultured cells isolated from CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice. Phospho-LRP5, phospho-LRP6, and non-phospho-β-catenin were upregulated in Fgfr2S252W/+ CS compared with that in WT CS. Short-interfering RNA targeting Lrp5 and Lrp6 significantly reduced runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen type 1 alpha 1, and osteocalcin mRNA expression, and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated in the CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice during craniofacial development, suggesting the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the pathogenesis of CS synostosis in Fgfr2S252W/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nay Myo Min Swe
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamimoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Chirurgie secondaire des craniosténoses et faciocraniosténoses. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2019; 64:494-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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10
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Xu W, Luo F, Wang Q, Tan Q, Huang J, Zhou S, Wang Z, Sun X, Kuang L, Jin M, Su N, Jiang W, Chen L, Qi H, Zhu Y, Chen B, Chen H, Chen S, Gao Y, Xu X, Deng C, Chen L, Xie Y, Du X. Inducible Activation of FGFR2 in Adult Mice Promotes Bone Formation After Bone Marrow Ablation. J Bone Miner Res 2017. [PMID: 28650109 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apert syndrome is one of the most severe craniosynostoses, resulting from gain-of-function mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Previous studies have shown that gain-of-function mutations of FGFR2 (S252W or P253R) cause skull malformation of human Apert syndrome by affecting both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, underscoring the key role of FGFR2 in bone development. However, the effects of FGFR2 on bone formation at the adult stage have not been fully investigated. To investigate the role of FGFR2 in bone formation, we generated mice with tamoxifen-inducible expression of mutant FGFR2 (P253R) at the adult stage. Mechanical bone marrow ablation (BMX) was performed in both wild-type and Fgfr2 mutant (MT) mice. Changes in newly formed trabecular bone were assessed by micro-computed tomography and bone histomorphometry. We found that MT mice exhibited increased trabecular bone formation and decreased bone resorption after BMX accompanied with a remarkable increase in bone marrow stromal cell recruitment and proliferation, osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and enhanced Wnt/β-catenin activity. Furthermore, pharmacologically inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling can partially reverse the increased trabecular bone formation and decreased bone resorption in MT mice after BMX. Our data demonstrate that gain-of-function mutation in FGFR2 exerts a Wnt/β-catenin-dependent anabolic effect on trabecular bone by promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption at the adult stage. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Kuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanling Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Das S, Munshi A. Research advances in Apert syndrome. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 8:194-199. [PMID: 30191107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome is one of the several genetic syndromes associated with craniosynostosis, a condition that includes premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures. There has been significant clinical variation among different sutural synostoses and also within particular suture synostosis. Enormous progress has been made in identifying various mutations associated with Apert Syndrome. Although a causal gene has been defined, the precise role of this mutation in producing craniofacial dysmorphology and other related abnormalities is in the process of discovery. Most of the understanding regarding this rare disorder has been possible due to mouse models that have helped in deciphering the elements of this rare human disease. Thus, molecular and cellular understanding of the disease has taken a leap and further with the advent of technology definitive diagnosis of the syndrome is no more of an issue. In this review, we have discussed and consolidated the possible molecular studies that have contributed in understanding of this rare syndrome. This article may help clinicians and researchers to inform about the latest progress in Apert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satrupa Das
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India.,Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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12
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Pettitt DA, Arshad Z, Mishra A, McArthur P. Apert syndrome: A consensus on the management of Apert hands. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 45:223-231. [PMID: 28087285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apert Syndrome is a congenital condition characterised by primary craniosynostosis, midfacial malformations and complex symmetrical malformations of the hands and feet. The hands demonstrate one of the most complex collections of congenital upper limb deformities, posing a significant challenge for the paediatric hand surgeon. This study examines the extant literature and current practice of the four UK specialist craniofacial units regarding the management of Apert hands in order to provide a basis for guideline development. METHODS The current literature was reviewed. Survey-type questionnaires were distributed to the four UK specialist craniofacial units and responses analysed. RESULTS Management of the Apert hand is largely dictated by the degree of malformation present. Although all units aim to achieve a five digit hand, variation in the timing of surgery, operative protocols and mobilisation policies exist. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide an interesting snapshot of the current management of Apert hands across four UK craniofacial surgery units. The four UK units remain congruent on most areas surrounding the management of Apert hands although some minor inter-unit variation exists. A multidisciplinary approach to management remains fundamental in optimising the regain of function and aesthetically acceptable hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Pettitt
- Mersey Regional Plastic Surgery Unit, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Rd, Prescot, Merseyside, L35 5DR, UK
| | - Zeeshaan Arshad
- Mersey Regional Plastic Surgery Unit, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Rd, Prescot, Merseyside, L35 5DR, UK.
| | - Anuj Mishra
- Mersey Regional Plastic Surgery Unit, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Rd, Prescot, Merseyside, L35 5DR, UK
| | - Paul McArthur
- Mersey Regional Plastic Surgery Unit, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Rd, Prescot, Merseyside, L35 5DR, UK
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Yeh E, Atique R, Fanganiello RD, Sunaga DY, Ishiy FAA, Passos-Bueno MR. Cell Type-Dependent Nonspecific Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Apert Syndrome. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1249-60. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rodrigo Atique
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Dalto Fanganiello
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Yumi Sunaga
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto André Ishiy
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lu C, Huguley S, Cui C, Cabaniss LB, Waite PD, Sarver DM, Mamaeva OA, MacDougall M. Effects of FGFR Signaling on Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of Apert Dental Cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 201:26-37. [DOI: 10.1159/000441349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apert syndrome is a rare congenital disorder most often arising from S252W or P253R mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2). Numerous studies have focused on the regulatory role of Apert FGFR2 signaling in bone formation, whereas its functional role in tooth development is largely unknown. To investigate the role of FGFR signaling in cell proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of human dental cells in vitro, we isolated dental pulp and enamel organ epithelia (EOE) tissues from an Apert patient carrying the S252W FGFR2 mutation. Apert primary pulp and EOE cells were established and shown to exhibit normal morphology and express alkaline phosphatase under differentiation conditions. Similar to control cells, Apert dental pulp and EOE cells expressed all FGFRs, with highest levels of FGFR1 followed by FGFR2 and low levels of FGFR3 and FGFR4. However, Apert cells had increased cell growth compared with control cells. Distinct from previous findings in osteoblast cells, gain-of-function S252W FGFR2 mutation did not upregulate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFRα), but elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in cells after EGF stimulation. Unexpectedly, there was little effect of the S252W mutation on odontogenic gene expression in dental pulp and EOE cells. However, after inhibition of total FGFR signaling or ERK signaling, the expression of odontogenic genes was upregulated in both dental cell types, indicating the negative effect of whole FGFR signaling on odontogenic differentiation. This study provides novel insights on FGFR signaling and a common Apert FGFR2 mutation in the regulation of odontogenic differentiation of dental mesenchymal and epithelial cells.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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Marie PJ. Osteoblast dysfunctions in bone diseases: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1347-61. [PMID: 25487608 PMCID: PMC11113967 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several metabolic, genetic and oncogenic bone diseases are characterized by defective or excessive bone formation. These abnormalities are caused by dysfunctions in the commitment, differentiation or survival of cells of the osteoblast lineage. During the recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoblast dysfunctions in osteoporosis, skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors. This led to suggest novel therapeutic approaches to correct these abnormalities such as the modulation of WNT signaling, the pharmacological modulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation, the induction of osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, the repression of cancer cell proliferation and the manipulation of epigenetic mechanisms. This article reviews our current understanding of the major cellular and molecular mechanisms inducing osteoblastic cell abnormalities in age-related bone loss, genetic skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors, and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies to counteract the osteoblast abnormalities in these disorders of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- INSERM UMR-1132, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France,
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17
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Xie Y, Zhou S, Chen H, Du X, Chen L. Recent research on the growth plate: Advances in fibroblast growth factor signaling in growth plate development and disorders. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:T11-34. [PMID: 25114206 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Skeletons are formed through two distinct developmental actions, intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. During embryonic development, most bone is formed by endochondral ossification. The growth plate is the developmental center for endochondral ossification. Multiple signaling pathways participate in the regulation of endochondral ossification. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling has been found to play a vital role in the development and maintenance of growth plates. Missense mutations in FGFs and FGFRs can cause multiple genetic skeletal diseases with disordered endochondral ossification. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in skeletal development and genetic skeletal diseases will have implications for the development of therapies for FGF-signaling-related skeletal dysplasias and growth plate injuries. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in elucidating the role of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in growth plate development, genetic skeletal disorders, and the promising therapies for those genetic skeletal diseases resulting from FGFs/FGFRs dysfunction. Finally, we also examine the potential important research in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Yokota M, Kobayashi Y, Morita J, Suzuki H, Hashimoto Y, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K, Moriyama K. Therapeutic effect of nanogel-based delivery of soluble FGFR2 with S252W mutation on craniosynostosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101693. [PMID: 25003957 PMCID: PMC4086955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder caused by missense mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Surgical procedures are frequently required to reduce morphological and functional defects in patients with Apert syndrome; therefore, the development of noninvasive procedures to treat Apert syndrome is critical. Here we aimed to clarify the etiological mechanisms of craniosynostosis in mouse models of Apert syndrome and verify the effects of purified soluble FGFR2 harboring the S252W mutation (sFGFR2IIIcS252W) on calvarial sutures in Apert syndrome mice in vitro. We observed increased expression of Fgf10, Esrp1, and Fgfr2IIIb, which are indispensable for epidermal development, in coronal sutures in Apert syndrome mice. Purified sFGFR2IIIcS252W exhibited binding affinity for fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 2 but also formed heterodimers with FGFR2IIIc, FGFR2IIIcS252W, and FGFR2IIIbS252W. Administration of sFGFR2IIIcS252W also inhibited Fgf2-dependent proliferation, phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules, and mineralization of FGFR2S252W-overexpressing MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. sFGFR2IIIcS252W complexed with nanogels maintained the patency of coronal sutures, whereas synostosis was observed where the nanogel without sFGFR2S252W was applied. Thus, based on our current data, we suggest that increased Fgf10 and Fgfr2IIIb expression may induce the onset of craniosynostosis in patients with Apert syndrome and that the appropriate delivery of purified sFGFR2IIIcS252W could be effective for treating this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yokota
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jumpei Morita
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Eritja N, Domingo M, Dosil MA, Mirantes C, Santacana M, Valls J, Llombart-Cussac A, Matias-Guiu X, Dolcet X. Combinatorial Therapy Using Dovitinib and ICI182.780 (Fulvestrant) Blocks Tumoral Activity of Endometrial Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:776-87. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Byun MR, Kim AR, Hwang JH, Kim KM, Hwang ES, Hong JH. FGF2 stimulates osteogenic differentiation through ERK induced TAZ expression. Bone 2014; 58:72-80. [PMID: 24125755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) is a transcriptional modulator that regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. It stimulates osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting adipocyte differentiation. FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) stimulate several signaling proteins to regulate their target genes, which are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. Within this family, FGF2 stimulates osteoblast differentiation though a mechanism that is largely unknown. In this report, we show that TAZ mediates FGF2 signaling in osteogenesis. We observed that FGF2 increases TAZ expression by stimulating its mRNA expression. Depletion of TAZ using small hairpin RNA blocked FGF2-mediated osteogenic differentiation. FGF2 induced TAZ expression was stimulated by ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activation and the inhibition of ERK blocked TAZ expression. FGF2 increased nuclear localization of TAZ and, thus, facilitated the interaction of TAZ and Runx2, activating Runx2-mediated gene transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that TAZ is an important mediator of FGF2 signaling in osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ran Byun
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Morita J, Nakamura M, Kobayashi Y, Deng CX, Funato N, Moriyama K. Soluble form of FGFR2 with S252W partially prevents craniosynostosis of the apert mouse model. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:560-7. [PMID: 24259495 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apert syndrome (AS) is characterized by craniosynostosis, midfacial hypoplasia, and bony syndactyly. It is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease caused by point mutations (S252W or P253R) in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2. These mutations cause activation of FGFR2 depending on ligand binding. Recently, an AS mouse model, Fgfr2(+/) (S252W) , showed phenotypes similar to those of AS patients. We previously reported that the soluble form of FGFR2(S252W) (sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) ) efficiently inhibits enhanced osteoblastic differentiation caused by FGFR2 activation in AS in vitro, presumably because FGFs binding to FGFRs is interrupted. In this study, we developed Fgfr2(+/) (S252W) (Ap) mice expressing the sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) protein, and we investigated the effects of sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) on AS-like phenotypes. RESULTS In Ap mice, the coronal suture (CS) was fused prematurely at P1. In addition, the mice exhibited a widened interfrontal suture (IFS) with ectopic bone and thickened cartilage formation. In Fgfr2(+/) (S252W) sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) (Ap/Sol) mice, the CS was similar to that of wild-type mice. Ap/Sol mice did not show any ectopic bone or cartilage formation in the IFS, but showed a wider IFS than that of the wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) may partially prevent craniosynostosis in the Apert mouse model by affecting the CS and IFS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Morita
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu C, Cui Y, Luan J, Zhou X, Han J. The molecular and cellular basis of Apert syndrome. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2013; 2:115-22. [PMID: 25343114 PMCID: PMC4204555 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2013.v2.4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic and congenital disease characterized by craniosynostosis and syndactly of hands and feet. AS patients generally require lifelong management, however there are still no effective treatment methods except surgery. In recent years, research has made great progress in the pathogenesis of AS. FGFR2 mediates extracellular signals into cells and the mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause AS occurrence. Activated FGFs/FGFR2 signaling disrupt the balance of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis via its downstream signal pathways. However, how the pathways transform the balance is not well understood and contradictions have occurred in different studies. In this review, we'll focus on these problems to get a better understanding of AS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yazhou Cui
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Luan
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Jinxiang Han, Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, 250062, Shandong, China. E-mail:
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