Cardiac resident nestin+cells participate in reparative vascularisation

Distribution, contribution and regulation of nestin+ cells

BACKGROUND

Nestin is an intermediate filament first reported in neuroepithelial stem cells. Nestin expression could be found in a variety of tissues throughout all systems of the body, especially during tissue development and tissue regeneration processes.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review aimed to summarize and discuss current studies on the distribution, contribution and regulation of nestin+ cells in different systems of the body, to discuss the feasibility ofusing nestin as a marker of multilineage stem/progenitor cells, and better understand the potential roles of nestin+ cells in tissue development, regeneration and pathological processes.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This review highlights the potential of nestin as a marker of multilineage stem/progenitor cells, and as a key factor in tissue development and tissue regeneration. The article discussed the current findings, limitations, and potential clinical implications or applications of nestin+ cells. Additionally, it included the relationship of nestin+ cells to other cell populations. We propose potential future research directions to encourage further investigation in the field.

Nestin expression in intact and hypertrophic myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats during aging

Nestin is a unique intermediate filament expressed for a short period in the developing heart. It was also documented in several cell types of the adult myocardium under pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction or fibrosis. However, circumstances of nestin re-occurrence in the diseased or aging heart have not been elucidated yet. In this work we immunohistochemically detected nestin to determine its expression and distribution pattern in the left ventricular myocardium of normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats and in the hypertrophic ones of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, both at the age of 1 and 1.5 year. No nestin+ cells were identified in the intact myocardium of 1-year-old WKY rats, whereas in the aged 1.5-year-old WKY rats nestin+ endothelial cells in some blood vessels were discovered. In the hypertrophic myocardium of all SHR rats, nestin was rarely detected in desmin+ vimentin- cardiomyocytes and in some vimentin+ interstitial cells often accumulated in clusters, varying in intensity of desmin immunoreactivity. Moreover, nestin was infrequently expressed in the endothelial cells of some myocardial blood vessels in 1-year-old SHR rats, but not in 1.5-year-old ones. Quantitative image analysis of nestin expression in the myocardium confirmed significant increase in 1.5-year-old WKY rats and in SHR rats of both ages compared to the intact 1-year-old WKY rats. This study firstly documents nestin re-expression indicating cytoskeletal remodelling in different cell types of the aging intact and chronically pressure over-loaded hypertrophied myocardium. Our findings confirm nestin involvement in complex changes during myocardial hypertrophy and progressive aging.

Nestin and Notch3 collaboratively regulate angiogenesis, collagen production, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition in lung endothelial cells

BACKGROUND

Nestin, an intermediate filament protein, participates in various pathophysiological processes, including wound healing, angiogenesis, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), and fibrosis. However, the pathophysiological roles of lung nestin-expressing cells remain unclear due to conflicting reports. The objective of this study is to elucidate the characteristics and functions of lung nestin-expressing cells.

METHODS

We conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments using endothelial cell line MS1 and nestin-GFP mice. This animal model allows for nestin-expressing cell detection without the use of anti-nestin antibodies.

RESULTS

Lung nestin-expressing cells occurred in approximately 0.2% of CD45- cells and was co-expressed with epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cell-surface markers. Importantly, virtually all nestin-expressing cells co-expressed CD31. When compared to lung nestin-nonexpressing endothelial cells, nestin-expressing endothelial cells showed robust angiogenesis with frequent co-expression of PDGFRβ and VEGFR2. During TGFβ-mediated EndoMT, the elevation of Nes mRNA expression preceded that of Col1a1 mRNA, and nestin gene silencing using nestin siRNA resulted in further upregulation of Col1a1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, Notch3 expression was regulated by nestin in vitro and in vivo; nestin siRNA resulted in reduced Notch3 expression accompanied with enhanced EndoMT. Contrary to previous reports, neither Nes mRNA expression nor nestin-expressing cells were increased during pulmonary fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that (1) lung nestin-expressing cells are an endothelial lineage but are distinct from nestin-nonexpressing endothelial cells; (2) nestin regulates Notch3 and they act collaboratively to regulate angiogenesis, collagen production, and EndoMT; and (3) nestin plays novel roles in lung angiogenesis and fibrosis. Video Abstract.

Treatment and Prevention of Neurocristopathies

Neurocristopathies form a heterogeneous group of rare diseases caused by abnormal development of neural crest cells. Heterogeneity of neurocristopathies directly relates to the nature of these migratory and multipotent cells, which generate dozens of specialized cell types throughout the body. Neurocristopathies are thus characterized by congenital malformations of tissues/organs that otherwise appear to have very little in common, such as the craniofacial skeleton and enteric nervous system. Treatment options are currently very limited, mainly consisting of corrective surgeries. Yet, as reviewed here, analyses of normal and pathological neural crest development in model organisms have opened up the possibility for better treatment options involving cellular and molecular approaches. These approaches provide hope that some neurocristopathies might soon be curable or preventable.

Sox17 Controls Emergence and Remodeling of Nestin-Expressing Coronary Vessels

RATIONALE

The molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of coronary arteries during development and during cardiac neovascularization after injury are poorly understood. However, a detailed description of the relevant signaling pathways and functional TFs (transcription factors) regulating these processes is still incomplete.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study is to identify novel cardiac transcriptional mechanisms of coronary angiogenesis and vessel remodeling by defining the molecular signatures of coronary vascular endothelial cells during these complex processes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We demonstrate that Nes-gfp and Nes-CreERT2 transgenic mouse lines are novel tools for studying the emergence of coronary endothelium and targeting sprouting coronary vessels (but not ventricular endocardium) during development. Furthermore, we identify Sox17 as a critical TF upregulated during the sprouting and remodeling of coronary vessels, visualized by a specific neural enhancer from the Nestin gene that is strongly induced in developing arterioles. Functionally, genetic-inducible endothelial deletion of Sox17 causes deficient cardiac remodeling of coronary vessels, resulting in improper coronary artery formation.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that Sox17 TF regulates the transcriptional activation of Nestin's enhancer in developing coronary vessels while its genetic deletion leads to inadequate coronary artery formation. These findings identify Sox17 as a critical regulator for the remodeling of coronary vessels in the developing heart.

Cardiac Nestin+ Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhance Healing of Ischemic Heart through Periostin-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) show potential for treating cardiovascular diseases, but their therapeutic efficacy exhibits significant heterogeneity depending on the tissue of origin. This study sought to identify an optimal source of MSCs for cardiovascular disease therapy. We demonstrated that Nestin was a suitable marker for cardiac MSCs (Nes⁺cMSCs), which were identified by their self-renewal ability, tri-lineage differentiation potential, and expression of MSC markers. Furthermore, compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs (Nes⁺bmMSCs) or saline-treated myocardial infarction (MI) controls, intramyocardial injection of Nes⁺cMSCs significantly improved cardiac function and decreased infarct size after acute MI (AMI) through paracrine actions, rather than transdifferentiation into cardiac cells in infarcted heart. We further revealed that Nes⁺cMSC treatment notably reduced pan-macrophage infiltration while inducing macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in ischemic myocardium. Interestingly, Periostin, which was highly expressed in Nes⁺cMSCs, could promote the polarization of M2-subtype macrophages, and knockdown or neutralization of Periostin remarkably reduced the therapeutic effects of Nes⁺cMSCs by decreasing M2 macrophages at lesion sites. Thus, the present work systemically shows that Nes⁺cMSCs have greater efficacy than do Nes⁺bmMSCs for cardiac healing after AMI, and that this occurs at least partly through Periostin-mediated M2 macrophage polarization.

Adult tissue-derived neural crest-like stem cells: Sources, regulatory networks, and translational potential

Neural crest (NC) cells are a multipotent stem cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cell types in the body, including peripheral neurons, Schwann cells (SC), craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle cells, and melanocytes. NC formation and differentiation into specific lineages takes place in response to a set of highly regulated signaling and transcriptional events within the neural plate border. Premigratory NC cells initially are contained within the dorsal neural tube from which they subsequently emigrate, migrating to often distant sites in the periphery. Following their migration and differentiation, some NC‐like cells persist in adult tissues in a nascent multipotent state, making them potential candidates for autologous cell therapy. This review discusses the gene regulatory network responsible for NC development and maintenance of multipotency. We summarize the genes and signaling pathways that have been implicated in the differentiation of a postmigratory NC into mature myelinating SC. We elaborate on the signals and transcription factors involved in the acquisition of immature SC fate, axonal sorting of unmyelinated neuronal axons, and finally the path toward mature myelinating SC, which envelope axons within myelin sheaths, facilitating electrical signal propagation. The gene regulatory events guiding development of SC in vivo provides insights into means for differentiating NC‐like cells from adult human tissues into functional SC, which have the potential to provide autologous cell sources for the treatment of demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders.

Shikonin‑mediated inhibition of nestin affects hypoxia‑induced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

The imbalance between the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is of importance in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Shikonin, a naphthoquinone compound extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon, inhibits the proliferation of rat smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of shikonin on the proliferation of rat PASMCs and the possible mechanisms involved. Rat PASMCs were cultured under the following five treatment conditions: Normal control; hypoxia for 24 h; hypoxia + 1 µM shikonin for 24 h; hypoxia + 2 µM shikonin for 24 h; and hypoxia + 4 µM shikonin for 24 h. The viability of PASMCs was measured using the Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, the mRNA expression of nestin (NES) in each group was measured by reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and the protein expression of NES was measured by western blotting. The proliferation of hypoxic PASMCs transfected with NES‑specific small interfering (si)RNA decreased compared with the non‑transfected group. These results indicated that hypoxia induced the proliferation of PASMCs through the enhancement of NES expression. The treatment of hypoxic PASMCs with shikonin resulted in a significant downregulation of NES expression and the inhibition of PASMC proliferation.

Nestin in the epididymis is expressed in vascular wall cells and is regulated during postnatal development and in case of testosterone deficiency

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), distinguished by the expression of the neuronal stem cell marker nestin, may represent stem cell-like progenitor cells in various organs including the testis. We investigated epididymal tissues of adult nestin-GFP mice, rats after Leydig cell depletion via ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS), rats and mice during postnatal development and human tissues. By use of Clarity, a histochemical method to illustrate a three-dimensional picture, we could demonstrate nestin-GFP positive cells within the vascular network. We localized nestin in the epididymis in proliferating vascular SMCs by colocalization with both smooth muscle actin and PCNA, and it was distinct from CD31-positive endothelial cells. The same nestin localization was found in the human epididymis. However, nestin was not found in SMCs of the epididymal duct. Nestin expression is high during postnatal development of mouse and rat and down-regulated towards adulthood when testosterone levels increase. Nestin increases dramatically in rats after Leydig cell ablation with EDS and subsequently low testosterone levels. Interestingly, during this period, the expression of androgen receptor in the epididymis is low and increases until nestin reaches normal levels of adulthood. Here we show that nestin, a common marker for neuronal stem cells, is also expressed in the vasculature of the epididymis. Our results give new insights into the yet underestimated role of proliferating nestin-expressing vascular SMCs during postnatal development and repair of the epididymis.

The Biological Role of Nestin(+)-Cells in Physiological and Pathological Cardiovascular Remodeling

The intermediate filament protein nestin was identified in diverse populations of cells implicated in cardiovascular remodeling. Cardiac resident neural progenitor/stem cells constitutively express nestin and following an ischemic insult migrate to the infarct region and participate in angiogenesis and neurogenesis. A modest number of normal adult ventricular fibroblasts express nestin and the intermediate filament protein is upregulated during the progression of reparative and reactive fibrosis. Nestin depletion attenuates cell cycle re-entry suggesting that increased expression of the intermediate filament protein in ventricular fibroblasts may represent an activated phenotype accelerating the biological impact during fibrosis. Nestin immunoreactivity is absent in normal adult rodent ventricular cardiomyocytes. Following ischemic damage, the intermediate filament protein is induced in a modest population of pre-existing adult ventricular cardiomyocytes bordering the peri-infarct/infarct region and nestin⁽⁺⁾-ventricular cardiomyocytes were identified in the infarcted human heart. The appearance of nestin⁽⁺⁾-ventricular cardiomyocytes post-myocardial infarction (MI) recapitulates an embryonic phenotype and depletion of the intermediate filament protein inhibits cell cycle re-entry. Recruitment of the serine/threonine kinase p38 MAPK secondary to an overt inflammatory response after an ischemic insult may represent a seminal event limiting the appearance of nestin⁽⁺⁾-ventricular cardiomyocytes and concomitantly suppressing cell cycle re-entry. Endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) express nestin and upregulation of the intermediate filament protein may directly contribute to vascular remodeling. This review will highlight the biological role of nestin⁽⁺⁾-cells during physiological and pathological remodeling of the heart and vasculature and discuss the phenotypic advantage attributed to the intermediate filament protein.

Nestin expression is dynamically regulated in cardiomyocytes during embryogenesis

The transcriptional factors implicated in the expression of the intermediate filament protein nestin in cardiomyocytes during embryogenesis remain undefined. In the heart of 9,5-10,5 day embryonic mice, nestin staining was detected in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and a subpopulation co-expressed Tbx5. At later stages of development, nestin immunoreactivity in cardiomyocytes gradually diminished and was absent in the heart of 17,5 day embryonic mice. In the heart of wild type 11,5 day embryonic mice, 54 ± 7% of the trabeculae expressed nestin and the percentage was significantly increased in the hearts of Tbx5^+/- and Gata4^+/- embryos. The cell cycle protein Ki67 and transcriptional coactivator Yap-1 were still prevalent in the nucleus of nestin⁽⁺⁾ -cardiomyocytes identified in the heart of Tbx5^+/- and Gata4^+/- embryonic mice. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate treatment of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes increased Yap-1 phosphorylation and co-administration of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 led to significant dephosphorylation. Antagonism of dephosphorylated Yap-1 signalling with verteporfin inhibited phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate/SB203580-mediated nestin expression and BrdU incorporation of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Nestin depletion with an AAV9 containing a shRNA directed against the intermediate filament protein significantly reduced the number of neonatal cardiomyocytes that re-entered the cell cycle. These findings demonstrate that Tbx5- and Gata4-dependent events negatively regulate nestin expression in cardiomyocytes during embryogenesis. By contrast, dephosphorylated Yap-1 acting via upregulation of the intermediate filament protein nestin plays a seminal role in the cell cycle re-entry of cardiomyocytes. Based on these data, an analogous role of Yap-1 may be prevalent in the heart of Tbx5^+/- and Gata4^+/- mice.

Nestin expression is upregulated in the fibrotic rat heart and is localized in collagen-expressing mesenchymal cells and interstitial CD31(+)- cells

Renal and lung fibrosis was characterized by the accumulation of collagen-immunoreactive mesenchymal cells expressing the intermediate filament protein nestin. The present study tested the hypothesis that nestin expression was increased in the hypertrophied/fibrotic left ventricle of suprarenal abdominal aorta constricted adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and induced in ventricular fibroblasts by pro-fibrotic peptide growth factors. Nestin protein levels were upregulated in the pressure-overloaded left ventricle and expression positively correlated with the rise of mean arterial pressure. In sham and pressure-overloaded hearts, nestin immunoreactivity was detected in collagen type I(+)-and CD31(+)-cells identified in the interstitium and perivascular region whereas staining was absent in smooth muscle α-actin(+)-cells. A significantly greater number of collagen type I(+)-cells co-expressing nestin was identified in the left ventricle of pressure-overloaded rats. Moreover, an accumulation of nestin(+)-cells lacking collagen, CD31 and smooth muscle α-actin staining was selectively observed at the adventitial region of predominantly large calibre blood vessels in the hypertrophied/fibrotic left ventricle. Angiotensin II and TGF-β1 stimulation of ventricular fibroblasts increased nestin protein levels via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and protein kinase C/SMAD3-dependent pathways, respectively. CD31/eNOS(+)-rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells synthesized/secreted collagen type I, expressed prolyl 4-hydroxylase and TGF-β1 induced nestin expression. The selective accumulation of adventitial nestin(+)-cells highlighted a novel feature of large vessel remodelling in the pressure-overloaded heart and increased appearance of collagen type I/nestin(+)-cells may reflect an activated phenotype of ventricular fibroblasts. CD31/collagen/nestin(+)-interstitial cells could represent displaced endothelial cells displaying an unmasked mesenchymal phenotype, albeit contribution to the reactive fibrotic response of the pressure-overloaded heart remains unknown.

Adrenal cortical and chromaffin stem cells: Is there a common progeny related to stress adaptation?

The adrenal gland is a highly plastic organ with the capacity to adapt the body homeostasis to different physiological needs. The existence of stem-like cells in the adrenal cortex has been revealed in many studies. Recently, we identified and characterized in mice a pool of glia-like multipotent Nestin-expressing progenitor cells, which contributes to the plasticity of the adrenal medulla. In addition, we found that these Nestin progenitors are actively involved in the stress response by giving rise to chromaffin cells. Interestingly, we also observed a Nestin-GFP-positive cell population located under the adrenal capsule and scattered through the cortex. In this article, we discuss the possibility of a common progenitor giving rise to subpopulations of cells both in the adrenal cortex and medulla, the isolation and characterization of this progenitor as well as its clinical potential in transplantation therapies and in pathophysiology.

Neural crest stem cells and their potential therapeutic applications

The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure generated during early vertebrate development. The neural crest progenitors have extensive migratory capacity and multipotency, harboring stem cell-like characteristics such as self-renewal. They can differentiate into a variety of cell types from craniofacial skeletal tissues to the trunk peripheral nervous system (PNS). Multiple regulators such as signaling factors, transcription factors, and migration machinery components are expressed at different stages of NC development. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in various vertebrate species revealed epistatic relationships of these molecules that could be assembled into a gene regulatory network defining the processes of NC induction, specification, migration, and differentiation. These basic developmental studies led to the subsequent establishment and molecular validation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) derived by various strategies. We provide here an overview of the isolation and characterization of NCSCs from embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues; the experimental strategies for the derivation of NCSCs from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and skin fibroblasts; and recent developments in the use of patient-derived NCSCs for modeling and treating neurocristopathies. We discuss future research on further refinement of the culture conditions required for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into axial-specific NC progenitors and their derivatives, developing non-viral approaches for the generation of induced NC cells (NCCs), and using a genomic editing approach to correct genetic mutations in patient-derived NCSCs for transplantation therapy. These future endeavors should facilitate the therapeutic applications of NCSCs in the clinical setting.

The human cardiac and skeletal muscle proteomes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling

Background

To understand cardiac and skeletal muscle function, it is important to define and explore their molecular constituents and also to identify similarities and differences in the gene expression in these two different striated muscle tissues. Here, we have investigated the genes and proteins with elevated expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle in relation to all other major human tissues and organs using a global transcriptomics analysis complemented with antibody-based profiling to localize the corresponding proteins on a single cell level.

Results

Our study identified a comprehensive list of genes expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The genes with elevated expression were further stratified according to their global expression pattern across the human body as well as their precise localization in the muscle tissues. The functions of the proteins encoded by the elevated genes are well in line with the physiological functions of cardiac and skeletal muscle, such as contraction, ion transport, regulation of membrane potential and actomyosin structure organization. A large fraction of the transcripts in both cardiac and skeletal muscle correspond to mitochondrial proteins involved in energy metabolism, which demonstrates the extreme specialization of these muscle tissues to provide energy for contraction.

Conclusions

Our results provide a comprehensive list of genes and proteins elevated in striated muscles. A number of proteins not previously characterized in cardiac and skeletal muscle were identified and localized to specific cellular subcompartments. These proteins represent an interesting starting point for further functional analysis of their role in muscle biology and disease.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1686-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nestin upregulation characterizes vascular remodeling secondary to hypertension in the rat

Proliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells represent hallmark features of vessel remodeling secondary to hypertension. The intermediate filament protein nestin was recently identified in vascular smooth muscle cells and in other cell types directly participated in proliferation. The present study tested the hypothesis that vessel remodeling secondary to hypertension was characterized by nestin upregulation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Two weeks after suprarenal abdominal aorta constriction of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, elevated mean arterial pressure increased the media area and thickness of the carotid artery and aorta and concomitantly upregulated nestin protein levels. In the normal adult rat carotid artery, nestin immunoreactivity was observed in a subpopulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and the density significantly increased following suprarenal abdominal aorta constriction. Filamentous nestin was detected in cultured rat carotid artery- and aorta-derived vascular smooth muscle cells and an analogous paradigm observed in human aorta-derived vascular smooth muscle cells. ANG II and EGF treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated DNA and protein synthesis and increased nestin protein levels. Lentiviral short-hairpin RNA-mediated nestin depletion of carotid artery-derived vascular smooth muscle cells inhibited peptide growth factor-stimulated DNA synthesis, whereas protein synthesis remained intact. These data have demonstrated that vessel remodeling secondary to hypertension was characterized in part by nestin upregulation in vascular smooth muscle cells. The selective role of nestin in peptide growth factor-stimulated DNA synthesis has revealed that the proliferative and hypertrophic responses of vascular smooth muscle cells were mediated by divergent signaling events.

Nestin downregulation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells represents an early marker of vascular disease in experimental type I diabetes

Background

Nestin was reported to directly contribute to cell proliferation and the intermediate filament protein was detected in vascular smooth muscle cells. In experimental type I diabetes, nestin downregulation in the heart was identified as an incipient pathophysiological event. The following study tested the hypothesis that dysregulation of nestin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells represented an early event of vascular disease in experimental type I diabetes.

Methods/Results

In the carotid artery and aorta of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, a subpopulation of vascular smooth muscle cells co-expressed nestin and was actively involved in the cell cycle as reflected by the co-staining of nuclear phosphohistone-3. The infection of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells with a lentivirus containing a shRNAmir directed against nestin significantly reduced protein expression and concomitantly attenuated basal DNA synthesis. Two weeks following injection of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin, the endothelial response of aortic rings to acetylcholine, vascular morphology and the total density of vascular smooth muscle cells in the vasculature of type I diabetic rats were similar to normal rats. By contrast, nestin protein levels and the density of nestin⁽⁺⁾/phosphohistone-3⁽⁺⁾-vascular smooth muscle cells were significantly reduced in type I diabetic rats. The in vivo observations were recapitulated in vitro as exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells to 30 mM D-glucose inhibited DNA synthesis and concomitantly reduced nestin protein expression.

Conclusions

Hyperglycaemia-mediated nestin downregulation and the concomitant reduction of cycling vascular smooth muscle cells represent early markers of vascular disease in experimental type I diabetes.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-014-0119-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.