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Mollo N, Esposito M, Aurilia M, Scognamiglio R, Accarino R, Bonfiglio F, Cicatiello R, Charalambous M, Procaccini C, Micillo T, Genesio R, Calì G, Secondo A, Paladino S, Matarese G, Vita GD, Conti A, Nitsch L, Izzo A. Human Trisomic iPSCs from Down Syndrome Fibroblasts Manifest Mitochondrial Alterations Early during Neuronal Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070609. [PMID: 34209429 PMCID: PMC8301075 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of mitochondrial alterations in Down syndrome suggests that it might affect neuronal differentiation. We established a model of trisomic iPSCs, differentiating into neural precursor cells (NPCs) to monitor the occurrence of differentiation defects and mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Isogenic trisomic and euploid iPSCs were differentiated into NPCs in monolayer cultures using the dual-SMAD inhibition protocol. Expression of pluripotency and neural differentiation genes was assessed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Meta-analysis of expression data was performed on iPSCs. Mitochondrial Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP production were investigated using fluorescent probes. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was determined by Seahorse Analyzer. RESULTS NPCs at day 7 of induction uniformly expressed the differentiation markers PAX6, SOX2 and NESTIN but not the stemness marker OCT4. At day 21, trisomic NPCs expressed higher levels of typical glial differentiation genes. Expression profiles indicated that mitochondrial genes were dysregulated in trisomic iPSCs. Trisomic NPCs showed altered mitochondrial Ca2+, reduced OCR and ATP synthesis, and elevated ROS production. CONCLUSIONS Human trisomic iPSCs can be rapidly and efficiently differentiated into NPC monolayers. The trisomic NPCs obtained exhibit greater glial-like differentiation potential than their euploid counterparts and manifest mitochondrial dysfunction as early as day 7 of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Mollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Matteo Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Miriam Aurilia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Roberta Scognamiglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Rossella Accarino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Cicatiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Maria Charalambous
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (C.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (C.P.); (G.C.)
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Teresa Micillo
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (C.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (C.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriella De Vita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Anna Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (C.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (R.S.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (R.G.); (S.P.); (G.M.); (G.D.V.); (A.C.); (L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-746-3237
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Romano R, Calcagnile M, Margiotta A, Franci L, Chiariello M, Alifano P, Bucci C. RAB7A Regulates Vimentin Phosphorylation through AKT and PAK. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092220. [PMID: 34066419 PMCID: PMC8125308 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary RAB7A (RAs-related in Brain 7A) is a master regulator of intracellular traffic controlling transport to late endosomes and lysosomes, two organelles of the endocytic pathway important for degradation. Thanks to this function, RAB7A is also involved in cellular processes linked to cancer, such as apoptosis, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell migration. Therefore, the interest in the role of RAB7A in cancer progression is increasing. Previously, we demonstrated that RAB7A regulates phosphorylation and assembly of vimentin, a cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein, which is also an important mesenchymal marker of cancer cells. The aim of the present study is the identification of the kinases responsible for vimentin phosphorylation whose activity is affected by the modulation of RAB7A expression. We found that RAB7A is able to regulate AKT (also called protein kinase B or PKB) and PAK1 (P21-Activated Kinase 1) and several of their downstream effectors, which control proliferation, apoptosis, survival, migration, and invasion. These data suggest that RAB7A could have a key role in cancer development. Abstract RAB7A is a small GTPase that controls the late endocytic pathway but also cell migration through RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) and vimentin. In fact, RAB7A regulates vimentin phosphorylation at different sites and vimentin assembly, and, in this study, we identified vimentin domains interacting with RAB7A. As several kinases could be responsible for vimentin phosphorylation, we investigated whether modulation of RAB7A expression affects the activity of these kinases. We discovered that RAB7A regulates AKT and PAK1, and we demonstrated that increased vimentin phosphorylation at Ser38 (Serine 38), observed upon RAB7A overexpression, is due to AKT activity. As AKT and PAK1 are key regulators of several cellular events, we investigated if RAB7A could have a role in these processes by modulating AKT and PAK1 activity. We found that RAB7A protein levels affected beta-catenin and caspase 9 expression. We also observed the downregulation of cofilin-1 and decreased matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activity upon RAB7A silencing. Altogether these results demonstrate that RAB7A regulates AKT and PAK1 kinases, affecting their downstream effectors and the processes they regulate, suggesting that RAB7A could have a role in a number of cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (M.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Matteo Calcagnile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (M.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Azzurra Margiotta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (M.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Franci
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IFC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (M.C.)
- Core Research Laboratory (CRL), Istituto per lo Studio, La Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IFC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (M.C.)
- Core Research Laboratory (CRL), Istituto per lo Studio, La Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (M.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.R.); (M.C.); (A.M.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0832-298900
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Pan ZN, Pan MH, Sun MH, Li XH, Zhang Y, Sun SC. RAB7 GTPase regulates actin dynamics for DRP1-mediated mitochondria function and spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:9615-9627. [PMID: 32472654 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903013r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAB7 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rab family, and as a vesicle trafficking factor it is shown to regulate the transport to late endocytic compartments, autophagosome maturation and organelle function. In present study, we showed the critical roles of RAB7 GTPase on actin dynamics and mitochondria function in oocyte meiosis. RAB7 mainly accumulated at cortex and spindle periphery during oocyte maturation. RAB7 depletion caused the failure of polar body extrusion and asymmetric division, and Rab7 exogenous mRNA supplement could rescue the defects caused by RAB7 RNAi. Based on mass spectrometry analysis, we found that RAB7 associated with several actin nucleation factors and mitochondria-related proteins in oocytes. The depletion of RAB7 caused the decrease of actin dynamics, which further affected meiotic spindle migration to the oocyte cortex. In addition, we found that RAB7 could maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and the mitochondrial distribution in mouse oocytes, and this might be due to its effects on the phosphorylation of DRP1 at Ser616 domain. Taken together, our data indicated that RAB7 transported actin nucleation factor for actin polarization, which further affected the phosphorylation of DRP1 for mitochondria dynamics and the meiotic spindle migration in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Nan Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Morad G, Carman CV, Hagedorn EJ, Perlin JR, Zon LI, Mustafaoglu N, Park TE, Ingber DE, Daisy CC, Moses MA. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Breach the Intact Blood-Brain Barrier via Transcytosis. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13853-13865. [PMID: 31479239 PMCID: PMC7169949 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) creates a major challenge for brain drug delivery with current nanomedicines lacking the ability to cross the BBB. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to contribute to the progression of a variety of brain diseases including metastatic brain cancer and have been suggested as promising therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles. However, the ability of native tumor-derived EVs to breach the BBB and the mechanism(s) involved in this process remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that tumor-derived EVs can breach the intact BBB in vivo, and by using state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo models of the BBB, we have identified transcytosis as the mechanism underlying this process. Moreover, high spatiotemporal resolution microscopy demonstrated that the endothelial recycling endocytic pathway is involved in this transcellular transport. We further identify and characterize the mechanism by which tumor-derived EVs circumvent the low physiologic rate of transcytosis in the BBB by decreasing the brain endothelial expression of rab7 and increasing the efficiency of their transport. These findings identify previously unknown mechanisms by which tumor-derived EVs breach an intact BBB during the course of brain metastasis and can be leveraged to guide and inform the development of drug delivery approaches to deliver therapeutic cargoes across the BBB for treatment of a variety of brain diseases including, but not limited to, brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Morad
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christopher V. Carman
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Elliott J. Hagedorn
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Julie R. Perlin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nur Mustafaoglu
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Cassandra C. Daisy
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Marsha A. Moses
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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Guerra F, Bucci C. Role of the RAB7 Protein in Tumor Progression and Cisplatin Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081096. [PMID: 31374919 PMCID: PMC6721790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RAB7 is a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) extensively studied as regulator of vesicular trafficking. Indeed, its role is fundamental in several steps of the late endocytic pathway, including endosome maturation, transport from early endosomes to late endosomes and lysosomes, clustering and fusion of late endosomes and lysosomes in the perinuclear region and lysosomal biogenesis. Besides endocytosis, RAB7 is important for a number of other cellular processes among which, autophagy, apoptosis, signaling, and cell migration. Given the importance of RAB7 in these cellular processes, the interest to study the role of RAB7 in cancer progression is widely grown. Here, we describe the current understanding of oncogenic and oncosuppressor functions of RAB7 analyzing cellular context and other environmental factors in which it elicits pro and/or antitumorigenic effects. We also discuss the role of RAB7 in cisplatin resistance associated with its ability to regulate the late endosomal pathway, lysosomal biogenesis and extracellular vesicle secretion. Finally, we examined the potential cancer therapeutic strategies targeting the different molecular events in which RAB7 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Abstract
In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of thyroglobulin is conserved in all vertebrates. Upon thyroglobulin delivery from thyrocytes to the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland via the secretory pathway, multiple tyrosine residues can become iodinated to form mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and/or di-iodotyrosine (DIT); however, selective tyrosine residues lead to preferential formation of T4 and T3 at distinct sites. T4 formation involves oxidative coupling between two DIT side chains, and de novo T3 formation involves coupling between an MIT donor and a DIT acceptor. Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH activating its receptor (TSHR), which upregulates the activity of many thyroid gene products involved in hormonogenesis. Additionally, TSH regulates post-translational changes in thyroglobulin that selectively enhance its capacity for T3 formation - this process is important in iodide deficiency and in Graves disease. 167 different mutations, many of which are newly discovered, are now known to exist in TG (encoding human thyroglobulin) that can lead to defective thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Coordination between Rac1 and Rab Proteins: Functional Implications in Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050396. [PMID: 31035701 PMCID: PMC6562727 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases of the Rho family regulate many aspects of actin dynamics, but are functionally connected to many other cellular processes. Rac1, a member of this family, besides its known function in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, plays a key role in the production of reactive oxygen species, in gene transcription, in DNA repair, and also has been proven to have specific roles in neurons. This review focuses on the cooperation between Rac1 and Rab proteins, analyzing how the coordination between these GTPases impact on cells and how alterations of their functions lead to disease.
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Ramos-Alvarez I, Lee L, Jensen RT. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A and EPAC mediate VIP and secretin stimulation of PAK4 and activation of Na +,K +-ATPase in pancreatic acinar cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G263-G277. [PMID: 30520694 PMCID: PMC6397337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00275.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rat pancreatic acinar cells possess only the p21-activated kinase (PAKs), PAK4 of the group II PAK, and it is activated by gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters stimulating PLC and by a number of growth factors. However, little is known generally of cAMP agents causing PAK4 activation, and there are no studies with gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters activating cAMP cascades. In the present study, we examined the ability of VIP and secretin, which stimulate cAMP generation in pancreatic acini, to stimulate PAK4 activation, the signaling cascades involved, and their possible role in activating sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase). PAK4 activation was compared with activation of the well-established cAMP target, cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). Secretin-stimulated PAK4 activation was inhibited by KT-5720 and PKA Type II inhibitor (PKI), protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, whereas VIP activation was inhibited by ESI-09 and HJC0197, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibitors. In contrast, both VIP/secretin-stimulated phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB) via EPAC activation; however, it was inhibited by the p44/42 inhibitor PD98059 and the p38 inhibitor SB202190. The specific EPAC agonist 8-CPT-2- O-Me-cAMP as well 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin stimulated PAK4 activation. Secretin/VIP activation of Na+,K+-ATPase, was inhibited by PAK4 inhibitors (PF-3758309, LCH-7749944). These results demonstrate PAK4 is activated in pancreatic acini by stimulation of both VIP-/secretin-preferring receptors, as is CREB. However, they differ in their signaling cascades. Furthermore, PAK4 activation is needed for Na+,K+ATPase activation, which mediates pancreatic fluid secretion. These results, coupled with recent studies reporting PAKs are involved in both pancreatitis/pancreatic cancer growth/enzyme secretion, show that PAK4, similar to PAK2, likely plays an important role in both pancreatic physiological/pathological responses. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pancreatic acini possess only the group II p21-activated kinase, PAK4, which is activated by PLC-stimulating agents/growth factors and is important in enzyme-secretion/growth/pancreatitis. Little information exists on cAMP-activating agents stimulating group II PAKs. We studied ability/effect of cyclic AMP-stimulating agents [vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), secretin] on PAK4 activity in rat pancreatic-acini. Both VIP/secretin activated PAK4/CREB, but the cAMP signaling cascades differed for EPAC, MAPK, and PKA pathways. Both hormones require PAK4 activation to stimulate sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity. This study shows PAK4 plays an important role in VIP-/secretin-stimulated pancreatic fluid secretion and suggests it plays important roles in pancreatic acinar physiological/pathophysiological responses mediated by cAMP-activating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R. T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Correia MS, Moreiras H, Pereira FJC, Neto MV, Festas TC, Tarafder AK, Ramalho JS, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Melanin Transferred to Keratinocytes Resides in Nondegradative Endocytic Compartments. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:637-646. [PMID: 29074272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes and subsequent accumulation in the supranuclear region is a critical process in skin pigmentation and protection against UVR. We have previously proposed that the main mode of transfer between melanocytes and keratinocytes is through exo/endocytosis of the melanosome core, termed melanocore. In this study, we developed an in vitro uptake assay using melanocores secreted by melanocytes. We show that the uptake of melanocores, but not melanosomes, by keratinocytes is protease-activated receptor-2-dependent. Furthermore, we found that the silencing of the early endocytic regulator Rab5b, but not the late endocytic regulators Rab7a or Rab9a, significantly impairs melanocore uptake by keratinocytes. After uptake, we observed that melanin accumulates in compartments that are positive for both early and late endocytic markers. We found that melanin does not localize to either highly degradative or acidic organelles, as assessed by LysoTracker and DQ-BSA staining, despite the abundance of these types of organelles within keratinocytes. Therefore, we propose that melanocore uptake leads to storage of melanin within keratinocytes in hybrid endocytic compartments that are not highly acidic or degradative. By avoiding lysosomal degradation, these specialized endosomes may allow melanin to persist within keratinocytes for long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Correia
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Moreiras
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco J C Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matilde V Neto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago C Festas
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Abul K Tarafder
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José S Ramalho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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10
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Granato G, Ruocco MR, Iaccarino A, Masone S, Calì G, Avagliano A, Russo V, Bellevicine C, Di Spigna G, Fiume G, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Generation and analysis of spheroids from human primary skin myofibroblasts: an experimental system to study myofibroblasts deactivation. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17038. [PMID: 28725488 PMCID: PMC5511858 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated fibroblasts involved in tissue repair and cancer. They are characterized by de novo expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), immunoregulatory phenotype and paracrine interaction with normal and tumorigenic cells leading to cell proliferation. At the end of wound-healing myofibroblasts undergo apoptotic cell death, whereas in vitro-activated fibroblasts are also subjected to a programmed necrosis-like cell death, termed nemosis, associated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induction and inflammatory response. Furthermore, myofibroblasts form clusters during wound healing, fibrotic states and tumorigenesis. In this study, we generated and analysed clusters such as spheroids from human primary cutaneous myofibroblasts, which represent a part of stromal microenvironment better than established cell lines. Therefore, we evaluated apoptotic or necrotic cell death, inflammation and activation markers during myofibroblasts clustering. The spheroids formation did not trigger apoptosis, necrotic cell death and COX-2 protein induction. The significant decrease of α-SMA in protein extracts of spheroids, the cytostatic effect exerted by spheroids conditioned medium on both normal and cancer cell lines and the absence of proliferation marker Ki-67 after 72 h of three-dimensional culture indicated that myofibroblasts have undergone a deactivation process within spheroids. The cells of spheroids reverted to adhesion growth preserved their proliferation capability and can re-acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype. Moreover, the spontaneous formation of clusters on plastic and glass substrates suggests that aggregates formation could be a physiological feature of cutaneous myofibroblasts. This study represents an experimental model to analyse myofibroblasts deactivation and suggests that fibroblast clusters could be a cell reservoir regulating tissues turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Granato
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria R Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonino Iaccarino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- IEOS Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale 'G. Salvatore', National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Valentina Russo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Spigna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
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11
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Bagnato P, Castagnino A, Cortese K, Bono M, Grasso S, Bellese G, Daniele T, Lundmark R, Defilippi P, Castagnola P, Tacchetti C. Cooperative but distinct early co-signaling events originate from ERBB2 and ERBB1 receptors upon trastuzumab treatment in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60109-60122. [PMID: 28947957 PMCID: PMC5601125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB2 receptor belongs to the ERBB tyrosine kinase receptor family. At variance to the other family members, ERBB2 is a constitutively active orphan receptor. Upon ligand binding and activation, ERBB receptors form homo- or hetero-dimers with the other family members, including ERBB2, promoting an intracellular signaling cascade. ERBB2 is the preferred dimerization partner and ERBB2 heterodimers signaling is stronger and longer acting compared to heterodimers between other ERBB members. The specific contribution of ERBB2 in heterodimer signaling is still undefined. Here we report the formation of circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) upon treatment of the ERBB2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 and ZR751 with Trastuzumab, a therapeutic humanized monoclonal antibody directed against ERBB2. We found that in SK-BR-3 cells Trastuzumab leads to surface redistribution of ERBB2 and ERBB1 in CDRs, and that the ERBB2-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ERBB1 expression are both required for CDR formation. In particular, in these cells CDR formation requires activation of both the protein regulator of actin polymerization N-WASP, mediated by ERK1/2, and of the actin depolymerizing protein cofilin, mediated by ERBB1. Furthermore, we suggest that this latter event may be inhibited by the negative cell motility regulator p140Cap, as we found that p140Cap overexpression led to cofilin deactivation and inhibition of CDR formation. In conclusion, here we show for the first time an ERBB2-specific signaling contribution to an ERBB2/ERBB1 heterodimer, in the activation of a complex biological process such as the formation of CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bagnato
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Bono
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Grasso
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Torino, Italy
| | - Grazia Bellese
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Daniele
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Experimental Imaging Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Lundmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizio Castagnola
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS AOU - San Martino - IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- DIMES, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Anatomia Umana, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.,San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Experimental Imaging Centre, Milan, Italy
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12
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Margiotta A, Progida C, Bakke O, Bucci C. Rab7a regulates cell migration through Rac1 and vimentin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:367-381. [PMID: 27888097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rab7a, a small GTPase of the Rab family, is localized to late endosomes and controls late endocytic trafficking. The discovery of several Rab7a interacting proteins revealed that Rab7a function is closely connected to cytoskeletal elements. Indeed, Rab7a recruits on vesicles RILP and FYCO that are responsible for the movement of Rab7a-positive vesicles and/or organelles on microtubule tracks, but also directly interacts with Rac1, a fundamental regulator of actin cytoskeleton, and with peripherin and vimentin, two intermediate filament proteins. Considering all these interactions and, in particular, the fact that Rac1 and vimentin are key factors for cellular motility, we investigated a possible role of Rab7a in cell migration. We show here that Rab7a is needed for cell migration as Rab7a depletion causes slower migration of NCI H1299 cells affecting cell velocity and directness. Rab7a depletion negatively affects adhesion and spreading onto fibronectin substrates, altering β1-integrin activation, localization and intracellular trafficking, and myosin X localization. In fact, Rab7a-depleted cells show 40% less filopodia and active integrin accumulates at the leading edge of migrating cells. Furthermore, Rab7a depletion decreases the amount of active Rac1 but not its abundance and reduces the number of cells with vimentin filaments facing the wound, indicating that Rab7a has a role in the orientation of vimentin filaments during migration. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a key role of Rab7a in the regulation of different aspects of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Margiotta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, (DiSTeBA) University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, (DiSTeBA) University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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13
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Multiple Roles of the Small GTPase Rab7. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030034. [PMID: 27548222 PMCID: PMC5040976 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab7 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rab family and controls transport to late endocytic compartments such as late endosomes and lysosomes. The mechanism of action of Rab7 in the late endocytic pathway has been extensively studied. Rab7 is fundamental for lysosomal biogenesis, positioning and functions, and for trafficking and degradation of several signaling receptors, thus also having implications on signal transduction. Several Rab7 interacting proteins have being identified leading to the discovery of a number of different important functions, beside its established role in endocytosis. Furthermore, Rab7 has specific functions in neurons. This review highlights and discusses the role and the importance of Rab7 on different cellular pathways and processes.
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