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Jin K, Shen S, Shi R, Xu X, Hu M. Exosomal miRNAs in prenatal diagnosis: Recent advances. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38717. [PMID: 38996168 PMCID: PMC11245187 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small membranous microvesicles released by cells, contain a range of bioactive molecules, including proteins and miRNAs, which play critical roles in intercellular communication and physiological and pathological processes. Current research suggests that exosomal miRNAs could serve as valuable biomarkers for prenatal diseases, offering a noninvasive method for early detection and monitoring. Studies linking exosomal miRNAs to various birth defects, including fetal growth restriction, urinary tract malformations, cardiovascular system malformations, and hereditary diseases like Down syndrome, were discussed. However, there are some conflicting study findings due to different exosome separation methods. Here, we also discussed exosome separation methods, emphasizing the importance of method selection based on specific purposes and sample types. Further studies are needed to standardize isolation techniques, understand the specific mechanisms underlying exosomal miRNA function, and develop reliable noninvasive prenatal diagnostic indicators. Overall, exosomal miRNAs show promise as potential biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis, but further research is necessary to validate their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Jin
- Genetic Laboratory, Jinhua Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Shuangshuang Shen
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Jinhua Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Ruyong Shi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Jinhua Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiayuan Xu
- Genetic Laboratory, Jinhua Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Min Hu
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jinhua Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinhua, China
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2
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Pana C, Stanigut AM, Cimpineanu B, Alexandru A, Salim C, Nicoara AD, Resit P, Tuta LA. Urinary Biomarkers in Monitoring the Progression and Treatment of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease-The Promised Land? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59050915. [PMID: 37241147 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic kidney disease, and it leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The clinical manifestations of ADPKD are variable, with extreme differences observable in its progression, even among members of the same family with the same genetic mutation. In an age of new therapeutic options, it is important to identify patients with rapidly progressive evolution and the risk factors involved in the disease's poor prognosis. As the pathophysiological mechanisms of the formation and growth of renal cysts have been clarified, new treatment options have been proposed to slow the progression to end-stage renal disease. Furthermore, in addition to the conventional factors (PKD1 mutation, hypertension, proteinuria, total kidney volume), increasing numbers of studies have recently identified new serum and urinary biomarkers of the disease's progression, which are cheaper and more easily to dosing from the early stages of the disease. The present review discusses the utility of new biomarkers in the monitoring of the progress of ADPKD and their roles in new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Pana
- Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Ovidius" University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Alina Mihaela Stanigut
- Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Ovidius" University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Bogdan Cimpineanu
- Medical Semiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Ovidius" University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Andreea Alexandru
- Nephrology Department, Constanta County Emergency Hospital, 900601 Constanta, Romania
| | - Camer Salim
- Emergency Department, Constanta County Emergency Hospital, 900601 Constanta, Romania
| | - Alina Doina Nicoara
- Medical Semiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Ovidius" University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Periha Resit
- Faculty of Medicine, "Ovidius" University of Constanta, 900601 Constanta, Romania
| | - Liliana Ana Tuta
- Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Ovidius" University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
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Patergnani S, Giattino A, Bianchi N, Giorgi C, Pinton P, Aguiari G. The inhibition of MDM2 slows cell proliferation and activates apoptosis in ADPKD cell lines. Biol Cell 2023; 115:e2200037. [PMID: 36165233 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterised by progressive cysts formation and renal enlargement that in most of cases leads to end stage of renal disease (ESRD). This pathology is caused by mutations of either PKD1 or PKD2 genes that encode for polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. These proteins function as receptor-channel complex able to regulate calcium homeostasis. PKD1/2 loss of function impairs different signalling pathways including cAMP and mTOR that are considered therapeutic targets for this disease. In fact, Tolvaptan, a vasopressin-2 antagonist that reduces cAMP levels, is the only drug approved for ADPKD treatment. Nevertheless, some ADPKD patients developed side effects in response to Tolvaptan including liver damage. Conversely, mTOR inhibitors that induced disease regression in ADPKD animal models failed the clinical trials. RESULTS Here, we show that the inhibition of mTOR causes the activation of autophagy in ADPKD cells that could reduce therapy effectiveness by drug degradation through the autophagic vesicles. Consistently, the combined treatment with rapamycin and chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, potentiates the decrease of cell proliferation induced by rapamycin. To overcome the dangerous activation of autophagy by mTOR inhibition, we targeted MDM2 (a downstream effector of mTOR signalling) that is involved in TP53 degradation by using RG7112, a small-molecule MDM2 inhibitor used for the treatment of haematologic malignancies. The inhibition of MDM2 by RG7112 prevents TP53 degradation and increases p21 expression leading to the decrease of cell proliferation and the activation of apoptosis. CONCLUSION The targeting of MDM2 by RG7112 might represent a new therapeutic option for the treatment of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonino Giattino
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Ren Y, Zhu X, Fu K, Zhang H, Zhao W, Lin Y, Fang Q, Wang J, Chen Y, Guo D. Inhibition of deubiquitinase USP28 attenuates cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 207:115355. [PMID: 36442624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease, which is characterized by progressive growth of multiple renal cysts in bilateral kidneys. In the past decades, mechanistic studies have entailed many essential signalling pathways that were regulated through post-translational modifications (PTMs) during cystogenesis. Among the numerous PTMs involved, the effect of ubiquitination and deubiquitination remains largely unknown. Herein, we identified that USP28, a deubiquitinase aberrantly upregulated in patients with ADPKD, selectively removed K48-linked polyubiquitination and reversed protein degradation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We also observed that USP28 could directly interact with and stabilize c-Myc, a transcriptional target of STAT3. Both processes synergistically enhanced renal cystogenesis. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of USP28 attenuated the cyst formation both in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, USP28 regulates STAT3 turnover and its transcriptional target c-Myc in ADPKD. USP28 inhibition could be a novel therapeutic strategy against ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kequan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Fang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Zheng Q, Reid G, Eccles MR, Stayner C. Non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in polycystic kidney disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1006427. [PMID: 36203940 PMCID: PMC9531119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1006427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a significant cause of end-stage kidney failure and there are few effective drugs for treating this inherited condition. Numerous aberrantly expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), may contribute to PKD pathogenesis by participating in multiple intracellular and intercellular functions through post-transcriptional regulation of protein-encoding genes. Insights into the mechanisms of miRNAs and other ncRNAs in the development of PKD may provide novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the roles of dysregulated miRNAs and other ncRNAs in PKD. These roles involve multiple aspects of cellular function including mitochondrial metabolism, proliferation, cell death, fibrosis and cell-to-cell communication. We also summarize the potential application of miRNAs as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in PKD, and briefly describe strategies to overcome the challenges of delivering RNA to the kidney, providing a better understanding of the fundamental advances in utilizing miRNAs and other non-coding RNAs to treat PKD.
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6
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Cao C, He M, Wang L, He Y, Rao Y. Chemistries of bifunctional PROTAC degraders. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7066-7114. [PMID: 35916511 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a novel and promising therapeutic strategy using small molecules to induce ubiquitin-dependent degradation of proteins. It has received extensive attention from both academia and industry as it can potentially access previously inaccessible targets. However, the design and optimization of PROTACs present big challenges for researchers, and the general strategy for its development and optimization is a lot of trial and error based on experience. This review highlights the important advances in this rapidly growing field and critical limitations of the traditional trial-and-error approach to developing PROTACs by analyzing numerous representative examples of PROTACs development. We summarize and analyze the general principles and strategies for PROTACs design and optimization from the perspective of chemical structure design, and propose potential future pathways to facilitate the development of PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoguo Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ming He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Liguo Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Yuna He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Rao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
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Pickel L, Iliuta IA, Scholey J, Pei Y, Sung HK. Dietary Interventions in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:652-666. [PMID: 34755831 PMCID: PMC8970828 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the progressive growth of renal cysts, leading to the loss of functional nephrons. Recommendations for individuals with ADPKD to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle are largely similar to those for the general population. However, recent evidence from preclinical models suggests that more tightly specified dietary regimens, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and ketogenic diets, hold promise to slow disease progression, and the results of ongoing human clinical trials are eagerly awaited. These dietary interventions directly influence nutrient signaling and substrate availability in the cystic kidney, while also conferring systemic metabolic benefits. The present review focuses on the importance of local and systemic metabolism in ADPKD and summarizes current evidence for dietary interventions to slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pickel
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioan-Andrei Iliuta
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Scholey
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - York Pei
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Fragiadaki M. Lessons from microRNA biology: Top key cellular drivers of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166358. [PMID: 35150832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous microRNAs (miRs), small RNAs that target several pathways, have been implicated in the development of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), which is the most common genetic cause of kidney failure. The hallmark of ADPKD is tissue overgrowth and hyperproliferation, eventually leading to kidney failure. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Many miRs are dysregulated in disease, yet the intracellular pathways regulated by miRs are less well described in ADPKD. Here, I summarise all the differentially expressed miRs in ADPKD and highlight the top miR-regulated cellular driver of disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Literature review has identified 53 abnormally expressed miRs in ADPKD. By performing bioinformatics analysis of their target genes I present 10 key intracellular pathways that drive ADPKD progression. The top key drivers are divided into three main areas: (i) hyperproliferation and the role of JAK/STAT and PI3K pathways (ii) DNA damage and (iii) inflammation and NFκB. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The description of the 10 top cellular drivers of ADPKD, derived by analysis of miR signatures, is of paramount importance in better understanding the key processes resulting in pathophysiological changes that underlie disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fragiadaki
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Bowden SA, Rodger EJ, Chatterjee A, Eccles MR, Stayner C. Recent Discoveries in Epigenetic Modifications of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413327. [PMID: 34948126 PMCID: PMC8708269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a heritable renal disease that results in end-stage kidney disease, due to the uncontrolled bilateral growth of cysts throughout the kidneys. While it is known that a mutation within a PKD-causing gene is required for the development of ADPKD, the underlying mechanism(s) causing cystogenesis and progression of the disease are not well understood. Limited therapeutic options are currently available to slow the rate of cystic growth. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are known to be altered in neoplasia, and several FDA-approved therapeutics target these disease-specific changes. As there are many similarities between ADPKD and neoplasia, we (and others) have postulated that ADPKD kidneys contain alterations to their epigenetic landscape that could be exploited for future therapeutic discovery. Here we summarise the current understanding of epigenetic changes that are associated with ADPKD, with a particular focus on the burgeoning field of ADPKD-specific alterations in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Bowden
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
| | - Euan J. Rodger
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Stayner
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (S.A.B.); (E.J.R.); (A.C.); (M.R.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-479-5060; Fax: +64-3-479-7136
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Chen S, Huang L, Zhou S, Zhang Q, Ruan M, Fu L, Yang B, Xu D, Mei C, Mao Z. NS398 as a potential drug for autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: Analysis using bioinformatics, and zebrafish and mouse models. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9597-9608. [PMID: 34551202 PMCID: PMC8505825 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by uncontrolled renal cyst formation, and few treatment options are available. There are many parallels between ADPKD and clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, few studies have addressed the mechanisms linking them. In this study, we aimed to investigate their convergences and divergences based on bioinformatics and explore the potential of compounds commonly used in cancer research to be repurposed for ADPKD. We analysed gene expression datasets of ADPKD and ccRCC to identify the common and disease‐specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We then mapped them to the Connectivity Map database to identify small molecular compounds with therapeutic potential. A total of 117 significant DEGs were identified, and enrichment analyses results revealed that they are mainly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, p53 signalling pathway and metabolic pathways. In addition, 127 ccRCC‐specific up‐regulated genes were identified as related to the survival of patients with cancer. We focused on the compound NS398 as it targeted DEGs and found that it inhibited the proliferation of Pkd1−/− and 786‐0 cells. Furthermore, its administration curbed cystogenesis in Pkd2 zebrafish and early‐onset Pkd1‐deficient mouse models. In conclusion, NS398 is a potential therapeutic agent for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixiu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxi Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoulian Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhou Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengna Ruan
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Internal Medicine Ⅲ (Nephrology and Endocrinology), Naval Medical Center of PLA, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dechao Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlin Mei
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Mao
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Yang Y, Yu X, Lu B, Shao Z. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) of the kidney: an overview of its management and outcomes. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520961223. [PMID: 33070694 PMCID: PMC7592318 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520961223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a rare mesenchymal tumor with unique histological and immunohistochemical characteristics. Malignant renal cell carcinoma is even rarer and its biological behavior is still not clear. We report here a case of malignant PEComa in a male patient. The first symptom of the patient was intermittent hematuria. Ultrasound and computed tomography scan showed a solid mass in the left kidney. Fibrosarcoma was initially diagnosed after radical resection of the tumor. Six years later, the patient had a tumor recurrence and underwent a second operation, through which the diagnosis of renal malignant PEComa was made. Since then, the patient received chemotherapy, a third operation, and interventional treatment because of recurrence and metastasis of the tumor, which prolonged the life of the patient for another 6 years. Malignant PEComa involving the kidney is very rare; it seems to develop slowly but will recur and metastasize. At present, surgical resection remains the best treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Department of Urology, the Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Surgery, the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Pingyi County, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shao
- Department of Urology, the Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
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12
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Non-Coding RNAs in Hereditary Kidney Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063014. [PMID: 33809516 PMCID: PMC7998154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-gene defects have been revealed to be the etiologies of many kidney diseases with the recent advances in molecular genetics. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), as one of the most common inherited kidney diseases, is caused by mutations of PKD1 or PKD2 gene. Due to the complexity of pathophysiology of cyst formation and progression, limited therapeutic options are available. The roles of noncoding RNAs in development and disease have gained widespread attention in recent years. In particular, microRNAs in promoting PKD progression have been highlighted. The dysregulated microRNAs modulate cyst growth through suppressing the expression of PKD genes and regulating cystic renal epithelial cell proliferation, mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. The antagonists of microRNAs have emerged as potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of ADPKD. In addition, studies have also focused on microRNAs as potential biomarkers for ADPKD and other common hereditary kidney diseases, including HNF1β-associated kidney disease, Alport syndrome, congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, and Fabry disease. This review assembles the current understanding of the non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, in polycystic kidney disease and these common monogenic kidney diseases.
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13
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Liu G, Kang X, Guo P, Shang Y, Du R, Wang X, Chen L, Yue R, Kong F. miR-25-3p promotes proliferation and inhibits autophagy of renal cells in polycystic kidney mice by regulating ATG14-Beclin 1. Ren Fail 2021; 42:333-342. [PMID: 32340512 PMCID: PMC7241494 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2020.1745236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in the regulation of the autophagy and proliferation in several diseases. This study aims to verify the role of miR-25-3p in the proliferation and autophagy of renal cells in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). We found that kidney to body weight and blood urea content were increased in PKD mice. Cystic dilations were increased in kidney tissue from PKD mice, and autophagy-related protein ULK1 and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I were decreased, indicating autophagy was inhibited in PKD mice. In addition, miR-25-3p was upregulated in PKD mice, and inhibition of miR-25-3p decreased cystic dilations in kidney tissues, increased ULK1 expression and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, indicating inhibition of miR-25-3p enhanced the autophagy in PKD. Besides, inhibition of miR-25-3p suppressed the proliferation of renal cells and downregulated E2F-1 and PCNA expressions. Importantly, miR-25-3p targetedly suppressed ATG14 expression in PKD cells. Finally, silencing ATG14 abolished the inhibition effect of miR-25-3p inhibitor on renal cell proliferation, and reversed the inhibition effect of miR-25-3p inhibitor on E2F-1 and PCNA expressions in in vitro and in vivo experiments, which suggested that ATG14 was involved in the regulation of miR-25-3p-mediated kidney cell proliferation. Therefore, inhibition of miR-25-3p promoted cell autophagy and suppressed cell proliferation in PKD mice through regulating ATG14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Kang
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical, University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Guo
- Laboratory Department, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruomei Du
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yue
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanwu Kong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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14
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Xu Z, Wu W, Yan H, Hu Y, He Q, Luo P. Regulation of p53 stability as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114407. [PMID: 33421376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 participates in the control of key biological functions such as cell death, metabolic homeostasis and immune function, which are closely related to various diseases such as tumors, metabolic disorders, infection and neurodegeneration. The p53 gene is also mutated in approximately 50% of human cancer cells. Mutant p53 proteins escape from the ubiquitination-dependent degradation, gain oncogenic function and promote the carcinogenesis, malignant progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. Therefore, the stability of both wild type and mutant p53 needs to be precisely regulated to maintain normal functions and targeting the p53 stability is one of the therapeutic strategies against cancer. Here, we focus on compound-induced degradation of p53 by both the ubiquitination-dependent proteasome and autophagy-lysosome degradation pathways. We also review other posttranslational modifications which control the stability of p53 and the biological functions involved in these processes. This review provides the current theoretical basis for the regulation of p53 abundance and its possible applications in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wentong Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuhuai Hu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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15
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Abstract
Important advances have been made regarding the diagnosis and management of polycystic kidney diseases. Care of patients with polycystic kidney diseases has moved beyond supportive care for complications and chronic kidney disease to new potentially disease-modifying therapies. Recently, the role of noncoding RNAs, in particular microRNAs, has been described in polycystic kidney diseases. microRNAs are involved in the regulation of gene expression, in which PKD1, PKD2, and other genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney diseases are considerable participants. Seminal studies have highlighted the potential importance of microRNAs as new therapeutic targets and innovative diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers. Furthermore, an anti-miR-17 drug has advanced through preclinical autosomal dominant polycystic disease studies, and an anti-miR-21 drug has already cleared a phase 1 clinical trial. Most probably, new drugs in the microRNA research field will be yielded as a result of ongoing and planned therapeutic trials. To provide a foundation for understanding microRNA functions as a disease-modifying therapeutic drug in novel targeted therapies, in this narrative review we present an overview of the current knowledge of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liangzhong Sun
- Address for Correspondence: Liangzhong Sun, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Road, Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
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16
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Targeting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Patergnani S, Guzzo S, Mangolini A, dell'Atti L, Pinton P, Aguiari G. The induction of AMPK-dependent autophagy leads to P53 degradation and affects cell growth and migration in kidney cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2020; 395:112190. [PMID: 32717219 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the clear cell RCC (ccRCC) that accounts for 70-80% of cases. The fate of ccRCC is linked to alterations of genes that regulate TP53. The dysfunction of p53 affects several processes including autophagy, which is increased in different advanced carcinomas and could be associated with cancer progression. We report that different kidney cancer cell lines show higher levels of autophagy than control cells. The increased autophagy is associated with the upregulation of miR501-5p, which stimulates mTOR-independent autophagy by the activation of AMP kinase. AMPK activation occurs through the decrease of ATP generation caused by the downregulation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) that leads to the reduction of mitochondrial calcium uptake. Autophagy induction promotes the degradation of p53 through the autophagolysosomal machinery. Consistently, the inhibition of autophagy reduces both cell proliferation and migration enhancing the expression of p53, p21 and E-Cadherin as well as decreasing Vimentin synthesis. Taken together, these findings indicate that autophagy is involved in the progression of kidney cancer. Therefore, the pharmacological targeting of this process could be considered an interesting option for the treatment of advanced renal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70 c.o. viale Eliporto, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sonia Guzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialty Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mangolini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialty Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucio dell'Atti
- Institute of Urology, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70 c.o. viale Eliporto, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialty Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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18
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Carbonell T, Gomes AV. MicroRNAs in the regulation of cellular redox status and its implications in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101607. [PMID: 32593128 PMCID: PMC7322687 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that do not encode for proteins and play key roles in the regulation of gene expression. miRNAs are involved in a comprehensive range of biological processes such as cell cycle control, apoptosis, and several developmental and physiological processes. Oxidative stress can affect the expression levels of multiple miRNAs and, conversely, miRNAs may regulate the expression of redox sensors, alter critical components of the cellular antioxidants, interact with the proteasome, and affect DNA repair systems. The number of publications identifying redox-sensitive miRNAs has increased significantly over the last few years, and some miRNA targets such as Nrf2, SIRT1 and NF-κB have been identified. The complex interplay between miRNAs and ROS is discussed together with their role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and the potential use of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of myocardial infarction. Detailed knowledge of redox-sensitive miRNAs is needed to be able to effectively use individual compounds or sets of miRNA-modulating compounds to improve the health-related outcomes associated with different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, 176 Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Physiology, Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, 176 Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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19
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Kurbegovic A, Trudel M. The master regulators Myc and p53 cellular signaling and functions in polycystic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109594. [PMID: 32145315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors Myc and p53 associated with oncogenesis play determinant roles in a human genetic disorder, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), that was coined early in ADPKD etiology a «neoplasia in disguise ». These factors are interdependent master cell regulators of major biological processes including proliferation, apoptosis, cell growth, metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis and differentiation that are all modulated in ADPKD. Myc and p53 proteins evolved to respond and carry out overlapping functions via opposing mechanisms of action. Studies in human ADPKD kidneys, caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, reveal reduced p53 expression and high expression of Myc in the cystic tubular epithelium. Myc and p53 via direct interaction act respectively, as transcriptional activator and repressor of PKD1 gene expression, consistent with increased renal PKD1 levels in ADPKD. Mouse models generated by Pkd1 and Pkd2 gene dosage dysregulation reproduce renal cystogenesis with activation of Myc expression and numerous signaling pathways, strikingly similar to those determined in human ADPKD. In fact, upregulation of renal Myc expression is also detected in virtually all non-orthologous animal models of PKD. A definitive causal connection of Myc with cystogenesis was established by renal overexpression of Myc in transgenic mice that phenocopies human ADPKD. The network of activated signaling pathways in human and mouse cystogenesis individually or in combination can target Myc as a central node of PKD pathogenesis. One or many of the multiple functions of Myc upon activation can play a role in every phases of ADPKD development and lend credence to the notion of "Myc addiction" for cystogenesis. We propose that the residual p53 levels are conducive to an ADPKD biological program without cancerogenesis while a "p53 dependent annihilation" mechanism would be permissive to oncogenesis. Of major importance, Myc ablation in orthologous mouse models or direct inhibition in non-orthologous mouse model significantly delays cystogenesis consistent with pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of Myc upstream regulator or downstream targets in the mouse. Together, these studies on PKD proteins upon dysregulation not only converged on Myc as a focal point but also attribute to Myc upregulation a causal and « driver » role in pathogenesis. This review will present and discuss our current knowledge on Myc and p53, focused on PKD mouse models and ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira Kurbegovic
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Trudel
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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20
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Degradation of proteins by PROTACs and other strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:207-238. [PMID: 32082969 PMCID: PMC7016280 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the biological functions of scaffold proteins and aggregated proteins is a challenging goal. PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins. Recent progress in the PROTAC strategy include identification of the structure of the first ternary eutectic complex, extra-terminal domain-4-PROTAC-Von-Hippel-Lindau (BRD4-PROTAC-VHL), and PROTAC ARV-110 has entered clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer in 2019. These discoveries strongly proved the value of the PROTAC strategy. In this perspective, we summarized recent meaningful research of PROTAC, including the types of degradation proteins, preliminary biological data in vitro and in vivo, and new E3 ubiquitin ligases. Importantly, the molecular design, optimization strategy and clinical application of candidate molecules are highlighted in detail. Future perspectives for development of advanced PROTAC in medical fields have also been discussed systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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21
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Muñoz JJ, Anauate AC, Amaral AG, Ferreira FM, Meca R, Ormanji MS, Boim MA, Onuchic LF, Heilberg IP. Identification of housekeeping genes for microRNA expression analysis in kidney tissues of Pkd1 deficient mouse models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:231. [PMID: 31937827 PMCID: PMC6959247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease is a complex clinical entity which comprises a group of genetic diseases that leads to renal cyst development. We evaluated the most suitable housekeeping genes for microRNA expression by RT-qPCR analyses of kidney tissues in Pkd1-deficient mouse models from a panel of five candidates genes (miR-20a, miR-25, miR-26a, miR-191 and U6) and 3 target genes (miR-17, miR-21 and let-7a) using samples from kidneys of cystic mice (Pkd1flox/flox:Nestincre, CY), non-cystic controls (Pkd1flox/flox, NC), Pkd1-haploinsufficient (Pkd1+/−, HT), wild-type controls (Pkd1+/+, WT), severely cystic mice (Pkd1V/V, SC), wild-type controls (CO). The stability of the candidate genes was investigated using NormFinder, GeNorm, BestKeeper, DataAssist, and RefFinder software packages and the comparative ΔCt method. The analyses identified miR-26a as the most stable housekeeping gene for all kidney samples, miR-20a for CY and NC, miR-20a and miR-26a for HT and WT, and miR-25 and miR-26a for SC and CO. Expression of miR-21 was upregulated in SC compared to CO and trends of miR-21 upregulation and let-7a downregulation in CY and HT compared to its control kidneys, when normalized by different combinations of miR-20a, miR-25 and miR-26a. Our findings established miR-20a, miR-25, and miR-26a as the best housekeeping genes for miRNA expression analyses by RT-qPCR in kidney tissues of Pkd1-deficient mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Muñoz
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Anauate
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A G Amaral
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F M Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Meca
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Ormanji
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Boim
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L F Onuchic
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Nephrology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I P Heilberg
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Rahimmanesh I, Fatehi R. Systems biology approaches toward autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Clin Transl Med 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 31907669 PMCID: PMC6944722 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-019-0254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a common of monogenetic disorder caused by the polycystic kidney disease-1 (PKD1) or PKD2 genes deficiency. In this study, we have re-analyzed a microarray dataset to generate a holistic view of this disease. Methodology GSE7869, an expression profiling dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After quality control assessment, using GEO2R tool of GEO, genes with adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05 were determined as differentially expressed (DE). The expression profiles from ADPKD samples in different sizes were compared. Using CluePedia plugin of Cytoscape software, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape NetworkAnalyzer tool and MCODE application. Pathway enrichment analysis of clustered genes by MCODE with the high centrality parameters in PPI networks was performed using Cytoscape ClueGO plugin. Moreover, by Enrichr database, microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) targeted DE genes were identified. Results In this study to explore the molecular pathogenesis of kidney in ADPKD, mRNA expression profiles of cysts from patients in different sizes were re-analyzed. The comparisons were performed between normal with minimally cystic tissue (MCT) samples, MCTs with small cysts, and small cysts with large cysts. 512, 7024, and 655 DE genes were determined, respectively. The top central genes, e.g. END1, EGFR, and FOXO1 were identified with topology and clustering analysis. DE genes that were significantly enriched in PPI networks are critical genes and their roles in ADPKD remain to be assessed in future experimental studies beside miRNAs and TFs predicted. Furthermore, the functional analysis resulted in which most of them are expected to be associated with ADPKD pathogenesis, such as signal pathways that involved in cell growth, inflammation, and cell polarity. Conclusion We have here explored systematic approaches for molecular mechanisms assay of ADPKD as a monogenic disease, which may also be used for other monogenetic diseases beside complex diseases to provide suitable therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Razieh Fatehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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23
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Wang W, Qin JJ, Rajaei M, Li X, Yu X, Hunt C, Zhang R. Targeting MDM2 for novel molecular therapy: Beyond oncology. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:856-880. [PMID: 31587329 DOI: 10.1002/med.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene exerts major oncogenic activities in human cancers; it is not only the best-documented negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor, but also exerts p53-independent activities. There is an increasing interest in developing MDM2-based targeted therapies. Several classes of MDM2 inhibitors have been evaluated in preclinical models, with a few entering clinical trials, mainly for cancer therapy. However, noncarcinogenic roles for MDM2 have also been identified, demonstrating that MDM2 is involved in many chronic diseases and conditions such as inflammation and autoimmune diseases, dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure and cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, diabetes, obesity, and sterility. MDM2 inhibitors have been shown to have promising therapeutic efficacy for treating inflammation and other nonmalignant diseases in preclinical evaluations. Therefore, targeting MDM2 may represent a promising approach for treating and preventing these nonmalignant diseases. In addition, a better understanding of how MDM2 works in nonmalignant diseases may provide new biomarkers for their diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and monitoring of therapeutic outcome. In this review article, we pay special attention to the recent findings related to the roles of MDM2 in the pathogenesis of several nonmalignant diseases, the therapeutic potential of its downregulation or inhibition, and its use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mehrdad Rajaei
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney Hunt
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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24
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Magistroni R, Mangolini A, Guzzo S, Testa F, Rapanà MR, Mignani R, Russo G, di Virgilio F, Aguiari G. TRPP2 dysfunction decreases ATP-evoked calcium, induces cell aggregation and stimulates proliferation in T lymphocytes. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:355. [PMID: 31514750 PMCID: PMC6743124 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is mainly characterised by the development and enlargement of renal cysts that lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in adult patients. Other clinical manifestations of this pathology include hypertension, haematuria, abdominal pain, cardiovascular system alterations and intracranial aneurysms. ADPKD is linked to mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2 that codifies polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2 or TRPP2), respectively. PC1 and TRPP2 are membrane proteins that function as receptor-channel elements able to regulate calcium homeostasis. The function of polycystins has been mainly studied in kidney cells; but the role of these proteins in T lymphocytes is not well defined. Methods T lymphocytes were produced from ADPKD1 and ADPKD2 patients as well as from non-ADPKD subjects undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT) and healthy controls. Protein expression and phosphorylation levels were analysed by western blotting, cell proliferation was calculated by direct counting using trypan blue assay and intracellular calcium concentration was measured by Fura-2 method. Results PKD2 mutations lead to the significant reduction of TRPP2 expression in T lymphocytes derived from ADPKD patients. Furthermore, a smaller TRPP2 truncated protein in T lymphocytes of patients carrying the mutation R872X in PKD2 was also observed, suggesting that TRPP2 mutated proteins may be stably expressed. The silencing or mutation of PKD2 causes a strong reduction of ATP-evoked calcium in Jurkat cells and ADPKD2 T lymphocytes, respectively. Moreover, T lymphocytes derived from both ADPKD1 and ADPKD2 patients show increased cell proliferation, basal chemotaxis and cell aggregation compared with T lymphocytes from non-ADPKD subjects. Similarly to observations made in kidney cells, mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 dysregulate ERK, mTOR, NFkB and MIF pathways in T lymphocytes. Conclusions Because the alteration of ERK, mTOR, NFkB and MIF signalling found in T lymphocytes of ADPKD patients may contribute to the development of interstitial inflammation promoting cyst growth and kidney failure (ESRD), the targeting of inflammasome proteins could be an intriguing option to delay the progression of ADPKD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-019-1540-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Magistroni
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Opedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Largo del Pozzo, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mangolini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialty Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sonia Guzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialty Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Testa
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Opedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Largo del Pozzo, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario R Rapanà
- Unità Operativa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Azienda USL Ospedale Santa Maria della Scaletta di Imola, via Montericco 4, Imola, Italy
| | - Renzo Mignani
- Unità Operativa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Azienda AUSL Ospedale degli Infermi di Rimini, viale Luigi Settembrini 2, Rimini, Italy
| | - Giorgia Russo
- Unità Operativa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Arcispedale Sant'Anna di Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialty Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
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25
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Franzese O, Minotti L, Aguiari G, Corrà F, Cervellati C, Ferrari C, Volinia S, Bergamini CM, Bianchi N. Involvement of non-coding RNAs and transcription factors in the induction of Transglutaminase isoforms by ATRA. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1273-1288. [PMID: 31440819 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional protein Transglutaminase type 2, is associated with cancer epithelial mesenchymal transition, invasiveness, stemness and drugs resistance. Several variant isoforms and non-coding RNAs are present in cancer and this report explored the expression of these transcripts of the TGM2 gene in cancer cell lines after induction with all-trans retinoic acid. The expression of truncated variants along with two long non-coding RNAs, was demonstrated. One of these is coded from the first intron and the Last Exon Variant is constituted by a sequence corresponding to the last three exons and the 3'UTR. Analysis of ChIP-seq data, from ENCODE project, highlighted factors interacting with intronic sequences, which could interfere with the progression of RNApol II at checkpoints, during the elongation process. Some relevant transcription factors, bound in an ATRA-dependent way, were found by RNA immunoprecipitation, notably GATA3 mainly enriched to Last Exon Variant non-coding RNA. The involvement of NMD in the regulation of the ratio among these transcripts was observed, as the prevalent recovering of Last Exon Variant to phUPF1-complexes, with decrease of the binding towards other selective targets. This study contributes to identify molecular mechanisms regulating the ratio among the variants and improves the knowledge about regulatory roles of the non-coding RNAs of the TGM2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Minotti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Corrà
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo M Bergamini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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26
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Role of PKR in the Inhibition of Proliferation and Translation by Polycystin-1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5320747. [PMID: 31341901 PMCID: PMC6612395 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5320747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is mainly caused by mutations in the PKD1 (~85%) or PKD2 (~15%) gene which, respectively, encode polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2). How PC1 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis has been studied for decades but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is activated by interferons or double-stranded RNAs, inhibits protein translation, and induces cell apoptosis. In a previous study, we found that PC1 reduces apoptosis through suppressing the PKR/eIF2α signaling. Whether and how PKR is involved in PC1-inhibited proliferation and protein synthesis remains unknown. Here we found that knockdown of PKR abolishes PC1-inhibited proliferation and translation. Because suppressed PKR-eIF2α signaling/activity by PC1 would stimulate, rather than inhibit, the proliferation and translation, we examined the effect of dominant negative PKR mutant K296R that has no kinase activity and found that it enhances the inhibition of proliferation and translation by PC1. Thus, our study showed that inhibition of cell proliferation and protein synthesis by PC1 is mediated by the total expression but not the kinase activity of PKR, possibly through physical association.
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27
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Agrawal M, Rastogi M, Dogra S, Pandey N, Basu A, Singh SK. Chandipura virus changes cellular miRNome in human microglial cells. J Med Virol 2019; 94:480-490. [PMID: 31017674 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a neurotropic virus, known to cause encephalitis in humans. The microRNAs (miRNA/miR) play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. The present study is focused on the role of miRNAs during CHPV (strain 1653514) infection in human microglial cells. The deep sequencing of CHPV-infected human microglial cells identified a total of 12 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs). To elucidate the role of DEMs, the target gene prediction, Gene Ontology term (GO Term), pathway enrichment analysis, and miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) interaction network analysis was performed. The GO terms and pathway enrichment analysis provided 146 enriched genes; which were involved in interferon response, cytokine and chemokine signaling. Further, the WGCNA (weighted gene coexpression network analysis) of the enriched genes were discretely categorized into three modules (blue, brown, and turquoise). The hub genes in the blue module may correlate to CHPV induced neuroinflammation. Altogether, the miRNA-mRNA interaction network and WGCNA study revealed the following pairs, hsa-miR-542-3p and FAF1, hsa-miR-92a-1-5p and MYD88, and hsa-miR-3187-3p and TNFRSF21, which may contribute to neuroinflammation during CHPV infection in human microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Agrawal
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Smriti Dogra
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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28
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Weimbs T, Shillingford JM, Torres J, Kruger SL, Bourgeois BC. Emerging targeted strategies for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2018; 11:i27-i38. [PMID: 30581563 PMCID: PMC6295603 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a widespread genetic disease that leads to renal failure in the majority of patients. The very first pharmacological treatment, tolvaptan, received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2018 after previous approval in Europe and other countries. However, tolvaptan is moderately effective and may negatively impact a patient's quality of life due to potentially significant side effects. Additional and improved therapies are still urgently needed, and several clinical trials are underway, which are discussed in the companion paper Müller and Benzing (Management of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease-state-of-the-art) Clin Kidney J 2018; 11: i2-i13. Here, we discuss new therapeutic avenues that are currently being investigated at the preclinical stage. We focus on mammalian target of rapamycin and dual kinase inhibitors, compounds that target inflammation and histone deacetylases, RNA-targeted therapeutic strategies, glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors, compounds that affect the metabolism of renal cysts and dietary restriction. We discuss tissue targeting to renal cysts of small molecules via the folate receptor, and of monoclonal antibodies via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. A general problem with potential pharmacological approaches is that the many molecular targets that have been implicated in ADPKD are all widely expressed and carry out important functions in many organs and tissues. Because ADPKD is a slowly progressing, chronic disease, it is likely that any therapy will have to continue over years and decades. Therefore, systemically distributed drugs are likely to lead to potentially prohibitive extra-renal side effects during extended treatment. Tissue targeting to renal cysts of such drugs is one potential way around this problem. The use of dietary, instead of pharmacological, interventions is another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weimbs
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Shillingford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob Torres
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Samantha L Kruger
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Bryan C Bourgeois
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; and Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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