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Zhang X, Wang X, Zhu J, Chen K, Ullah R, Tong J, Shen Y. Retinal VIP-amacrine cells: their development, structure, and function. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1065-1076. [PMID: 38066110 PMCID: PMC11009269 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amacrine cells (ACs) are the most structurally and functionally diverse neuron type in the retina. Different ACs have distinct functions, such as neuropeptide secretion and inhibitory connection. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) -ergic -ACs are retina gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -ergic -ACs that were discovered long ago. They secrete VIP and form connections with bipolar cells (BCs), other ACs, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). They have a specific structure, density, distribution, and function. They play an important role in myopia, light stimulated responses, retinal vascular disease and other ocular diseases. Their significance in the study of refractive development and disease is increasing daily. However, a systematic review of the structure and function of retinal VIP-ACs is lacking. We discussed the detailed characteristics of VIP-ACs from every aspect across species and providing systematic knowledge base for future studies. Our review led to the main conclusion that retinal VIP-ACs develop early, and although their morphology and distribution across species are not the same, they have similar functions in a wide range of ocular diseases based on their function of secreting neuropeptides and forming inhibitory connections with other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiru Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuangqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Tóth D, Fábián E, Szabó E, Patkó E, Vicena V, Váczy A, Atlasz T, Tornóczky T, Reglődi D. Investigation of PACAP38 and PAC1 Receptor Expression in Human Retinoblastoma and the Effect of PACAP38 Administration on Human Y-79 Retinoblastoma Cells. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:185. [PMID: 38398694 PMCID: PMC10890153 DOI: 10.3390/life14020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma represents the most prevalent malignant neoplasm affecting the eyes in childhood. The clear-cut origin of retinoblastoma has not yet been determined; however, based on experiments, it has been suggested that RB1 loss in cone photoreceptors causes retinoblastoma. Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide which has been shown to be affected in certain tumorous transformations, such as breast, lung, kidney, pancreatic, colon, and endocrine cancers. This study aimed to investigate potential changes in both PACAP38 and PAC1 receptor (PAC1R) expression in human retinoblastoma and the effect of PACAP38 administration on the survival of a human retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79). We analyzed human enucleation specimens removed because of retinoblastoma for PACAP38 and PAC1R immunostaining and the effect of PACAP38 on the survival of the Y-79 cell line. We described for the first time that human retinoblastoma cells from patients showed only perinuclear, dot-like immunopositivity for both PACAP38 and PAC1R, irrespective of laterality, genetic background, or histopathological features. Nanomolar (100 nM and 500 nM) PACAP38 concentrations had no effect on the viability of Y-79 cells, while micromolar (2 µM and 6 µM) PACAP38 significantly decreased tumor cell viability. These findings, along with general observations from animal studies showing that PACAP38 has strong anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects on ocular tissues, together suggest that PACAP38 and its analogs are promising candidates in retinoblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Tóth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fábián
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Edina Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Evelin Patkó
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Viktória Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Alexandra Váczy
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Tamás Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 6, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tornóczky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinical Center, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
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Ebrahim AS, Carion TW, Ebrahim T, Win J, Kani H, Wang Y, Stambersky A, Ibrahim AS, Sosne G, Berger EA. A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:974. [PMID: 37998149 PMCID: PMC10669755 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, the majority of adult diabetic patients develop visually debilitating corneal complications, including impaired wound healing. Unfortunately, there is limited treatment for diabetes-induced corneal damage. The current project investigates a novel, peptide-based combination therapy, thymosin beta-4 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (Tβ4/VIP), against high-glucose-induced damage to the corneal epithelium. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) was used for real-time monitoring of barrier function and wound healing of human corneal epithelial cells maintained in either normal glucose (5 mM) or high glucose (25 mM) ± Tβ4 (0.1%) and VIP (5 nM). Barrier integrity was assessed by resistance, impedance, and capacitance measurements. For the wound healing assay, cell migration was also monitored. Corneal epithelial tight junction proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, occludin, and claudin-1) were assessed to confirm our findings. Barrier integrity and wound healing were significantly impaired under high-glucose conditions. However, barrier function and cell migration significantly improved with Tβ4/VIP treatment. These findings were supported by high-glucose-induced downregulation of tight junction proteins that were effectively maintained similar to normal levels when treated with Tβ4/VIP. These results strongly support the premise that Tβ4 and VIP work synergistically to protect corneal epithelial cells against hyperglycemia-induced damage. In addition, this work highlights the potential for significant translational impact regarding the treatment of diabetic patients and associated complications of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Thomas W. Carion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Thanzeela Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Jeff Win
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Hussein Kani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Health Professions and Sciences, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Ashten Stambersky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Ahmed S. Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Gabriel Sosne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.S.E.); (T.W.C.); (T.E.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (A.S.); (A.S.I.); (G.S.)
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D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Magrì B, Lombardo C, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro P, Giunta S, Bucolo C, D'Agata V. PACAP-ADNP axis prevents outer retinal barrier breakdown and choroidal neovascularization by interfering with VEGF secreted from retinal pigmented epitelium cells. Peptides 2023; 168:171065. [PMID: 37495040 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
During diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression, the retina undergoes various metabolic changes, including hypoxia-signalling cascade induction in the cells of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The overexpression of hypoxic inducible factors causes transcription of many target genes including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The RPE cells form the outer blood retinal barrier (oBRB), a specialized structure that regulates ions and metabolites flux into the retina to maintain a suitable quality of its extracellular microenvironment. VEGF worsens retinal condition since its secretion from the basolateral compartment of RPE cells compromises the barrier's integrity and induces choroidal neovascularization. In this work, we hypothesized that PACAP prevents the damage to oBRB and controls choroidal neovascularization through the induction of ADNP. Firstly, we demonstrated that ADNP is expressed in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. To validate our hypothesis, we cultured endothelial cells (H5V) forming vessels-like structures, in a conditioned medium (CM) derived from ARPE-19 cells exposed to hyperglycaemic/hypoxic insult, containing a known VEGF concentration. The involvement of PACAP-ADNP axis on oBRB integrity was evaluated through the measurement of trans-epithelial-electrical resistance and permeability assay performed on ARPE cell monolayer cultured in CM and by analysing the expression of two tight junction forming proteins, ZO1 and occludin. By culturing H5V in CM, we demonstrated that PACAP-ADNP axis counteracted vessels-like structures formation promoted by VEGF. In conclusion, the results suggested a primary role of PACAP/ADNP axis in preventing oBRB damage and in controlling aberrant choroidal neovascularization induced by VEGF secreted from RPE cells exposed to hyperglycaemia/hypoxic insult in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of System Biology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Cavallaro
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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5
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Patko E, Szabo E, Vaczy A, Molitor D, Tari E, Li L, Csutak A, Toth G, Reglodi D, Atlasz T. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate-Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide on Retinal Vasculature and Molecular Responses in a Rat Model of Moderate Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13256. [PMID: 37686074 PMCID: PMC10487862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high probability of glaucoma-related blindness, its cause is not fully understood and there is no efficient therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection. Vascular factors have been suggested to play an important role in glaucoma development and progression. Previously, we have proven the neuroprotective effects of pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) eye drops in an inducible, microbeads model in rats that is able to reproduce many clinically relevant features of human glaucoma. In the present study, we examined the potential protective effects of PACAP1-38 on the retinal vasculature and the molecular changes in hypoxia. Ocular hypertension was induced by injection of microbeads into the anterior chamber, while control rats received PBS. PACAP dissolved in vehicle (1 µg/drop) or vehicle treatment was started one day after the injections for four weeks three times a day. Retinal degeneration was assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and vascular and molecular changes were assessed by immunofluorescence labeling. HIF1-α and VEGF-A protein levels were measured by Western blot. OCT images proved severe retinal degeneration in the glaucomatous group, while PACAP1-38 eye drops had a retinoprotective effect. Vascular parameters were deteriorated and molecular analysis suggested hypoxic conditions in glaucoma. PACAP treatment exerted a positive effect against these alterations. In summary, PACAP could prevent the severe damage to the retina and its vasculature induced by ocular hypertension in a microbeads model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Patko
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Molitor
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eniko Tari
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adrienne Csutak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7632 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Sportbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
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Patko E, Szabo E, Toth D, Tornoczky T, Bosnyak I, Vaczy A, Atlasz T, Reglodi D. Distribution of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in the Human Eye. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2176-2187. [PMID: 35253081 PMCID: PMC9726800 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. Several studies show that PACAP has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mostly through its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) and it plays important roles in several pathological conditions. Its distribution and altered expression are known in various human tissues, but there is no descriptive data about PACAP and its receptors in the human eyebulb. Since PACAP38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate the distribution of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in the human eye and to describe the presence of PAC1-R. Semiquantitative evaluation was performed after routine histology and immunohistochemical labeling on human eye sections. Our results showed high level of immunopositivity in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. Within the vascular layer, the iris and the ciliary body had strong immunopositivity for both PACAP and PAC1-R. Several layers of the retina showed immunoreactivity for PACAP and PAC1-R, but the ganglion cell layer had a special pattern in the immunolabeling. Labeling was observed in the neuropil within the optic nerve in both cases and glial cells displayed immunoreactivity for PAC1-R. In summary, our study indicates the widespread occurrence of PACAP and its specific receptor in the human eye, implying that the results from in vitro and animal studies have translational value and most probably are also present in the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Patko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Tornoczky
- Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
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Horvath G, Reglodi D, Fabian E, Opper B. Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide on Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094953. [PMID: 35563353 PMCID: PMC9100246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was first isolated as a hypothalamic peptide based on its efficacy to increase adenylate cyclase (AC) activity. It has a widespread distribution throughout the body including the nervous system and peripheral organs, where PACAP exerts protective effects both in vivo and in vitro through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant functions. The aim of the present paper was to review the currently available literature regarding the effects of PACAP on cell death in vitro in neural and non-neural cells. Among others, its effect on apoptosis can be detected in cerebellar granule cells against different toxic stimuli. Different neural cell types from the cerebral cortex are also prevented from cell death. PACAP also shows effects on cell death in cells belonging to the peripheral nervous system and protects both neural and non-neural cells of sensory organs. In addition, cell survival-promoting effect can be observed in different peripheral organ systems including cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive systems. The studies summarized here indicate its noteworthy effect on cell death in different in vitro models, suggesting PACAP’s potential therapeutic usage in several pathological conditions.
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Wu JH, Viruni N, Chun J, Shanbhag S, Liu TA. Ocular involvement in TEMPI syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 26:101534. [PMID: 35496764 PMCID: PMC9043672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We report the first case of ocular involvement in TEMPI syndrome, a rare disease characterized by telangiectasias, elevated erythropoietin with erythrocytosis, monoclonal gammopathy, perinephric fluid collections, and intra-pulmonary shunting. Observations A 64-year-old Caucasian man with history of TEMPI syndrome presented with subacute bilateral painless vision loss. Ocular examination showed chronic retinal ischemia with microvascular damage, which was likely associated with the chronic systemic hypoxemia, and spontaneous wax and wane of cystoid macular edema, presumedly related to the systemic bortezomib treatment. Conclusions and importance Our case demonstrates that pathologic retinal vascular changes could be seen in association with TEMPI syndrome and suggests that a comprehensive ophthalmological examination may be beneficial for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Hsuan Wu
- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Narine Viruni
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Justin Chun
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Satish Shanbhag
- Cancer Specialists of North Florida, Fleming Island, FL, 32003, USA
| | - T.Y. Alvin Liu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Corresponding author. Wilmer Eye Institute, 600 N. Wolfe St., Maumenee 726, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Pöstyéni E, Ganczer A, Kovács-Valasek A, Gabriel R. Relevance of Peptide Homeostasis in Metabolic Retinal Degenerative Disorders: Curative Potential in Genetically Modified Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:808315. [PMID: 35095518 PMCID: PMC8793341 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.808315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian retina contains approximately 30 neuropeptides that are synthetized by different neuronal cell populations, glia, and the pigmented epithelium. The presence of these neuropeptides leaves a mark on normal retinal molecular processes and physiology, and they are also crucial in fighting various pathologies (e.g., diabetic retinopathy, ischemia, age-related pathologies, glaucoma) because of their protective abilities. Retinal pathologies of different origin (metabolic, genetic) are extensively investigated by genetically manipulated in vivo mouse models that help us gain a better understanding of the molecular background of these pathomechanisms. These models offer opportunities to manipulate gene expression in different cell types to help reveal their roles in the preservation of retinal health or identify malfunction during diseases. In order to assess the current status of transgenic technologies available, we have conducted a literature survey focused on retinal disorders of metabolic origin, zooming in on the role of retinal neuropeptides in diabetic retinopathy and ischemia. First, we identified those neuropeptides that are most relevant to retinal pathologies in humans and the two clinically most relevant models, mice and rats. Then we continued our analysis with metabolic disorders, examining neuropeptide-related pathways leading to systemic or cellular damage and rescue. Last but not least, we reviewed the available literature on genetically modified mouse strains to understand how the manipulation of a single element of any given pathway (e.g., signal molecules, receptors, intracellular signaling pathways) could lead either to the worsening of disease conditions or, more frequently, to substantial improvements in retinal health. Most attention was given to studies which reported successful intervention against specific disorders. For these experiments, a detailed evaluation will be given and the possible role of converging intracellular pathways will be discussed. Using these converging intracellular pathways, curative effects of peptides could potentially be utilized in fighting metabolic retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alma Ganczer
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kovács-Valasek
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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A Broad Overview on Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Role in the Eye: Focus on Its Repairing Effect in Cornea. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution throughout the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in many other peripheral organs. It plays cytoprotective effects mediated mainly through the activation of specific receptors. PACAP is known to play pleiotropic effects on the eye, including the cornea, protecting it against different types of insult. This review firstly provides an overview of the anatomy of the cornea and summarizes data present in literature about PACAP’s role in the eye and, in particular, in the cornea, either in physiological or pathological conditions.
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Qin YJ, Xiao K, Zhong Z, Zhao Y, Zhang YL, Sun XF. Markers of the sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory nervous system are altered in the human diabetic choroid. Peptides 2021; 146:170661. [PMID: 34571056 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to evaluate alterations in markers of the autonomic nervous system in human diabetic choroid. METHODS Eighteen eyeballs from subjects with diabetes and 22 eyeballs from subjects without diabetes were evaluated in this study. Synaptophysin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular monoamine transporter II (VMAT-2), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels were detected by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence was performed in some cases. Furthermore, differences in adrenergic (α1- and β2-subtypes) and cholinergic (M1 and M3) receptor levels between diabetic subjects and controls were noted. RESULTS Decreased synaptophysin levels were found in diabetic choroids by western blot analysis and a reduction of synaptophysin-immunoreactive nerves was also found by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, a decrease of the levels of the key enzyme (TH) and transporter (VMAT2) of norepinephrine was evident both by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Additionally, increased NPY, VAChT, nNOS, and CGRP levels were observed in diabetic choroids. The levels of adrenergic (β2 subtype) and acetylcholine (M1 subtype) receptors decreased in diabetic choroids, as shown by western blotting and although the differences in α1 and M3 were not significant, there was a downward trend. CONCLUSIONS In the diabetic choroid, the levels of neurotransmitters, enzymes, and receptors associated with choroidal blood flow regulation are altered. These changes may affect the regulation of choroidal blood flow and may be associated with impaired retinal function and retinal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jun Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie-fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie-fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie-fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie-fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao-Li Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie-fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu-Fang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie-fang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Li HX, Feng J, Liu Q, Ou BQ, Lu SY, Ma Y. PACAP-derived mutant peptide MPAPO protects trigeminal ganglion cell and the retina from hypoxic injury through anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and promoting axon regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:130018. [PMID: 34597723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the MPAPO, derived peptide of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), would protect trigeminal ganglion cells (TGCs) and the mice retinas from a hypoxic insult. The nerve endings of the ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal nerve are widely distributed in eye tissues. In TGCs after hypoxia exposure, we discovered that reactive oxygen species level, the contents of cytosolic cytochrome c and cleaved-caspase-3 were significantly increased, in the meanwhile, m-Calpain was activated and cytoskeleton proteins (αII-spectrin and Synapsin) were degraded, neurites of TGCs disappeared, but these effects were reversed in TGCs treated with MPAPO. The structure of the mice retinas after hypoxic exposure was disordered. Increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, positive cells of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), the disintegration of nerve fibers was examined in the retinas following a hypoxic insult. Disordered retina was attenuated with MPAPO eye drops, as well as hypoxia-induced apoptosis in the developing retina, increase in LPO, and decrease in GSH levels and SOD activity of the retina. Moreover, the disintegrated retinal nerve fibers were reassembled after MPAPO treatment. These results suggest that hypoxia induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neurites disruption, while MPAPO is remarkably protective against these adverse effects of hypoxia in TGCs and the developing retinas by specifically activating PAC1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Feng
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Qian Ou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yin Lu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Rasà DM, Reitano R, Saccone S, Federico C, Magro G, D'Agata V. Modulatory role of PACAP and VIP on HIFs expression in lung adenocarcinoma. Peptides 2021; 146:170672. [PMID: 34627957 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is the most frequent form of non-small cell lung cancer. Inside the tumor mass, uncontrolled cell proliferation generates hypoxic areas leading to activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) responsible for neovascularization and tumor metastasis. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two neuropeptides widely distributed in respiratory organs. Previous studies have demonstrated that these peptides interfere with hypoxic pathways in various diseases, including tumors. However, their modulatory role in HIFs expression in lung adenocarcinomas has not yet been evaluated. In the present paper, we detected the expression profile of PACAP, VIP and related receptors in healthy and adenocarcinoma human lung tissue. To characterize peptides' modulatory effects on HIFs expression, we also exposed A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells and human normal bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells to microenvironmental hypoxia by treating them with deferoxamine (DFX). The results showed that PACAP and VIP significantly reduced HIF-1α and HIF-2α levels in both cell lines following hypoxic stress. The HIF-3α expression profile was related to cellular phenotype as it was lower in BEAS-2B and higher in A549 cells under low oxygen tension. In lung adenocarcinoma cells, peptide treatment restored HIF-3 α expression to control levels. These results suggest that endogenous PACAP and VIP exert controversial roles in cellular hypoxic microenvironments depending on the pathophysiological conditions of the lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Univer-sity of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rita Reitano
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, Universi-ty of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, Universi-ty of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy.
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Protective Effects of PACAP in a Rat Model of Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910691. [PMID: 34639032 PMCID: PMC8509403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with a widespread occurrence and diverse effects. PACAP has well-documented neuro- and cytoprotective effects, proven in numerous studies. Among others, PACAP is protective in models of diabetes-associated diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. As the neuropeptide has strong neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, we aimed at investigating the effects of PACAP in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy, another common complication of diabetes. Rats were treated with PACAP1-38 every second day for 8 weeks starting simultaneously with the streptozotocin injection. Nerve fiber morphology was examined with electron microscopy, chronic neuronal activation in pain processing centers was studied with FosB immunohistochemistry, and functionality was assessed by determining the mechanical nociceptive threshold. PACAP treatment did not alter body weight or blood glucose levels during the 8-week observation period. However, PACAP attenuated the mechanical hyperalgesia, compared to vehicle-treated diabetic animals, and it markedly reduced the morphological signs characteristic for neuropathy: axon–myelin separation, mitochondrial fission, unmyelinated fiber atrophy, and basement membrane thickening of endoneurial vessels. Furthermore, PACAP attenuated the increase in FosB immunoreactivity in the dorsal spinal horn and periaqueductal grey matter. Our results show that PACAP is a promising therapeutic agent in diabetes-associated complications, including diabetic neuropathy.
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Maugeri G, D’Amico AG, Saccone S, Federico C, Rasà DM, Caltabiano R, Broggi G, Giunta S, Musumeci G, D’Agata V. Effect of PACAP on Hypoxia-Induced Angiogenesis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080965. [PMID: 34440169 PMCID: PMC8392618 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts different effects in various human cancer. In glioblastoma (GBM), PACAP has been shown to interfere with the hypoxic micro-environment through the modulation of hypoxia-inducible factors via PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways inhibition. Considering that hypoxic tumor micro-environment is strictly linked to angiogenesis and Epithelial–Mesenchymal transition (EMT), in the present study, we have investigated the ability of PACAP to regulate these events. Results have demonstrated that PACAP and its related receptor, PAC1R, are expressed in hypoxic area of human GBM colocalizing either in epithelial or mesenchymal cells. By using an in vitro model of GBM cells, we have observed that PACAP interferes with hypoxic/angiogenic pathway by reducing vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release and inhibiting formation of vessel-like structures in H5V endothelial cells cultured with GBM-conditioned medium. Moreover, PACAP treatment decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) as well as CD44 in GBM cells by affecting their invasiveness. In conclusion, our study provides new insights regarding the multimodal role of PACAP in GBM malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (S.G.); (G.M.)
| | | | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (S.G.); (G.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (S.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (S.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (S.G.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-3782147; Fax: +39-095-3782046
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Sha W, Liu M, Sun D, Qiu J, Xu B, Chen L, Shen T, Chen C, Wang H, Zhang C, Lei T. Resveratrol ameliorated endothelial injury of thoracic aorta in diabetic mice and Gly-LDL-induced HUVECs through inhibiting TLR4/HIF-1α. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6258-6270. [PMID: 34114347 PMCID: PMC8256346 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the effects of resveratrol on the levels of inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor-4/ hypoxia-inducible transcription factors-1α (TLR4/HIF-1α) signalling pathway in diabetes mellitus. C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin for constructing diabetic mice models. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with 50 µg/mL Gly-LDL for inducing injury models. 10, 100 and 1000 mmol/L resveratrol were obtained and added into each group. Haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used for histological evaluation. CCK8 assay was performed for determination of cell viability, and Transwell assay was implemented for detecting cell migration ability. Cell apoptosis was analysed using flow cytometry. The content of inflammatory factors including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by ELISA. GST pull-down assay was employed for determining interactions between TLR4 and HIF-1α. The protein expression of TLR4 and HIF-1α was detected using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, while relative mRNA expression was measured by RT-qRCR. Resveratrol could reduce bodyweight and ameliorate endothelial injury of thoracic aorta in diabetic mice. Both in vivo and in vitro results revealed that the level of IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM-1 and VEGF was significantly down-regulated after being treated with resveratrol. Resveratrol inhibited the increase of MDA and ROS and increased the level of SOD in diabetic mice. Western blotting, IHC and RT-qPCR results showed that the levels of TLR4 and HIF-1α were significantly down-regulated in resveratrol group. Overexpression of TLR4 or HIF-1α could reverse the effect of resveratrol. GST pull-down elucidated that there might be a close interaction between TLR4 and HIF-1α. Resveratrol ameliorated endothelial injury of thoracic aorta in diabetic mice and Gly-LDL-induced HUVECs through inhibiting TLR4/HIF-1α signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Sha
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Meizhi Liu
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Dusang Sun
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Junhui Qiu
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Bilin Xu
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tian Shen
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hongping Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Lei
- Department of EndocrinologyPutuo HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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Fábián E, Horváth G, Opper B, Atlasz T, Tóth G, Reglődi D. PACAP is Protective Against Cellular Stress in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe integrity of the innermost, pigment epithelial layer of the retina is crucial for the photoreceptor survival and for maintaining the outer blood–retina barrier. In several ocular degenerations, such as diabetic retinopathy or macular edema, the stress caused by various harmful stimuli (hypoxia, oxidative stress, hyperosmosis) lead to severe molecular biological changes in this layer, promoting neovascularization of the retina. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) occurs throughout the whole body, including the eye. It has numerous functions in the retina, including the previously described anti-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects in retinal pigment epithelial cells. The aim of this present study was to investigate the influence of PACAP on different stress factors. In accordance with previous findings, PACAP significantly ameliorated the increased Hif1-α levels in hypoxic conditions. In H2O2-induced oxidative stress PACAP had an anti-apoptotic effect, it could decrease the expression of cytochrome-c and p53, while it upregulated the concentration of three antioxidants, namely SOD2, PON2 and thioredoxin. In conclusion, we provided new information on the molecular biological background of the retinoprotective effect of PACAP.
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D’Amico AG, Maugeri G, Musumeci G, Reglodi D, D’Agata V. PACAP and NAP: Effect of Two Functionally Related Peptides in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1525-1535. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Volonté C, Morello G, Spampinato AG, Amadio S, Apolloni S, D’Agata V, Cavallaro S. Omics-based exploration and functional validation of neurotrophic factors and histamine as therapeutic targets in ALS. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101121. [PMID: 32653439 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of genetic and molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the pathophysiology of the heterogeneous and multifactorial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease, and hence the conventional "one target-one drug" paradigm has failed so far to provide effective therapeutic solutions, precisely because of the complex nature of ALS. This review intends to highlight how the integration of emerging "omics" approaches may provide a rational foundation for the comprehensive exploration of molecular pathways and dynamic interactions involved in ALS, for the identification of candidate targets and biomarkers that will assist in the rapid diagnosis and prognosis, lastly for the stratification of patients into different subgroups with the aim of personalized therapeutic strategies. To this purpose, particular emphasis will be placed on some potential therapeutic targets, including neurotrophic factors and histamine signaling that both have emerged as dysregulated at different omics levels in specific subgroups of ALS patients, and have already shown promising results in in vitro and in vivo models of ALS. To conclude, we will discuss about the utility of using integrated omics coupled with network-based approaches to provide additional guidance for personalization of medicine applications in ALS.
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Wu X, Yang Z, Li Z, Yang L, Wang X, Wang C, Gu J. Increased expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with diabetic gastroparesis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:216. [PMID: 32650726 PMCID: PMC7350597 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroparesis is a recognized complication of diabetes but its pathogenic mechanism incompletely understood. Our aim was to determine whether HIF-1α and VEGF are secreted from gastric tissue is a fundamental factor that drives diabetic gastroparesis. METHODS Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 4 and 12 weeks, rats were euthanized for assaying body weight, blood glucose, gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying. Morphologic changes in gastric mucosa were observed by the light microscope. Expression of HIF-1α and VEGF were assessed using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Compared with control group, blood glucose were significantly increased and body weight were markedly decreased in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Gastric emptying was significantly decreased in diabetic rats compared to the control group at different times. The number of parietal cells was obviously decreased, and vacuolated degeneration in diabetic rats. Gastric acid secretion in diabetic group was significantly decreased, and expression of HIF-1α and VEGF were significantly increased in the diabetic group. CONCLUSION These results indicated that overexpression of HIF-1α and VEGF in the gastric mucosa and played a pivotal role in the progression of diabetic gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhifang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
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21
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D’Amico AG, Maugeri G, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, Reglodi D, D’Agata V. PACAP Modulates the Autophagy Process in an In Vitro Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082943. [PMID: 32331311 PMCID: PMC7216177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of complex etiology leading to motor neuron degeneration. Many gene alterations cause this pathology, including mutation in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which leads to its gain of function. Mutant SOD1 proteins are prone to aberrant misfolding and create aggregates that impair autophagy. The hypoxic stress is strictly linked to the disease progression since it induces uncontrolled autophagy activation and the consequent high rates of cell death. Previously, we showed that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts neurotrophic activity in cultured mSOD1 motor neurons exposed to serum deprivation. To date, no studies have examined whether the protective effect of PACAP on mSOD1 cells exposed to hypoxic insult is mediated through the regulation of the autophagy process. In the present study, we used the neuroblastoma-spinal cord-34 (NSC-34) cell line, stably expressing human wild type or mutant SOD1 G93A, to represent a well characterized in vitro model of a familial form of ALS. These cells were exposed to 100-µM desferrioxamine mesylate salt for 24h, to mimic the hypoxic stress affecting motor neurons during the disease progression. Our results showed that PACAP treatment significantly reduced cell death and hypoxia-induced mSOD1 accumulation by modulating the autophagy process in G93A motor neurons, as revealed by the decreased LC3II and the increased p62 levels, two autophagy indicators. These results were also confirmed by evaluating the vacuole formation detected through light chain 3 (LC3) immunofluorescence. Furthermore, the PACAP effects on autophagy seem to be mediated through the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Overall, our data demonstrated that PACAP exerts an ameliorative effect on the mSOD1 motor neuron viability by modulating a hypoxia-induced autophagy process through activation of MAPK/ERK signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D’Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy;
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Italian National Research Council, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, 7622 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2039; Fax: +39-095-378-2046
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22
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Amenta A, Saccone S, Federico C, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Bonfiglio V, Avitabile T, Longo A, D'Agata V. Protective effect of PACAP against ultraviolet B radiation-induced human corneal endothelial cell injury. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:101978. [PMID: 31791645 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human cornea, a sophisticated example of natural engineering, is composed in the innermost layer by endothelial cells maintaining stromal hydration and clarity. Different types of insults, including ultraviolet (UV) radiations, can lead to corneal opacity due to their degenerative and limited proliferative capability. In our previous studies, we have shown the protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs), after growth factors deprivation. The aim of the present work has been to investigate the effect of this peptide on UV-B-induced HCECs injury. The results have shown that UV-B irradiations induced apoptotic cells death and consequently alteration in human corneal endothelial barrier. We found that PACAP treatment significantly increased viability, trans-endothelial electrical resistance and tight junctions expression of HCECs exposed to UV-B insult. In conclusion, data have suggested that this peptide could have protective effect to preserve the physiological state of human corneal endothelium exposed to UV-B damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Amenta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenza Bonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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23
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Toth D, Szabo E, Tamas A, Juhasz T, Horvath G, Fabian E, Opper B, Szabo D, Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Vicena V, Reglodi D. Protective Effects of PACAP in Peripheral Organs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:377. [PMID: 32765418 PMCID: PMC7381171 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system, where it exerts strong neuroprotective effects. PACAP is also expressed in peripheral organs but its peripheral protective effects have not been summarized so far. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review the existing literature regarding the cytoprotective effects of PACAP in non-neuronal cell types, peripheral tissues, and organs. Among others, PACAP has widespread expression in the digestive system, where it shows protective effects in various intestinal pathologies, such as duodenal ulcer, small bowel ischemia, and intestinal inflammation. PACAP is present in both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas as well as liver where it reduces inflammation and steatosis by interfering with hepatic pathology related to obesity. It is found in several exocrine glands and also in urinary organs, where, with its protective effects being mainly published regarding renal pathologies, PACAP is protective in numerous conditions. PACAP displays anti-inflammatory effects in upper and lower airways of the respiratory system. In the skin, it is involved in the development of inflammatory pathology such as psoriasis and also has anti-allergic effects in a model of contact dermatitis. In the non-neuronal part of the visual system, PACAP showed protective effects in pathological conditions of the cornea and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The positive role of PACAP has been demonstrated on the formation and healing processes of cartilage and bone where it also prevents osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis development. The protective role of PACAP was also demonstrated in the cardiovascular system in different pathological processes including hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and age-related vascular changes. In the heart, PACAP protects against ischemia, oxidative stress, and cardiomyopathies. PACAP is also involved in the protection against the development of pre-senile systemic amyloidosis, which is presented in various peripheral organs in PACAP-deficient mice. The studies summarized here provide strong evidence for the cytoprotective effects of the peptide. The survival-promoting effects of PACAP depend on a number of factors which are also shortly discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata G. D'Amico
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi
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24
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Wang Z, Shan W, Li H, Feng J, Lu S, Ou B, Ma M, Ma Y. The PACAP-derived peptide MPAPO facilitates corneal wound healing by promoting corneal epithelial cell proliferation and trigeminal ganglion cell axon regeneration. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2676-2691. [PMID: 31754339 PMCID: PMC6854382 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the cornea plays an important role in providing protection to the eye, but it is fragile and vulnerable. To clarify the biological effects and molecular mechanisms of the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-derived peptide MPAPO (named MPAPO) to promote corneal wound healing, we applied a mechanical method to establish a corneal injury model and analyzed the repair effects of MPAPO on corneal injury. MPAPO significantly promoted corneal wound repair in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, we established injury models of epithelial cells and trigeminal ganglion cells with H2O2. The results show that when the concentration of MPAPO is 1 μM, it can significantly promote the repair of injured corneal epithelial cells and the regeneration of trigeminal ganglion cell axons. MPAPO repairs epithelial cells through the promotion of GSK3β phosphorylation by binding to PAC1 and activating AKT. β-catenin escapes the phosphorylation of GSK3β and enters the nucleus to promote the expression of cyclin D1, accelerate cell cycle progression and promote cell proliferation. MPAPO promotes axonal regeneration by binding to the PAC1 receptor and activating adenylate cyclase activity, followed by the cAMP activation of protein kinase A activity and the promotion of CREB phosphorylation. Phosphorylated CREB promotes Bcl2 expression and axonal regeneration. In conclusion, our data support the role of MPAPO to facilitate corneal wound healing by promoting corneal epithelial cell proliferation and trigeminal ganglion cell axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University.,National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Wailan Shan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University.,National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Huixian Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University.,National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Jia Feng
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University.,National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Shiyin Lu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University.,National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Biqian Ou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University.,National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
| | - Min Ma
- College of traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University.,National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University
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25
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Gábriel R, Pöstyéni E, Dénes V. Neuroprotective Potential of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide in Retinal Degenerations of Metabolic Origin. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1031. [PMID: 31649495 PMCID: PMC6794456 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP1-38) is a highly conserved member of the secretin/glucagon/VIP family. The repressive effect of PACAP1-38 on the apoptotic machinery has been an area of active research conferring a significant neuroprotective potential onto this peptide. A remarkable number of studies suggest its importance in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in relation to retinal metabolic disorders. In our review, we provide short descriptions of various pathological conditions (diabetic retinopathy, excitotoxic retinal injury and ischemic retinal lesion) in which the remedial effect of PACAP has been well demonstrated in various animal models. Of all the pathological conditions, diabetic retinopathy seems to be the most intriguing as it develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes, with concomitant progression to legal blindness in about 5%. Several animal models have been developed in recent years to study retinal degenerations and out of these glaucoma and age-related retina degeneration models bear human recapitulations. PACAP neuroprotection is thought to operate through enhanced cAMP production upon binding to PAC1-R. However, the underlying signaling network that leads to neuroprotection is not fully understood. We observed that (i) PACAP is not equally efficient in the above conditions; (ii) in some cases more than one signaling pathways are activated; (iii) the coupling of PAC1-R and signaling is stage dependent; and (iv) PAC1-R is not the only receptor that must be considered to interpret the effects in our experiments. These observations point to a complex signaling mechanism, that involves alternative routes besides the classical cAMP/protein kinase A pathway to evoke the outstanding neuroprotective action. Consequently, the possible contribution of the other two main receptors (VPAC1-R and VPAC2-R) will also be discussed. Finally, the potential medical use of PACAP in some retinal and ocular disorders will also be reviewed. By taking advantage of, low-cost synthesis technologies today, PACAP may serve as an alternative to the expensive treatment modelities currently available in ocular or retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Dénes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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26
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Denes V, Geck P, Mester A, Gabriel R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: 30 Years in Research Spotlight and 600 Million Years in Service. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091488. [PMID: 31540472 PMCID: PMC6780647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging from the depths of evolution, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (i.e., PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) are present in multicellular organisms from Tunicates to humans and govern a remarkable number of physiological processes. Consequently, the clinical relevance of PACAP systems spans a multifaceted palette that includes more than 40 disorders. We aimed to present the versatility of PACAP1-38 actions with a focus on three aspects: (1) when PACAP1-38 could be a cause of a malfunction, (2) when PACAP1-38 could be the cure for a malfunction, and (3) when PACAP1-38 could either improve or impair biology. PACAP1-38 is implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder whereas an outstanding protective potential has been established in ischemia and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lastly, PACAP receptors could mediate opposing effects both in cancers and in inflammation. In the light of the above, the duration and concentrations of PACAP agents must be carefully set at any application to avoid unwanted consequences. An enormous amount of data accumulated since its discovery (1989) and the first clinical trials are dated in 2017. Thus in the field of PACAP research: “this is not the end, not even the beginning of the end, but maybe the end of the beginning.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Denes
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Peter Geck
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Adrienn Mester
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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27
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Bucolo C, D'Agata V. Protective effect of PACAP-38 on retinal pigmented epithelium in an in vitro and in vivo model of diabetic retinopathy through EGFR-dependent mechanism. Peptides 2019; 119:170108. [PMID: 31247223 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes. In the last years, several in vivo studies have demonstrated the protective role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP-38) to counteract several alterations occurring during DR. Recently, different studies have demonstrated that some PACAP-38 effects are mediated by EGFR trans-activation, although no data exist regarding the link between this peptide and EGFR in DR. The aim of the present study has been to investigate whether retinal effect of PACAP-38 against high glucose damage is mediated by EGFR phosphorylation. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. After 1 week, a group of animals was treated with a single intravitreal injection of 100 μM PACAP-38 or saline solution. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis have demonstrated that intravitreal injection of PACAP-38 induced p-EGFR over-expression in retina of diabetic rats. Several pathogenic mechanisms may contribute to diabetic retinopathy including BRB alteration. To better clarify the relationship between PACAP-38 and EGFR, we have also carried out a study on ARPE-19 cells, representing a model in vitro of outer BRB. Our results have shown that PACAP-38 treatment improved cell viability in ARPE-19 cells exposed to hyperglycemic/hypoxic insult mimicking tissue microenvironment occurring in DR. Binding to PAC1R, peptide induces EGFR phosphorylation via PKA-signaling cascade stimulation. EGFR trans-activation triggers MAPK/ERK signaling pathway involved in cell survival and proliferation. In conclusion, data have suggested that PACAP-38 acts through EGFR phosphorylation in DR and this effect particularly occurs on RPE layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Department of Human Science and Promotion of quality of Life, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy; Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
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28
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Neuroprotective Peptides in Retinal Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081146. [PMID: 31374938 PMCID: PMC6722704 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of many disorders, neuronal death plays a key role. It is now assumed that neurodegeneration is caused by multiple and somewhat converging/overlapping death mechanisms, and that neurons are sensitive to unique death styles. In this respect, major advances in the knowledge of different types, mechanisms, and roles of neurodegeneration are crucial to restore the neuronal functions involved in neuroprotection. Several novel concepts have emerged recently, suggesting that the modulation of the neuropeptide system may provide an entirely new set of pharmacological approaches. Neuropeptides and their receptors are expressed widely in mammalian retinas, where they exert neuromodulatory functions including the processing of visual information. In multiple models of retinal diseases, different peptidergic substances play neuroprotective actions. Herein, we describe the novel advances on the protective roles of neuropeptides in the retina. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which peptides affect neuronal death/survival and the vascular lesions commonly associated with retinal neurodegenerative pathologies. The goal is to highlight the therapeutic potential of neuropeptide systems as neuroprotectants in retinal diseases.
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29
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Fabian E, Reglodi D, Horvath G, Opper B, Toth G, Fazakas C, Vegh AG, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide acts against neovascularization in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:160-172. [PMID: 31317557 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) could influence the neovascularization processes in hyperosmotic and oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Hyperosmotic conditions and oxidative stress were induced by 200 mM sucrose and 250 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), respectively. Morphology and elasticity of adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells were measured by atomic force microscopy, while the investigation of junctional molecules, such as occludin and ZO-1, was carried out using immunofluorescence. For cell viability measurement, the MTT test was used. The effect of PACAP on the key angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenin, and endothelin-1, was measured by an angiogenesis array and flow cytometry. Hyperosmotic stress-induced reorganization of the cytoskeleton and impairment of the junctions decreased cell viability and upregulated several angiogenic factors. In oxidative stress, we found that opening of the junctions decreased viability and upregulated the expression of angiogenic factors. PACAP was shown to be protective in both conditions. Retinal pigment epithelium cells play an important role in several diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. Therefore, protecting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with PACAP could be a novel and potential treatment in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila G Vegh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Istvan A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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30
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Atlasz T, Werling D, Song S, Szabo E, Vaczy A, Kovari P, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Yu R. Retinoprotective Effects of TAT-Bound Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide. J Mol Neurosci 2019. [PMID: 30542799 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1229-5/figures/7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) belong to the same peptide family and exert a variety of biological functions. Both PACAP and VIP have protective effects in several tissues. While PACAP is known to be a stronger retinoprotective peptide, VIP has very potent anti-inflammatory effects. The need for a non-invasive therapeutic approach has emerged and PACAP has been shown to be retinoprotective when administered in the form of eye drops as well. The cell penetrating peptide TAT is composed of 11 amino acids and tagging of TAT at the C-terminus of neuropeptides PACAP/VIP can enhance the traversing ability of the peptides through the biological barriers. We hypothesized that TAT-bound PACAP and VIP could be more effective in exerting retinoprotective effects when given in eye drops, by increasing the traversing efficacy and enhancing the activation of the PAC1 receptor. Rats were subjected to bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and retinas were processed for histological analysis 14 days later. The efficiency of the TAT-bound peptides to reach the retina was assessed as well as their cAMP increasing ability. Our present study provides evidence, for the first time, that topically administered PACAP and VIP derivatives (PACAP-TAT and VIP-TAT) attenuate ischemic retinal degeneration via the PAC1 receptor presumably due to a multifactorial protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - D Werling
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Song
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kovari
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Rongjie Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Li J, Yang S, Yu F, Ji E, Woodrow Weiss J. Endothelin-1 enhanced carotid body chemosensory activity in chronic intermittent hypoxia through PLC, PKC and p38MAPK signaling pathways. Neuropeptides 2019; 74:44-51. [PMID: 30579678 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), as it functions as a neuromodulator, has been associated with hypertension in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) which attribute to enhanced carotid body sensibility to hypoxia. However, the molecular mechanism of ET-1 on carotid body sensibility in CIH is still not clear. Here, effect of ET-1 on carotid body chemosensory stimulation in rats exposed to either CIH or room air (Normoxia) was explored. Furthermore, Phospholipase C (PLC), Protein kinase C (PKC) or p38 MAPK antagonists were adopted to clarify the signalling pathways involved. Results showed that ET-1 induced a higher increase of carotid sinus nerve activity (CSNA) in animals exposed to CIH. Both ETA and ETB receptor expression were up-regulated by CIH exposure, but only ETA is responsible for ET-1 induced CSNA increase. Additional, the increase was inhibited by PLC, PKC, p38 MAPK antagonists and calcium channel blocker. Our findings support that ETA receptor mediates ET-1-induced CSNA increase through PLC, PKC and p38 MAPK signalling pathways in chronic intermittent hypoxia. Also, our study indicated that calcium influx was necessary for enhancing effect of ET-1 on CSNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengchang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyang Yu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - EnSheng Ji
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - J Woodrow Weiss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Rasà D, Federico C, Saccone S, Lazzara F, Fidilio A, Drago F, Bucolo C, D'Agata V. NAP modulates hyperglycemic-inflammatory event of diabetic retina by counteracting outer blood retinal barrier damage. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:5230-5240. [PMID: 30374973 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Prolonged hyperglycemia stimulates inflammatory pathway characterized by the release of some cytokines leading to the impairment of blood retinal barrier (BRB). NAP exerts a protective effect in various eye diseases, including DR. So far, the role of NAP in the modulation of inflammatory event during early phase of this pathology has not been investigated yet. In the current study, we have studied the retinal protective effect of NAP, injected into the eye, in diabetic rats. NAP treatment exerts a dual effect downregulating interleukin (IL)-1β and its related receptors and upregulating IL-1Ra expression. We have also tested the role of this peptide in human retinal epithelial cells (ARPE19) cultured on a semipermeable support and exposed to hyperglycemic-inflammatory insult, representing a in vitro model of diabetic macular edema, a clinical manifestation of DR. The results have shown that NAP prevents outer BRB impairment by upregulating the tight junctions. In conclusion, deepened characterization of NAP action mechanism on hyperglycemic-inflammatory damage may be useful to develop a new strategy to prevent retinal damage during DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Rasà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Lazzara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Fidilio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Liu D, Xu L, Zhang X, Shi C, Qiao S, Ma Z, Yuan J. Snapshot: Implications for mTOR in Aging-related Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Aging Dis 2019; 10:116-133. [PMID: 30705773 PMCID: PMC6345330 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging may aggravate the damage and dysfunction of different components of multiorgan and thus increasing multiorgan ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. IR injury occurs in many organs and tissues, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an atypical serine/threonine protein kinase, involves in the pathophysiological process of IR injury. In this review, we first briefly introduce the molecular features of mTOR, the association between mTOR and aging, and especially its role on autophagy. Special focus is placed on the roles of mTOR during ischemic and IR injury. We then clarify the association between mTOR and conditioning phenomena. Following this background, we expand our discussion to potential future directions of research in this area. Collectively, information reviewed herein will serve as a comprehensive reference for the actions of mTOR in IR injury and may be significant for the design of future research and increase the potential of mTOR as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Liqun Xu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.,2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.,3Cadet group 3, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,4Laboratory Animal Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- 2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.,3Cadet group 3, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- 4Laboratory Animal Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shubin Qiao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.,2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Jiansong Yuan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
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34
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Atlasz T, Werling D, Song S, Szabo E, Vaczy A, Kovari P, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Yu R. Retinoprotective Effects of TAT-Bound Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:397-407. [PMID: 30542799 PMCID: PMC6581923 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) belong to the same peptide family and exert a variety of biological functions. Both PACAP and VIP have protective effects in several tissues. While PACAP is known to be a stronger retinoprotective peptide, VIP has very potent anti-inflammatory effects. The need for a non-invasive therapeutic approach has emerged and PACAP has been shown to be retinoprotective when administered in the form of eye drops as well. The cell penetrating peptide TAT is composed of 11 amino acids and tagging of TAT at the C-terminus of neuropeptides PACAP/VIP can enhance the traversing ability of the peptides through the biological barriers. We hypothesized that TAT-bound PACAP and VIP could be more effective in exerting retinoprotective effects when given in eye drops, by increasing the traversing efficacy and enhancing the activation of the PAC1 receptor. Rats were subjected to bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and retinas were processed for histological analysis 14 days later. The efficiency of the TAT-bound peptides to reach the retina was assessed as well as their cAMP increasing ability. Our present study provides evidence, for the first time, that topically administered PACAP and VIP derivatives (PACAP-TAT and VIP-TAT) attenuate ischemic retinal degeneration via the PAC1 receptor presumably due to a multifactorial protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - D Werling
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Song
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kovari
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Rongjie Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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35
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Castrogiovanni P, Saccone S, Federico C, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Bonfiglio V, Avitabile T, Longo A, D'Agata V. PACAP through EGFR transactivation preserves human corneal endothelial integrity. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:10097-10105. [PMID: 30548314 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The corneal endothelium is composed of a single hexagonal-shaped cells layer adherent to the Descemet's membrane. The primary function of these cells is maintaining of tissue clarity by regulating its hydration. Trauma, aging or other pathologies cause their loss, counterbalanced by enlargement of survived cells unable to guarantee an efficient fluid pumping to and from the stroma. Regenerative medicine using human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) isolated from peripheral corneal-scleral tissue of a donor could be an attractive solution, overcoming transplantation problems. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that HCECs treatment with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) following growth factors deprivation prevents their degeneration. However, the molecular mechanism mediating this effect has not been clarified, yet. Here, we have shown for the first time the expression of PACAP and its receptor (PAC1R) in human corneal endothelium and demonstrated that this peptide, selectively binding to PAC1R, induces epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway activation. In conclusion, our data have suggested that PACAP could represent an important trophic factor in maintaining human corneal endothelial integrity through EGFR transactivation. Therefore, PACAP, as well as epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, could co-operate to guarantee tissue physiological functioning by supporting corneal endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenza Bonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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36
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, Federico C, Saccone S, Morello G, La Cognata V, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. Molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in an in vitro model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5203-5214. [PMID: 30238989 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Based on transcriptional profiles of motor cortex samples, in a previous work, we were able to classify two subgroups of sporadic ALS (SALS) patients, named SALS1 and SALS2. A further meta-analysis study has revealed sixteen drug targets commonly deregulated in SALS2 and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) G93A mice. The identified candidate drug targets included pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2). By using a motor neuron-like hybrid cell line (NSC-34) expressing human SOD1 G93A as an in vitro model of ALS, here we investigated the functional correlation among these three genes. Our results have shown that PACAP increases cell viability following serum deprivation. This effect is induced through EGFR transactivation mediated by protein kinase A stimulation. Furthermore, EGFR phosphorylation activates mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 survival signaling pathway and increases MMP-2 expression, significantly reduced by serum starvation. These results suggest that a deeper characterization of mechanisms involved in PACAP/EGFR/MMP-2 axis activation in G93A SOD1 mutated neurons may allow identifying new targets for ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata G D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela M Rasà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Morello
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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37
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Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Jasińska-Stroschein M, Kowalczyk E. Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the mechanism of neuroleptic drugs. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:1032-1039. [PMID: 30144664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-associated signaling pathway in the frontal cortical areas demonstrates abnormal activity in cases of schizophrenia. Moreover, schizophrenia patients often display alterations in the regional cellular energy metabolism and blood flow of the brain; these are shown to parallel changes in angiogenesis primarily mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). METHODS The present study examines the differential effects of time-dependent treatment with haloperidol, olanzapine and amisulpride (20μM) on VEGF and MAPK mRNA expression and VEGF level, using the T98 cell line as an example of nerve cells. For the purposes of comparison, the effect of neuroprotective pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on the expression of VEGF mRNA and secretion were also evaluated in this cell model. RESULTS RT-PCR analysis revealed that all the tested neuroleptics increased VEGF mRNA expression after 72-h incubation; however, only haloperidol and olanzapine also increased the level of VEGF detected by ELISA, and they demonstrated significantly stronger effects than PACAP. Haloperidol and olanzapine, but not amisulpride, decreased MAPK14 mRNA expression in T98G cells after 72-h incubation. CONCLUSION The obtained results suggest that haloperidol and olanzapine can trigger the MAPK and VEGF signaling pathway, which may contribute to their neuroprotective mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jóźwiak-Bębenista
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Interfaculty Chair of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
| | | | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Interfaculty Chair of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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38
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. PACAP and VIP regulate hypoxia-inducible factors in neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia. Neuropeptides 2018; 69:84-91. [PMID: 29699729 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two related peptides acting as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in central and peripheral nervous system. They are also involved in cancer showing a controversial role. Particulary, they are implicated in neuroblastoma differentiation (NB). This pediatric tumor can evolve to a malignant metastatic disease or spontaneously regress towards a benign form, known as ganglioneuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma. A negative hallmark of neoplasia progression is represented by hypoxic microenvironment. Low oxygen tension induces activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) promoting cells proliferation and metastasis formation. Moreover, HIFs trigger vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release favouring high-risk NB phenotype development. In the present work, we have investigated for the first time, if PACAP and VIP interfere with NB differentiation through modulation of hypoxic/angiogenic process. To this end, we analyzed their effect in malignant undifferentiated and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, representing the benign form of this tumor. Our results have suggested tha both peptides, but predominantly VIP, induce NB differentiation into benign form by regulating HIFs, VEGF and VEGFRs expression and distribution. All these data give new insight regarding PACAP/VIP regulatory role in NB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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39
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Protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide against neurotoxic agents. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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40
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Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an ubiquitous peptide involved, among others, in neurodevelopment, neuromodulation, neuroprotection, neurogenic inflammation and nociception. Presence of PACAP and its specific receptor, PAC1, in the trigeminocervical complex, changes of PACAP levels in migraine patients and the migraine-inducing effect of PACAP injection strongly support the involvement of PACAP/PAC1 receptor in migraine pathogenesis. While antagonizing PAC1 receptor is a promising therapeutic target in migraine, the diverse array of PACAP's functions, including protection in ischemic events, requires that the cost-benefit of such an intervention is well investigated by taking all the beneficial effects of PACAP into account. In the present review we summarize the protective effects of PACAP in ischemia, especially in neuronal ischemic injuries, and discuss possible points to consider when developing strategies in migraine therapy interfering with the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system.
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41
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Maugeri G, Longo A, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Bonfiglio V, Avitabile T, D'Agata V. Trophic effect of PACAP on human corneal endothelium. Peptides 2018; 99:20-26. [PMID: 29126993 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cornea's posterior surface includes endothelium maintaining stromal hydration and clarity. Due to their limited proliferative capability, the loss of endothelial cells can outcome in permanent opacity. In the last years, different studies have demonstrated the protective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in different ocular diseases. However, its role on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) has not been investigated, yet. Here, we have developed a culture protocol to differentiate HCECs from donor's cornea. PACAP treatment prevented damage induced by growth factors deprivation of cells grown on transwell supports as revealed by TERR measurements. Moreover, this peptide significantly increased tight junction proteins expression by conferring resistance to endothelial barrier. This effect is also related to promotion of cell viability as demonstrated by MTT assay. Furthermore, PACAP stimulated repairing of corneal endothelium lesion as shown by wound healing analysis. In conclusion, our data suggest that this peptide could represent an important trophic factor in maintaining functionality of human corneal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Russo
- Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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42
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D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Rasà DM, Bucolo C, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. Modulation of IL-1β and VEGF expression in rat diabetic retinopathy after PACAP administration. Peptides 2017; 97:64-69. [PMID: 28964802 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes. Hyperglycemic/hypoxic microenvironment concurs to aberrant angiogenesis characterizing the pathology and activates many downstream target genes including inflammatory cytokines and vasoactive peptides, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It has been largely demonstrated that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) plays a protective effect in DR. In the present study, we investigated the role of PACAP to protect retinal tissue through IL-1β and VEGF expression. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and one week later a single intravitreal injection of 100μM PACAP was administrated. Analyses of IL-1β and VEGF levels were performed three weeks after diabetes induction. The results demonstrated that a single intraocular administration of PACAP significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β in diabetic animals. Moreover, it affects VEGF and its receptors (VEGFRs) levels and interferes with their retinal layers distribution as showed by confocal microscopy analysis. In particular, PACAP treatment downregulates VEGF and VEGFRs that are increasingly expressed in STZ-treated animals as compared to controls. These results indicate that PACAP plays an important role to attenuate the early phase of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Italy; Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Bonaventura G, Iemmolo R, D'Amico AG, La Cognata V, Costanzo E, Zappia M, D'Agata V, Conforti FL, Aronica E, Cavallaro S. PACAP and PAC1R are differentially expressed in motor cortex of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and support survival of iPSC-derived motor neurons. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3343-3351. [PMID: 28926110 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and disabling neurodegenerative disease characterized by upper and lower motor neurons depletion. In our previous work, comprehensive genomic profiling of 41 motor cortex samples enabled to discriminate controls from sporadic ALS patients, and segregated these latter into two distinct subgroups (SALS1 and SALS2), each associated with different deregulated genes. In the present study, we focused our attention on two of them, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and its type 1 receptor (PAC1R), and validated the results of the transcriptome experiments by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. To assess the functional role of PACAP and PAC1R in ALS, we developed an in vitro model of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived motor neurons and examined the trophic effects of exogenous PACAP following neurodegenerative stimuli. Treatment with 100 nm PACAP was able to effectively rescue iPSC-derived motor neurons from apoptosis, as shown by cell viability assay and protein dosage of the apoptotic marker (BAX). All together, these data suggest that perturbations in the PACAP-PAC1R pathway may be involved in ALS pathology and represent a potential drug target to enhance motor neuron viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bonaventura
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Iemmolo
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata G D'Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy.,Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Erminio Costanzo
- Neurology Department, Cannizzaro Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department "G. F. Ingrassia", Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca L Conforti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Mangone (CS), Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
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D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Rasà DM, La Cognata V, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. NAP counteracts hyperglycemia/hypoxia induced retinal pigment epithelial barrier breakdown through modulation of HIFs and VEGF expression. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1120-1128. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata G. D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of LifeSan Raffaele Open University of RomeItaly
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity of CataniaItaly
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity of CataniaItaly
| | - Daniela M. Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity of CataniaItaly
| | | | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CataniaItaly
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CataniaItaly
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity of CataniaItaly
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, La Cognata V, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. Nicotine promotes blood retinal barrier damage in a model of human diabetic macular edema. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 44:182-189. [PMID: 28689815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 1 billion world's population actively smokes tobacco containing the bioactive component nicotine (NT). The biological role of this molecule is mediated through the activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, widely distributed in various human tissues including retinal pigmented epithelium. The long-term assumption of NT contributes to several diseases development such as diabetic retinopathy. The major complication of this pathology is the diabetic macular edema (DME), characterized by macular area thinning and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown. Retinal hyperglycemic/hypoxic microenvironment represents one of the main factors favoring DME progression by eliciting the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) expression. The latter induce new vessels formation by stimulating cellular secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The etiology of DME is multifactorial, but little is known about the risk factors linked to cigarette smoking, in particular to nicotine's contribution. In the present study, we have investigated the NT role in a model, in vitro, of DME, by evaluating its effect on outer BRB permeability and HIFs/VEGF expression following exposure to hyperglycemic/hypoxic insult. Our results have demonstrated that this compound alters outer BRB integrity exposed to high glucose and low oxygen pressure microenvironment by upregulating HIF-1α/HIF-2α, VEGF expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These data have suggested that NT may play a negative role in active smokers affected by DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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46
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, La Cognata V, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. Caffeine Prevents Blood Retinal Barrier Damage in a Model, In Vitro, of Diabetic Macular Edema. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2371-2379. [PMID: 28106278 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the major cause of vision loss in patients affected by diabetic retinopathy. Hyperglycemia and hypoxia represent the key elements in the progression of these pathologies, leading to breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Caffeine, a psychoactive substance largely consumed in the world, is a nonselective antagonist of adenosine receptors (AR) and it possesses a protective effect in various diseases, including eye pathologies. Here, we have investigated the effect of this substance on BRB integrity following exposure to hyperglycemic/hypoxic insult. Retinal pigmented epithelial cells, ARPE-19, have been grown on semi-permeable supports mimicking an experimental model, in vitro, of outer BRB. Caffeine treatment has reduced cell monolayer permeability after exposure to high glucose and desferoxamine as shown by TEER and FITC-dextran permeability assays. This effect is also mediated through the restoration of membrane's tight junction expression, ZO-1. Moreover, we have demonstrated that caffeine is able to prevent outer BRB damage by inhibiting apoptotic cell death induced by hyperglycemic/hypoxic insult since it downregulates the proapoptotic Bax and upregulates the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 genes. Although further studies are needed to better comprise the beneficial effect of caffeine, we can speculate that it might be used as an innovative drug for DME treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2371-2379, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,San Raffaele Telematic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Rasà
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Bucolo C, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. Nap Interferes with Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and VEGF Expression in Retina of Diabetic Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:256-266. [PMID: 27909871 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The retinal microvascular damage is a complication of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Hyperglycemia and hypoxia are responsible of aberrant vessel's proliferation. The cellular response to hypoxia is mediated through activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Among these, HIF-1α modulates expression of its target gene, VEGF, whose upregulation controls the angiogenic event during DR development. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that a small peptide, NAP, is able to protect retina from hyperglycemic insult. Here, we have demonstrated that its intraocular administration in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy has reduced expression of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and VEGF by increasing HIF-3α levels. These data have been also confirmed by immunolocalization study by confocal microscopy. Although these evidences need to be further deepened to understand the molecular mechanism involved in the protective NAP action, the present data suggest that this small peptide may be effective to prevent the development of this ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D'Amico
- San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Italian National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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