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Wu J, Song L, Lu M, Gao Q, Xu S, Zhou P, Ma T. The multifaceted functions of DNA-PKcs: implications for the therapy of human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e613. [PMID: 38898995 PMCID: PMC11185949 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is complexed with the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 to form DNA-PK holoenzyme, which is well recognized as initiator in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair after double strand break (DSB). During NHEJ, DNA-PKcs is essential for both DNA end processing and end joining. Besides its classical function in DSB repair, DNA-PKcs also shows multifaceted functions in various biological activities such as class switch recombination (CSR) and variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) recombination in B/T lymphocytes development, innate immunity through cGAS-STING pathway, transcription, alternative splicing, and so on, which are dependent on its function in NHEJ or not. Moreover, DNA-PKcs deficiency has been proven to be related with human diseases such as neurological pathogenesis, cancer, immunological disorder, and so on through different mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize the latest findings about DNA-PKcs and diseases for better targeting DNA-PKcs, which have shown efficacy in cancer treatment in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of DNA-PKcs in human diseases, meanwhile, we discuss the progresses of DNA-PKcs inhibitors and their potential in clinical trials. The most updated review about DNA-PKcs will hopefully provide insights and ideas to understand DNA-PKcs associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Liwei Song
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Mingjun Lu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Qing Gao
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Teng Ma
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
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2
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Zhang H, Jiang L, Du X, Qian Z, Wu G, Jiang Y, Mao Z. The cGAS-Ku80 complex regulates the balance between two end joining subpathways. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:792-803. [PMID: 38664591 PMCID: PMC11164703 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As the major DNA sensor that activates the STING-TBK1 signaling cascade, cGAS is mainly present in the cytosol. A number of recent reports have indicated that cGAS also plays critical roles in the nucleus. Our previous work demonstrated for the first time that cGAS is translocated to the nucleus upon the occurrence of DNA damage and inhibits homologous recombination (HR), one of the two major pathways of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. However, whether nuclear cGAS regulates the other DSB repair pathway, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), which can be further divided into the less error-prone canonical NHEJ (c-NHEJ) and more mutagenic alternative NHEJ (alt-NHEJ) subpathways, has not been characterized. Here, we demonstrated that cGAS tipped the balance of the two NHEJ subpathways toward c-NHEJ. Mechanistically, the cGAS-Ku80 complex enhanced the interaction between DNA-PKcs and the deubiquitinase USP7 to improve DNA-PKcs protein stability, thereby promoting c-NHEJ. In contrast, the cGAS-Ku80 complex suppressed alt-NHEJ by directly binding to the promoter of Polθ to suppress its transcription. Together, these findings reveal a novel function of nuclear cGAS in regulating DSB repair, suggesting that the presence of cGAS in the nucleus is also important in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhu Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhou H, Wang YX, Wu M, Lan X, Xiang D, Cai R, Ma Q, Miao J, Fang X, Wang J, Luo D, He Z, Cui Y, Liang P, Wang Y, Bian XW. FANCD2 deficiency sensitizes SHH medulloblastoma to radiotherapy via ferroptosis. J Pathol 2024; 262:427-440. [PMID: 38229567 DOI: 10.1002/path.6245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the standard therapeutic regimens for medulloblastoma (MB). Tumor cells utilize DNA damage repair (DDR) mechanisms to survive and develop resistance during radiotherapy. It has been found that targeting DDR sensitizes tumor cells to radiotherapy in several types of cancer, but whether and how DDR pathways are involved in the MB radiotherapy response remain to be determined. Single-cell RNA sequencing was carried out on 38 MB tissues, followed by expression enrichment assays. Fanconi anemia group D2 gene (FANCD2) expression was evaluated in MB samples and public MB databases. The function of FANCD2 in MB cells was examined using cell counting assays (CCK-8), clone formation, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and in mouse orthotopic models. The FANCD2-related signaling pathway was investigated using assays of peroxidation, a malondialdehyde assay, a reduced glutathione assay, and using FerroOrange to assess intracellular iron ions (Fe2+ ). Here, we report that FANCD2 was highly expressed in the malignant sonic hedgehog (SHH) MB subtype (SHH-MB). FANCD2 played an oncogenic role and predicted worse prognosis in SHH-MB patients. Moreover, FANCD2 knockdown markedly suppressed viability, mobility, and growth of SHH-MB cells and sensitized SHH-MB cells to irradiation. Mechanistically, FANCD2 deficiency led to an accumulation of Fe2+ due to increased divalent metal transporter 1 expression and impaired glutathione peroxidase 4 activity, which further activated ferroptosis and reduced proliferation of SHH-MB cells. Using an orthotopic mouse model, we observed that radiotherapy combined with silencing FANCD2 significantly inhibited the growth of SHH-MB cell-derived tumors in vivo. Our study revealed FANCD2 as a potential therapeutic target in SHH-MB and silencing FANCD2 could sensitize SHH-MB cells to radiotherapy via inducing ferroptosis. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xi Lan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dongfang Xiang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ruili Cai
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qinghua Ma
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jingya Miao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Fang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhicheng He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Youhong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Pathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Pathology, Chongqing, PR China
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Laroche-Clary A, Josensi C, Derieppe MA, Belhomme S, Vendrely V, Perret R, Cadogan E, Italiano A. Selective DNA-PK Inhibition Enhances Chemotherapy and Ionizing Radiation Activity in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:629-637. [PMID: 37982819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) exhibit a poor prognosis and have few therapeutic options. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit is a multifunctional serine-threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in DNA double-strand damage repair via nonhomologous end joining. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To investigate the therapeutic potential of DNA-PK targeting in STS, we first evaluated the prognostic value of DNA-PK expression in two large cohorts of patients with STS. We then used the potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor AZD7648 compound to investigate the antitumor effect of the pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PK in vitro via MTT, apoptosis, cell cycle, and proliferation assays. In vivo studies were performed with patient-derived xenograft models to evaluate the effects of AZD7648 in combination with chemotherapy or ionizing radiation on tumor growth. The mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to DNA-PK inhibition were investigated by using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 positive screen. RESULTS DNA-PK overexpression is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with sarcomas. Selective pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PK strongly synergizes with radiation- and doxorubicin-based regimen in sarcoma models. By using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 positive screen, we identified genes involved in sensitivity to DNA-PK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS DNA-PK inhibition deserves clinical investigation to improve response to current therapies in patients with sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Laroche-Clary
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
| | - Coralie Josensi
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sarah Belhomme
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Raul Perret
- Department of Pathology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U1312, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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5
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Tan J, Sun X, Zhao H, Guan H, Gao S, Zhou P. Double-strand DNA break repair: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e388. [PMID: 37808268 PMCID: PMC10556206 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-strand break (DSB), a significant DNA damage brought on by ionizing radiation, acts as an initiating signal in tumor radiotherapy, causing cancer cells death. The two primary pathways for DNA DSB repair in mammalian cells are nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), which cooperate and compete with one another to achieve effective repair. The DSB repair mechanism depends on numerous regulatory variables. DSB recognition and the recruitment of DNA repair components, for instance, depend on the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex and the Ku70/80 heterodimer/DNA-PKcs (DNA-PK) complex, whose control is crucial in determining the DSB repair pathway choice and efficiency of HR and NHEJ. In-depth elucidation on the DSB repair pathway's molecular mechanisms has greatly facilitated for creation of repair proteins or pathways-specific inhibitors to advance precise cancer therapy and boost the effectiveness of cancer radiotherapy. The architectures, roles, molecular processes, and inhibitors of significant target proteins in the DSB repair pathways are reviewed in this article. The strategy and application in cancer therapy are also discussed based on the advancement of inhibitors targeted DSB damage response and repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Tan
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xingyao Sun
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
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Chan Wah Hak CML, Rullan A, Patin EC, Pedersen M, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. Enhancing anti-tumour innate immunity by targeting the DNA damage response and pattern recognition receptors in combination with radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:971959. [PMID: 36106115 PMCID: PMC9465159 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.971959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most effective and frequently used treatments for a wide range of cancers. In addition to its direct anti-cancer cytotoxic effects, ionising radiation can augment the anti-tumour immune response by triggering pro-inflammatory signals, DNA damage-induced immunogenic cell death and innate immune activation. Anti-tumour innate immunity can result from recruitment and stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs) which leads to tumour-specific adaptive T-cell priming and immunostimulatory cell infiltration. Conversely, radiotherapy can also induce immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory mediators that can confer radioresistance. Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) concomitantly with radiotherapy is an attractive strategy for overcoming radioresistance, both by enhancing the radiosensitivity of tumour relative to normal tissues, and tipping the scales in favour of an immunostimulatory tumour microenvironment. This two-pronged approach exploits genomic instability to circumvent immune evasion, targeting both hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we describe targetable DDR proteins (PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase); ATM/ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related), DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit) and Wee1 (Wee1-like protein kinase) and their potential intersections with druggable immunomodulatory signalling pathways, including nucleic acid-sensing mechanisms (Toll-like receptors (TLR); cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors), and how these might be exploited to enhance radiation therapy. We summarise current preclinical advances, recent and ongoing clinical trials and the challenges of therapeutic combinations with existing treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Rullan
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel C. Patin
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan A. Melcher
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Maksoud S. The DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Glioma: Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5326-5365. [PMID: 35696013 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent type of tumor in the central nervous system, which exhibit properties that make their treatment difficult, such as cellular infiltration, heterogeneity, and the presence of stem-like cells responsible for tumor recurrence. The response of this type of tumor to chemoradiotherapy is poor, possibly due to a higher repair activity of the genetic material, among other causes. The DNA double-strand breaks are an important type of lesion to the genetic material, which have the potential to trigger processes of cell death or cause gene aberrations that could promote tumorigenesis. This review describes how the different cellular elements regulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair in gliomas, discussing the therapeutic potential of the induction of this type of lesion and the suppression of its repair as a control mechanism of brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Perspective on the Use of DNA Repair Inhibitors as a Tool for Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071821. [PMID: 35406593 PMCID: PMC8997380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current routine treatment for glioblastoma (GB), the most lethal high-grade brain tumor in adults, aims to induce DNA damage in the tumor. However, the tumor cells might be able to repair that damage, which leads to therapy resistance. Fortunately, DNA repair defects are common in GB cells, and their survival is often based on a sole backup repair pathway. Hence, targeted drugs inhibiting essential proteins of the DNA damage response have gained momentum and are being introduced in the clinic. This review gives a perspective on the use of radiopharmaceuticals targeting DDR kinases for imaging in order to determine the DNA repair phenotype of GB, as well as for effective radionuclide therapy. Finally, four new promising radiopharmaceuticals are suggested with the potential to lead to a more personalized GB therapy. Abstract Despite numerous innovative treatment strategies, the treatment of glioblastoma (GB) remains challenging. With the current state-of-the-art therapy, most GB patients succumb after about a year. In the evolution of personalized medicine, targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is gaining momentum, for example, to stratify patients based on specific biomarkers. One of these biomarkers is deficiencies in DNA damage repair (DDR), which give rise to genomic instability and cancer initiation. However, these deficiencies also provide targets to specifically kill cancer cells following the synthetic lethality principle. This led to the increased interest in targeted drugs that inhibit essential DDR kinases (DDRi), of which multiple are undergoing clinical validation. In this review, the current status of DDRi for the treatment of GB is given for selected targets: ATM/ATR, CHK1/2, DNA-PK, and PARP. Furthermore, this review provides a perspective on the use of radiopharmaceuticals targeting these DDR kinases to (1) evaluate the DNA repair phenotype of GB before treatment decisions are made and (2) induce DNA damage via TRT. Finally, by applying in-house selection criteria and analyzing the structural characteristics of the DDRi, four drugs with the potential to become new therapeutic GB radiopharmaceuticals are suggested.
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Dylgjeri E, Knudsen KE. DNA-PKcs: A Targetable Protumorigenic Protein Kinase. Cancer Res 2022; 82:523-533. [PMID: 34893509 PMCID: PMC9306356 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a pleiotropic protein kinase that plays critical roles in cellular processes fundamental to cancer. DNA-PKcs expression and activity are frequently deregulated in multiple hematologic and solid tumors and have been tightly linked to poor outcome. Given the potentially influential role of DNA-PKcs in cancer development and progression, therapeutic targeting of this kinase is being tested in preclinical and clinical settings. This review summarizes the latest advances in the field, providing a comprehensive discussion of DNA-PKcs functions in cancer and an update on the clinical assessment of DNA-PK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Corresponding Author: Karen E. Knudsen, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1050, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phone: 215-503-5692; E-mail:
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10
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Zhang H, Ma RR, Zhang G, Dong Y, Duan M, Sun Y, Tian Y, Gao JW, Chen X, Liu HT, Gao P. Long noncoding RNA lnc-LEMGC combines with DNA-PKcs to suppress gastric cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:82-90. [PMID: 34626692 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancer development and progression; however, their contributions to gastric cancer metastasis remain largely unknown. By lncRNA microarray screening, our study showed that 453 lncRNAs are dysregulated in gastric cancer tissues with or without lymph node metastasis, of which lnc-LEMGC ranks as one of the most significantly downregulated lncRNAs. Lnc-LEMGC inhibited cell migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo, by combining with protein DNA-PKcs. Importantly, nucleotides 1300-1800 of lnc-LEMGC prevented DNA-PKcs phosphorylation of serine 2056 and partially abrogated the effects of downstream effectors, ErbB1, SRC and protein tyrosine kinase 2 (FAK), in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. The results of this study extend our knowledge of lncRNA's molecular mechanisms, in which lnc-LEMGC functions by directly suppressing the phosphorylation of its combined protein DNA-PKcs and inactivating the DNA-PKcs downstream EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ran-Ran Ma
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - GuoHao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yi Dong
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Miao Duan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - YiYuan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - YaRu Tian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ji-Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hai-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China; Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
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11
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Chen Y, Li Y, Xiong J, Lan B, Wang X, Liu J, Lin J, Fei Z, Zheng X, Chen C. Role of PRKDC in cancer initiation, progression, and treatment. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:563. [PMID: 34702253 PMCID: PMC8547028 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The PRKDC gene encodes the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) protein. DNA-PKcs plays an important role in nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and is also closely related to the establishment of central immune tolerance and the maintenance of chromosome stability. The occurrence and development of different types of tumors and the results of their treatment are also influenced by DNA-PKcs, and it may also predict the results of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Here, we discuss and review the structure and mechanism of action of PRKDC and DNA-PKcs and their relationship with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Center, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiani Xiong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Center, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Center, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Center, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhaodong Fei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Center, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chuanben Chen
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Center, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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12
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Lozinski M, Bowden NA, Graves MC, Fay M, Tooney PA. DNA damage repair in glioblastoma: current perspectives on its role in tumour progression, treatment resistance and PIKKing potential therapeutic targets. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:961-981. [PMID: 34057732 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggressive, invasive and treatment resistant nature of glioblastoma makes it one of the most lethal cancers in humans. Total surgical resection is difficult, and a combination of radiation and chemotherapy is used to treat the remaining invasive cells beyond the tumour border by inducing DNA damage and activating cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Unfortunately, recurrence is common and a major hurdle in treatment, often met with a more aggressive and treatment resistant tumour. A mechanism of resistance is the response of DNA repair pathways upon treatment-induced DNA damage, which enact cell-cycle arrest and repair of DNA damage that would otherwise cause cell death in tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we discuss the significance of DNA repair mechanisms in tumour formation, aggression and treatment resistance. We identify an underlying trend in the literature, wherein alterations in DNA repair pathways facilitate glioma progression, while established high-grade gliomas benefit from constitutively active DNA repair pathways in the repair of treatment-induced DNA damage. We also consider the clinical feasibility of inhibiting DNA repair in glioblastoma and current strategies of using DNA repair inhibitors as agents in combination with chemotherapy, radiation or immunotherapy. Finally, the importance of blood-brain barrier penetrance when designing novel small-molecule inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Lozinski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikola A Bowden
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Moira C Graves
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Fay
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Genesis Cancer Care, Gateshead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Ba S, Yu M. Ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles enhances radiosensitivity of ovarian cancer. Acta Radiol 2021; 63:1433-1440. [PMID: 34463146 DOI: 10.1177/02841851211038808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy is regarded as an effective treatment for early ovarian cancer (OC). However, due to radiation resistance caused by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and angiogenesis, the efficacy of radiotherapy for advanced OC is limited and controversial. PURPOSE To explore whether ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles (USMBs) can enhance the radiosensitivity of OC. MATERIAL AND METHODS OC cells (ES-2) were respectively irradiated with 5-Gy and 10-Gy radiation doses with or without exposure to USMB. Methyl thiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) and colony-formation assays were conducted to detect the viability and proliferation of ES-2 cells after USMBs and ionizing radiation (IR) treatment. Immunofluorescence assays were conducted to examine levels of gamma-H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX), an indicator for DSBs. Flow cytometry analyses were carried out to assess the apoptosis of ES-2 cells. The angiogenic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured by tube formation assays. RESULTS USMBs enhanced IR-induced suppressive effect on the viability and proliferation of OC cells. The protein levels of phosphorylated γ-H2AX and CHK1 were significantly upregulated after IR treatment and further enhanced by USMBs. In addition, USMBs enhanced the promotion of IR-mediated OC cell apoptosis. The inhibitory effect of IR on angiogenesis was further enhanced by USMBs, and protein levels of AT1R, VEGFA, and EGFR were downregulated by IR in a dose-dependent way and then enhanced by USMB treatment in HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS USMB exposure significantly enhances the radiosensitivity of OC by suppressing cell proliferation, promoting OC cell apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ba
- Department of Ultrasound, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, PR China
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14
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Radiobiological Studies of Microvascular Damage through In Vitro Models: A Methodological Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051182. [PMID: 33803333 PMCID: PMC7967181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used in radiotherapy as a treatment to destroy cancer. Such treatment also affects other tissues, resulting in the so-called normal tissue complications. Endothelial cells (ECs) composing the microvasculature have essential roles in the microenvironment's homeostasis (ME). Thus, detrimental effects induced by irradiation on ECs can influence both the tumor and healthy tissue. In-vitro models can be advantageous to study these phenomena. In this systematic review, we analyzed in-vitro models of ECs subjected to IR. We highlighted the critical issues involved in the production, irradiation, and analysis of such radiobiological in-vitro models to study microvascular endothelial cells damage. For each step, we analyzed common methodologies and critical points required to obtain a reliable model. We identified the generation of a 3D environment for model production and the inclusion of heterogeneous cell populations for a reliable ME recapitulation. Additionally, we highlighted how essential information on the irradiation scheme, crucial to correlate better observed in vitro effects to the clinical scenario, are often neglected in the analyzed studies, limiting the translation of achieved results.
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15
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Li LY, Guan YD, Chen XS, Yang JM, Cheng Y. DNA Repair Pathways in Cancer Therapy and Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:629266. [PMID: 33628188 PMCID: PMC7898236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.629266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair pathways are triggered to maintain genetic stability and integrity when mammalian cells are exposed to endogenous or exogenous DNA-damaging agents. The deregulation of DNA repair pathways is associated with the initiation and progression of cancer. As the primary anti-cancer therapies, ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents induce cell death by directly or indirectly causing DNA damage, dysregulation of the DNA damage response may contribute to hypersensitivity or resistance of cancer cells to genotoxic agents and targeting DNA repair pathway can increase the tumor sensitivity to cancer therapies. Therefore, targeting DNA repair pathways may be a potential therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. A better understanding of the biology and the regulatory mechanisms of DNA repair pathways has the potential to facilitate the development of inhibitors of nuclear and mitochondria DNA repair pathways for enhancing anticancer effect of DNA damage-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ya Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-di Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi-Sha Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Zhao Y, Chen S. Targeting DNA Double-Strand Break (DSB) Repair to Counteract Tumor Radio-resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:891-902. [PMID: 30806313 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190222181857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, advances of radiotherapy (RT) have been made in the clinical practice of cancer treatment. RT exerts its anticancer effect mainly via leading to the DNA Double-Strand Break (DSB), which is one of the most toxic DNA damages. Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR) are two major DSB repair pathways in human cells. It is known that dysregulations of DSB repair elicit a predisposition to cancer and probably result in resistance to cancer therapies including RT. Therefore, targeting the DSB repair presents an attractive strategy to counteract radio-resistance. In this review, we describe the latest knowledge of the two DSB repair pathways, focusing on several key proteins contributing to the repair, such as DNA-PKcs, RAD51, MRN and PARP1. Most importantly, we discuss the possibility of overcoming radiation resistance by targeting these proteins for therapeutic inhibition. Recent tests of DSB repair inhibitors in the laboratory and their translations into clinical studies are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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17
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Zhang J, Si J, Gan L, Zhou R, Guo M, Zhang H. Harnessing the targeting potential of differential radiobiological effects of photon versus particle radiation for cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1695-1711. [PMID: 32691425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the major modalities for malignancy treatment. High linear energy transfer (LET) charged-particle beams, like proton and carbon ions, exhibit favourable depth-dose distributions and radiobiological enhancement over conventional low-LET photon irradiation, thereby marking a new era in high precision medicine. Tumour cells have developed multicomponent signal transduction networks known as DNA damage responses (DDRs), which initiate cell-cycle checkpoints and induce double-strand break (DSB) repairs in the nucleus by nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination pathways, to manage ionising radiation (IR)-induced DNA lesions. DNA damage induction and DSB repair pathways are reportedly dependent on the quality of radiation delivered. In this review, we summarise various types of DNA lesion and DSB repair mechanisms, upon irradiation with low and high-LET radiation, respectively. We also analyse factors influencing DNA repair efficiency. Inhibition of DNA damage repair pathways and dysfunctional cell-cycle checkpoint sensitises tumour cells to IR. Radio-sensitising agents, including DNA-PK inhibitors, Rad51 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, ATM/ATR inhibitors, chk1 inhibitors, wee1 kinase inhibitors, Hsp90 inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors have been found to enhance cell killing by IR through interference with DDRs, cell-cycle arrest, or other cellular processes. The cotreatment of these inhibitors with IR may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Si
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Research Center for Ecological Impacts and Environmental Health Effects of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:60. [PMID: 32355263 PMCID: PMC7192953 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common countermeasures for treating a wide range of tumors. However, the radioresistance of cancer cells is still a major limitation for radiotherapy applications. Efforts are continuously ongoing to explore sensitizing targets and develop radiosensitizers for improving the outcomes of radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks are the most lethal lesions induced by ionizing radiation and can trigger a series of cellular DNA damage responses (DDRs), including those helping cells recover from radiation injuries, such as the activation of DNA damage sensing and early transduction pathways, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. Obviously, these protective DDRs confer tumor radioresistance. Targeting DDR signaling pathways has become an attractive strategy for overcoming tumor radioresistance, and some important advances and breakthroughs have already been achieved in recent years. On the basis of comprehensively reviewing the DDR signal pathways, we provide an update on the novel and promising druggable targets emerging from DDR pathways that can be exploited for radiosensitization. We further discuss recent advances identified from preclinical studies, current clinical trials, and clinical application of chemical inhibitors targeting key DDR proteins, including DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit), ATM/ATR (ataxia–telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related), the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex, the PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase) family, MDC1, Wee1, LIG4 (ligase IV), CDK1, BRCA1 (BRCA1 C terminal), CHK1, and HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1). Challenges for ionizing radiation-induced signal transduction and targeted therapy are also discussed based on recent achievements in the biological field of radiotherapy.
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19
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20
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Sousa JFD, Serafim RB, Freitas LMD, Fontana CR, Valente V. DNA repair genes in astrocytoma tumorigenesis, progression and therapy resistance. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190066. [PMID: 31930277 PMCID: PMC7198033 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant type of primary brain tumor,
showing rapid development and resistance to therapies. On average, patients
survive 14.6 months after diagnosis and less than 5% survive five years or more.
Several pieces of evidence have suggested that the DNA damage signaling and
repair activities are directly correlated with GBM phenotype and exhibit
opposite functions in cancer establishment and progression. The functions of
these pathways appear to present a dual role in tumorigenesis and cancer
progression. Activation and/or overexpression of ATRX, ATM and RAD51 genes were
extensively characterized as barriers for GBM initiation, but paradoxically the
exacerbated activity of these genes was further associated with cancer
progression to more aggressive stages. Excessive amounts of other DNA repair
proteins, namely HJURP, EXO1, NEIL3, BRCA2, and BRIP, have also been connected
to proliferative competence, resistance and poor prognosis. This scenario
suggests that these networks help tumor cells to manage replicative stress and
treatment-induced damage, diminishing genome instability and conferring therapy
resistance. Finally, in this review we address promising new drugs and
therapeutic approaches with potential to improve patient survival. However,
despite all technological advances, the prognosis is still dismal and further
research is needed to dissect such complex mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ferreira de Sousa
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Rodolfo Bortolozo Serafim
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Marise de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Valeria Valente
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Centro de Terapia Celular (CEPID-FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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21
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Song KH, Jung SY, Park JI, Ahn J, Park JK, Um HD, Park IC, Hwang SG, Ha H, Song JY. Inhibition of Karyopherin-α2 Augments Radiation-Induced Cell Death by Perturbing BRCA1-Mediated DNA Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112843. [PMID: 31212646 PMCID: PMC6600173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has been widely used in the treatment of cancer. Radiation-induced DNA damage triggers the DNA damage response (DDR), which can confer radioresistance and early local recurrence by activating DNA repair pathways. Since karyopherin-α2 (KPNA2), playing an important role in nucleocytoplasmic transport, was significantly increased by IR in our previous study, we aimed to determine the function of KPNA2 with regard to DDR. Exposure to radiation upregulated KPNA2 expression in human colorectal cancer HT29 and HCT116 cells and breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells together with the increased expression of DNA repair protein BRCA1. The knockdown of KPNA2 effectively increased apoptotic cell death via inhibition of BRCA1 nuclear import following IR. Therefore, we propose that KPNA2 is a potential target for overcoming radioresistance via interruption to DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Song
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Seung-Youn Jung
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Jeong-In Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
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22
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Cancer risk from low dose radiation in Ptch1/ mice with inactive DNA repair systems: Therapeutic implications for medulloblastoma. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 74:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Li JJ, Tu WZ, Chen XM, Ying HY, Chen Y, Ge YL, Wang J, Xu Y, Chen TF, Zhang XW, Ye JJ, Liu Y. FAK alleviates radiation-induced rectal injury by decreasing apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:131-140. [PMID: 30292832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced rectal injury is closely related with radiotherapy efficiency. Here, we investigated the effect of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in radiation-induced rectal injury. Peripheral blood samples of patients with rectal cancer were collected prior to radiotherapy. Differentially expressed genes and copy number variations (CNVs) were analyzed by microarray analysis. The CTCAE v3.0 toxicity grades were used to assess acute rectal injury. The radiosensitivity of human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cells were assayed by colony formation, mitochondrial membrane potential, flow cytometry and western blotting. The rectums of C57BL/6 mice were X-irradiated locally with a single dose of 15 Gy. The effect of FAK on radiation-induced injury was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). FAK mRNA level was inversely correlated with rectal injury severity in patient samples. A CNV amplification located on chromosome 8 was closely related with FAK. Further functional assays revealed increased levels of γH2AX expression and apoptosis-related proteins in FAK-silenced HIEC cells. The ratio of TUNEL, cl-caspase-3, cyto-c and bax/bcl-2 expression in the rectum mucosa treated with a FAK inhibitor increased significantly. These results demonstrated that FAK reduced radiation-induced rectal injury by decreasing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xu-Ming Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hou-Yu Ying
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu-Long Ge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Handan, Handan 056001, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ting-Feng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-Jun Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Szymonowicz K, Oeck S, Krysztofiak A, van der Linden J, Iliakis G, Jendrossek V. Restraining Akt1 Phosphorylation Attenuates the Repair of Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Reduces the Survival of Irradiated Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082233. [PMID: 30065170 PMCID: PMC6121313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival kinase protein kinase B (Akt) participates in the regulation of essential subcellular processes, e.g., proliferation, growth, survival, and apoptosis, and has a documented role in promoting resistance against genotoxic stress including radiotherapy, presumably by influencing the DNA damage response and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. However, its exact role in DSB repair requires further elucidation. We used a genetic approach to explore the consequences of impaired phosphorylation of Akt1 at one or both of its key phosphorylation sites, Threonine 308 (T308) or Serine 473 (S473), on DSB repair and radiosensitivity to killing. Therefore, we overexpressed either the respective single or the double phosphorylation-deficient mutants (Akt1-T308A, Akt1-S473A, or Akt1-T308A/S473A) in TRAMPC1 murine prostate cancer cells (TrC1) and measured the DSB repair kinetics and clonogenic cell survival upon irradiation. Only the expression of the Akt1-T308A/S473A induced a significant delay in the kinetics of DSB repair in irradiated TrC1 as determined by the γH2A.X (H2A histone family, member X) assay and the neutral comet assay, respectively. Moreover, Akt1-T308A/S473A-expressing cells were characterized by increased radiosensitivity compared to Akt1-WT (wild type)-expressing cells in long-term colony formation assays. Our data reveal that Akt1’s activation state is important for the cellular radiation response, presumably by modulating the phosphorylation of effector proteins involved in the regulation of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Szymonowicz
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen Virchowstrasse 173, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen Virchowstrasse 173, 45147 Essen, Germany.
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Adam Krysztofiak
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen Virchowstrasse 173, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jansje van der Linden
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen Virchowstrasse 173, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 171, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen Virchowstrasse 173, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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Abstract
With the development of radiotherapeutic oncology, computer technology and medical imaging technology, radiation therapy has made great progress. Research on the impact and the specific mechanism of radiation on tumors has become a central topic in cancer therapy. According to the traditional view, radiation can directly affect the structure of the DNA double helix, which in turn activates DNA damage sensors to induce apoptosis, necrosis, and aging or affects normal mitosis events and ultimately rewires various biological characteristics of neoplasm cells. In addition, irradiation damages subcellular structures, such as the cytoplasmic membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, and lysosome of cancer cells to regulate various biological activities of tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that radiation can also change the tumor cell phenotype, immunogenicity and microenvironment, thereby globally altering the biological behavior of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the effects of therapeutic radiation on the biological features of tumor cells to provide a theoretical basis for combinational therapy and inaugurate a new era in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, RM6102, New Research Building, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, RM6102, New Research Building, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, 100021, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai-Li Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, RM6102, New Research Building, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, 100021, Beijing, China.
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Liu X, Li P, Hirayama R, Niu Y, Liu X, Chen W, Jin X, Zhang P, Ye F, Zhao T, Liu B, Li Q. Genistein sensitizes glioblastoma cells to carbon ions via inhibiting DNA-PKcs phosphorylation and subsequently repressing NHEJ and delaying HR repair pathways. Radiother Oncol 2018; 129:84-94. [PMID: 29685705 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previously, we found genistein could sensitize cancer cells to low linear energy transfer (LET) X-rays via inhibiting DNA-PKcs activities. Especially, high-LET heavy ion produces more DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) than low-LET radiation. Thus, the study was designed to investigate the detailed molecular mechanisms of genistein on sensitizing cancer cells to heavy ions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines with or without genistein pre-treatment were irradiated with high-LET carbon ions. Cell survival was determined with colony formation assay. DNA DSBs were evaluated by means of detecting γ-H2AX foci and immuno-blotting DSB repair proteins, cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin V and PI staining. The interaction of genistein with DNA-PKcs activation site was estimated by molecular docking in the autodock software. RESULTS Genistein sensitized DNA-PKcs proficient GBM cells to high-LET carbon ions via delaying the clearance of γ-H2AX foci. Genistein was physically bound to DNA-PKcs and functionally inhibited the phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs. Consequently, the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of DSBs was inhibited and the homologous recombination (HR) repair was delayed by genistein, thereby leading to an increase in apoptosis in DNA-PKcs proficient GBM cells after irradiation. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that genistein holds promise as a radiosensitizer for enhancing the efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy against DNA-PKcs proficient GBM via inhibiting DNA-PKcs phosphorylation and subsequently repressing NHEJ and delaying HR repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongxiong Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuzhen Niu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xinguo Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingtao Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.
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Timme CR, Rath BH, O'Neill JW, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. The DNA-PK Inhibitor VX-984 Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells Grown In Vitro and as Orthotopic Xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1207-1216. [PMID: 29549168 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a primary treatment modality for glioblastomas (GBM). Because DNA-PKcs is a critical factor in the repair of radiation-induced double strand breaks (DSB), this study evaluated the potential of VX-984, a new DNA-PKcs inhibitor, to enhance the radiosensitivity of GBM cells. Treatment of the established GBM cell line U251 and the GBM stem-like cell (GSC) line NSC11 with VX-984 under in vitro conditions resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of radiation-induced DNA-PKcs phosphorylation. In a similar concentration-dependent manner, VX-984 treatment enhanced the radiosensitivity of each GBM cell line as defined by clonogenic analysis. As determined by γH2AX expression and neutral comet analyses, VX-984 inhibited the repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand break in U251 and NSC11 GBM cells, suggesting that the VX-984-induced radiosensitization is mediated by an inhibition of DNA repair. Extending these results to an in vivo model, treatment of mice with VX-984 inhibited radiation-induced DNA-PKcs phosphorylation in orthotopic brain tumor xenografts, indicating that this compound crosses the blood-brain tumor barrier at sufficient concentrations. For mice bearing U251 or NSC11 brain tumors, VX-984 treatment alone had no significant effect on overall survival; radiation alone increased survival. The survival of mice receiving the combination protocol was significantly increased as compared with control and as compared with radiation alone. These results indicate that VX-984 enhances the radiosensitivity of brain tumor xenografts and suggest that it may be of benefit in the therapeutic management of GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1207-16. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy R Timme
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara H Rath
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W O'Neill
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip J Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Lan T, Zhao Z, Qu Y, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhou W, Fan X, Yu C, Zhan Q, Song Y. Targeting hyperactivated DNA-PKcs by KU0060648 inhibits glioma progression and enhances temozolomide therapy via suppression of AKT signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55555-55571. [PMID: 27487130 PMCID: PMC5342436 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall survival remains undesirable in clinical glioma treatment. Inhibition of DNA-PKcs activity by its inhibitors suppresses tumor growth and enhances chemosensitivity of several tumors to chemotherapy. However, whether DNA-PKcs could be a potential target in glioma therapy remains unknown. In this study, we reported that the hyperactivated DNA-PKcs was profoundly correlated with glioma malignancy and observe a significant association between DNA-PKcs activation and survival of the glioma patients. Our data also found that inhibition of DNA-PKcs by its inhibitor KU0060648 sensitized glioma cells to TMZ in vitro. Specifically, we demonstrated that KU0060648 interrupted the formation of DNA-PKcs/AKT complex, leading to suppression of AKT signaling and resultantly enhanced TMZ efficacy. Combination of KU0060648 and TMZ substantially inhibited downstream effectors of AKT. The in vivo results were similar to those obtained in vitro. In conclusion, this study indicated that inhibition of DNA-PKcs activity could suppress glioma malignancies and increase TMZ efficacy, which was mainly through regulation of the of AKT signaling. Therefore, DNA-PKcs/AKT axis may be a promising target for improving current glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanming Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Oxidative stress and DNA damage after cerebral ischemia: Potential therapeutic targets to repair the genome and improve stroke recovery. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:208-217. [PMID: 29128308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in oxidative stress research, particularly in the context of ischemic brain injury. Oxidative stress in ischemic tissues compromises the integrity of the genome, resulting in DNA lesions, cell death in neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells, and impairments in neurological recovery after stroke. As DNA is particularly vulnerable to oxidative attack, cells have evolved the ability to induce multiple DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER) and non-homogenous endpoint jointing (NHEJ). Defective DNA repair is tightly correlated with worse neurological outcomes after stroke, whereas upregulation of DNA repair enzymes, such as APE1, OGG1, and XRCC1, improves long-term functional recovery following stroke. Indeed, DNA damage and repair are now known to play critical roles in fundamental aspects of stroke recovery, such as neurogenesis, white matter recovery, and neurovascular unit remodeling. Several DNA repair enzymes are essential for comprehensive neural repair mechanisms after stroke, including Polβ and NEIL3 for neurogenesis, APE1 for white matter repair, Gadd45b for axonal regeneration, and DNA-PKs for neurovascular remodeling. This review discusses the emerging role of DNA damage and repair in functional recovery after stroke and highlights the contribution of DNA repair to regenerative elements after stroke. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Cerebral Ischemia'.
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Fennell JT, Wiedenmann N, Oehlke O, Kraft JS, Grosu AL. Hypoxia and positron emission tomography in patients with gliomas. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dying glioma cells establish a proangiogenic microenvironment through a caspase 3 dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett 2016; 385:12-20. [PMID: 27826040 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular recovery or re-angiogenesis after radiotherapy plays a significant role in tumor recurrence, whereas molecular mechanisms of this process remain elusive. In this work, we found that dying glioma cells promoted post-irradiation angiogenesis through a caspase 3 dependent mechanism. Evidence in vitro and in vivo indicated that caspase 3 inhibition undermined proangiogenic effects of dying glioma cells. Proteolytic inactivation of caspase 3 in glioma cells reduced tumorigenicity. Importantly, we identified that NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2 axis acted as downstream signaling of caspase 3, mediating proangiogenic response after irradiation. Additionally, VEGF-A, regulated by caspase 3 possibly through phosphorylated eIF4E, was recognized as another downstream factor participating in the proangiogenic response. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that caspase 3 in dying glioma cells supported the proangiogenic response after irradiation by governing NF-κB/COX-2/PGE2 axis and p-eIF4E/VEGF-A signaling. While inducing caspase 3 activation has been a generally-adopted notion in cancer therapeutics, our study counterintuitively illustrated that caspase 3 activation in dying glioma cells unfavorably supported post-irradiation angiogenesis. This double-edged role of caspase 3 suggested that taming caspase 3 from the opposite side, not always activating it, may provide novel therapeutic strategies due to restricted post-irradiation angiogenesis.
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32
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Pascale RM, Joseph C, Latte G, Evert M, Feo F, Calvisi DF. DNA-PKcs: A promising therapeutic target in human hepatocellular carcinoma? DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 47:12-20. [PMID: 27789167 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent and deadly disease worldwide. The absence of effective therapies when the tumor is surgically unresectable leads to an extremely poor outcome of HCC patients. Thus, it is mandatory to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of HCC in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies against this pernicious tumor. Mounting evidence indicates that suppression of the DNA damage response machinery might be deleterious for the survival and growth of the tumor cells. In particular, DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a major player in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair process, seems to represent a valuable target for innovative anti-neoplastic therapies in cancer. DNA-PKcs levels are strongly upregulated and associated with a poor clinical outcome in various tumor types, including HCC. Importantly, DNA-PKcs not only protects tumor cells from harmful DNA insults coming either from the microenvironment or chemotherapeutic drug treatments, but also possesses additional properties, independent from its DNA repair activity, that provide growth advantages to cancer cells. These properties (metabolic and gene reprogramming, invasiveness and metastasis, resistance to apoptosis, etc.) have started to be elucidated. In the present review, we summarize the physiologic and oncogenic roles of DNA-PKcs, with a special emphasis on liver cancer. In particular, this work focuses on the molecular mechanism whereby DNA-PKcs exerts its pro-tumorigenic activity in cancer cells. In addition, the upstream regulator of DNA-PKcs activation as well as its downstream effectors thus far identified are illustrated. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting DNA-PKcs activity in HCC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Christy Joseph
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gavinella Latte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Feng X, Tian L, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Cheng J, Gong Y, Li CY, Huang Q. Caspase 3 in dying tumor cells mediates post-irradiation angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32353-67. [PMID: 26431328 PMCID: PMC4741698 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic radiotherapy unfavorably induces tumor cells to generate various proangiogenic substances, promoting post-irradiation angiogenesis (PIA), which is one of major causes of radiotherapy failure. Though several studies have reported some mechanisms behind PIA, they have not yet described the beginning proangiogenic motivator buried in the irradiated microenvironment. In this work, we revealed that dying tumor cells induced by irradiation prompted PIA via a caspase 3 dependent mechanism. Proteolytic inactivation of caspase 3 in dying tumor cells by transducing a dominant-negative version weakened proangiogenic effects in vitro and in vivo. In addition, inhibition of caspase 3 activity suppressed tumor angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in xenograft mouse model. Importantly, we identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A as a downstream proangiogenic factor regulated by caspase 3 possibly through Akt signaling. Collectively, these findings indicated that besides acting as a key executioner in apoptosis, caspase 3 in dying tumor cells may play a central role in driving proangiogenic response after irradiation. Thus, radiotherapy in combination with caspase 3 inhibitors may be a novel promising therapeutic strategy to reduce tumor recurrence due to restrained PIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Experimental Research Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengxiang Zhang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Gong
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Yuan Li
- The Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kotula E, Berthault N, Agrario C, Lienafa MC, Simon A, Dingli F, Loew D, Sibut V, Saule S, Dutreix M. DNA-PKcs plays role in cancer metastasis through regulation of secreted proteins involved in migration and invasion. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1961-72. [PMID: 26017556 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) plays a major role in DNA damage signaling and repair and is also frequently overexpressed in tumor metastasis. We used isogenic cell lines expressing different levels of DNA-PKcs to investigate the role of DNA-PKcs in metastatic development. We found that DNA-PKcs participates in melanoma primary tumor and metastasis development by stimulating angiogenesis, migration and invasion. Comparison of conditioned medium content from DNA-PKcs-proficient and deficient cells reveals that DNA-PKcs controls secretion of at least 103 proteins (including 44 metastasis-associated with FBLN1, SERPINA3, MMP-8, HSPG2 and the inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, such as α-2M and TIMP-2). High throughput analysis of secretomes, proteomes and transcriptomes, indicate that DNA-PKcs regulates the secretion of 85 proteins without affecting their gene expression. Our data demonstrate that DNA-PKcs has a pro-metastatic activity via the modification of the tumor microenvironment. This study shows for the first time a direct link between DNA damage repair and cancer metastasis and highlights the importance of DNA-PKcs as a potential target for anti-metastatic treatment.
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Key Words
- CM, conditioned media
- DNA damage
- DNA-PK
- DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase
- DNA-PKcs, DNA-PK catalytic subunit
- DSB, double-strand break
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- MMP inhibition
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MS, mass spectrometry
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.
- metastasis
- secretion
- α-2M, α-2-macroglobulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kotula
- a Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347; Institut National de la Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1021; Institut Curie ; Orsay , France
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Therapeutic Implications for Overcoming Radiation Resistance in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26880-913. [PMID: 26569225 PMCID: PMC4661850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR), such as X-rays and gamma (γ)-rays, mediates various forms of cancer cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. Among them, apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe are the main mechanisms of IR action. DNA damage and genomic instability contribute to IR-induced cancer cell death. Although IR therapy may be curative in a number of cancer types, the resistance of cancer cells to radiation remains a major therapeutic problem. In this review, we describe the morphological and molecular aspects of various IR-induced types of cell death. We also discuss cytogenetic variations representative of IR-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Most importantly, we focus on several pathways and their associated marker proteins responsible for cancer resistance and its therapeutic implications in terms of cancer cell death of various types and characteristics. Finally, we propose radiation-sensitization strategies, such as the modification of fractionation, inflammation, and hypoxia and the combined treatment, that can counteract the resistance of tumors to IR.
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Song YZ, Han FJ, Liu M, Xia CC, Shi WY, Dong LH. Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in XRCC3 and Radiation-Induced Adverse Effects on Normal Tissue: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130388. [PMID: 26091483 PMCID: PMC4474802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) protein plays an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. The relationship between XRCC3 polymorphisms and the risk of radiation-induced adverse effects on normal tissue remains inconclusive. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to elucidate the association between XRCC3 polymorphisms and radiation-induced adverse effects on normal tissue. All eligible studies up to December 2014 were identified through a search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Seventeen studies involving 656 cases and 2193 controls were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between XRCC3 polymorphisms and the risk of radiation-induced normal tissue adverse effects. We found that the XRCC3 p.Thr241Met (rs861539) polymorphism was significantly associated with early adverse effects induced by radiotherapy (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.31-3.01, P = 0.001). A positive association lacking statistical significance with late adverse effects was also identified (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 0.97-1.68, P = 0.08). In addition, the rs861539 polymorphism was significantly correlated with a higher risk of adverse effects induced by head and neck area irradiation (OR = 2.41, 95%CI: 1.49-3.89, p = 0.0003) and breast irradiation (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.02-1.95, p = 0.04), whereas the correlation was not significant for lung irradiation or pelvic irradiation. Furthermore, XRCC3 rs1799794 polymorphism may have a protective effect against late adverse effects induced by radiotherapy (OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.26-0.86, P = 0.01). Well-designed large-scale clinical studies are required to further validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fu-Jun Han
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei-Yan Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail:
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