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Wang J, Zhang HM, Zhu GH, Zhao LL, Shi J, Dai ZT, Li JP, Li XR, Sun F, Wu Y, Chen SY, Li HN, Liao XH, Xiang Y. STT3-mediated aberrant N-glycosylation of CD24 inhibits paclitaxel sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01419-0. [PMID: 39668180 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is one of the main chemotherapic medicines against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in clinic. However, it has been perplexed by paclitaxel resistance in TNBC patients, resulting in a poor prognosis. Abnormal protein glycosylation is closely related to the occurrence and progression of tumors and malignant phenotypes such as chemotherapy resistance. CD24 is a highly glycosylated membrane protein that is highly expressed in TNBC, leading to tumorigenesis and poor prognosis. In this study we investigated the relationship between abnormal glycosylation of CD24 and paclitaxel susceptibility in TNBC and the molecular mechanisms. We showed that CD24 protein levels were significantly up-regulated in both TNBC tissues and cells, and CD24 protein was highly glycosylated. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of N-glycosylation of CD24 enhances the anticancer activity of paclitaxel in vitro and tumor xenograft models. We revealed that the molecular mechanism of N-glycosylation of CD24 in paclitaxel resistance involved inhibition of ferroptosis, a new form that regulates cell death. Inhibition of N-glycosylation of CD24 increased glutathione consumption, iron content, and lipid peroxidation, resulting in paclitaxel-induced ferroptosis. We demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated glycosyltransferase STT3 isoforms (including both STT3A and STT3B isoforms) enable N-glycosylation of the L-asparagine (N) site. Knockout of the endogenous STT3 isoform in TNBC cells partially reduced the glycosylation status of CD24. Our results demonstrate the critical role of N-glycosylation of CD24 in weakening drug sensitivity by inhibiting ferroptosis, highlighting new insights that targeting N-glycosylation of CD24 has great potential to promote chemotherapy sensitivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
- Department of Materials Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
- Department of Human Anatomy&Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Guan-Hua Zhu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Ji Shi
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Zhou-Tong Dai
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Peng Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Xing-Rui Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shao-Yong Chen
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China.
| | - Han-Ning Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China.
| | - Yuan Xiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Tongji Medical College, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China.
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2
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Huang S, Zhang X, Wei Y, Xiao Y. Checkpoint CD24 function on tumor and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367959. [PMID: 38487533 PMCID: PMC10937401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
CD24 is a protein found on the surface of cells that plays a crucial role in the proliferation, invasion, and spread of cancer cells. It adheres to cell membranes through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and is associated with the prognosis and survival rate of cancer patients. CD24 interacts with the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 that is present on immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages, leading to the inhibition of natural killer cell cytotoxicity and macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. This interaction helps tumor cells escape immune detection and attack. Although the use of CD24 as a immune checkpoint receptor target for cancer immunotherapy is still in its early stages, clinical trials have shown promising results. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD24 have been found to be well-tolerated and safe. Other preclinical studies are exploring the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, antibody-drug conjugates, and gene therapy to target CD24 and enhance the immune response against tumors. In summary, this review focuses on the role of CD24 in the immune system and provides evidence for CD24 as a promising immune checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Huang
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtian Wei
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyong Xiao
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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Kim J, Shimizu C, He M, Wang H, Hoffman HM, Tremoulet AH, Shyy JYJ, Burns JC. Endothelial Cell Response in Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12318. [PMID: 37569694 PMCID: PMC10418493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) share some clinical manifestations, their cardiovascular outcomes are different, and this may be reflected at the level of the endothelial cell (EC). We performed RNA-seq on cultured ECs incubated with pre-treatment sera from KD (n = 5), MIS-C (n = 7), and healthy controls (n = 3). We conducted a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using 935 transcripts differentially expressed between MIS-C and KD using relaxed filtering (unadjusted p < 0.05, >1.1-fold difference). We found seven gene modules in MIS-C, annotated as an increased TNFα/NFκB pathway, decreased EC homeostasis, anti-inflammation and immune response, translation, and glucocorticoid responsive genes and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). To further understand the difference in the EC response between MIS-C and KD, stringent filtering was applied to identify 41 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MIS-C and KD (adjusted p < 0.05, >2-fold-difference). Again, in MIS-C, NFκB pathway genes, including nine pro-survival genes, were upregulated. The expression levels were higher in the genes influencing autophagy (UBD, EBI3, and SQSTM1). Other DEGs also supported the finding by WGCNA. Compared to KD, ECs in MIS-C had increased pro-survival transcripts but reduced transcripts related to EndoMT and EC homeostasis. These differences in the EC response may influence the different cardiovascular outcomes in these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ming He
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Adriana H. Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - John Y.-J. Shyy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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Chen CW, Huang NK, Lee YL, Fan CK, Chen YC, Liu CW, Huang HM. Activin A downregulates the CD69-MT2A axis via p38MAPK to induce erythroid differentiation that sensitizes BCR-ABL-positive cells to imatinib. Exp Cell Res 2022; 417:113219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mayer IM, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Sexl V, Doma E. Isolation, Maintenance and Expansion of Adult Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells and Leukemic Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1723. [PMID: 35406494 PMCID: PMC8996967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, self-renewing cells that perch on top of the hematopoietic tree. The HSCs ensure the constant supply of mature blood cells in a tightly regulated process producing peripheral blood cells. Intense efforts are ongoing to optimize HSC engraftment as therapeutic strategy to treat patients suffering from hematopoietic diseases. Preclinical research paves the way by developing methods to maintain, manipulate and expand HSCs ex vivo to understand their regulation and molecular make-up. The generation of a sufficient number of transplantable HSCs is the Holy Grail for clinical therapy. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are characterized by their acquired stem cell characteristics and are responsible for disease initiation, progression, and relapse. We summarize efforts, that have been undertaken to increase the number of long-term (LT)-HSCs and to prevent differentiation towards committed progenitors in ex vivo culture. We provide an overview and compare methods currently available to isolate, maintain and enrich HSC subsets, progenitors and LSCs and discuss their individual advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.M.M.); (A.H.-K.); (E.D.)
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6
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Mutation accumulation in cancer genes relates to nonoptimal outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 4:546-559. [PMID: 32045476 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm accounting for ∼15% of all leukemia. Progress of the disease from an indolent chronic phase to the more aggressive accelerated phase or blast phase (BP) occurs in a minority of cases and is associated with an accumulation of somatic mutations. We performed genetic profiling of 85 samples and transcriptome profiling of 12 samples from 59 CML patients. We identified recurrent somatic mutations in ABL1 (37%), ASXL1 (26%), RUNX1 (16%), and BCOR (16%) in the BP and observed that mutation signatures in the BP resembled those of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that mutation load differed between the indolent and aggressive phases and that nonoptimal responders had more nonsilent mutations than did optimal responders at the time of diagnosis, as well as in follow-up. Using RNA sequencing, we identified other than BCR-ABL1 cancer-associated hybrid genes in 6 of the 7 BP samples. Uncovered expression alterations were in turn associated with mechanisms and pathways that could be targeted in CML management and by which somatic alterations may emerge in CML. Last, we showed the value of genetic data in CML management in a personalized medicine setting.
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Swann JW, Koneva LA, Regan-Komito D, Sansom SN, Powrie F, Griseri T. IL-33 promotes anemia during chronic inflammation by inhibiting differentiation of erythroid progenitors. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151849. [PMID: 32520308 PMCID: PMC7478740 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An important comorbidity of chronic inflammation is anemia, which may be related to dysregulated activity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow (BM). Among HSPCs, we found that the receptor for IL-33, ST2, is expressed preferentially and highly on erythroid progenitors. Induction of inflammatory spondyloarthritis in mice increased IL-33 in BM plasma, and IL-33 was required for inflammation-dependent suppression of erythropoiesis in BM. Conversely, administration of IL-33 in healthy mice suppressed erythropoiesis, decreased hemoglobin expression, and caused anemia. Using purified erythroid progenitors in vitro, we show that IL-33 directly inhibited terminal maturation. This effect was dependent on NF-κB activation and associated with altered signaling events downstream of the erythropoietin receptor. Accordingly, IL-33 also suppressed erythropoietin-accelerated erythropoiesis in vivo. These results reveal a role for IL-33 in pathogenesis of anemia during inflammatory disease and define a new target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Swann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lada A Koneva
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thibault Griseri
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Wu PS, Yen JH, Wang CY, Chen PY, Hung JH, Wu MJ. 8-Hydroxydaidzein, an Isoflavone from Fermented Soybean, Induces Autophagy, Apoptosis, Differentiation, and Degradation of Oncoprotein BCR-ABL in K562 Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E506. [PMID: 33207739 PMCID: PMC7696406 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHD, 7,8,4'-trihydoxyisoflavone) is a hydroxylated derivative of daidzein isolated from fermented soybean products. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-proliferative effects and the underlying mechanisms of 8-OHD in K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. We found that 8-OHD induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and cell cycle arrest at the S phase by upregulating p21Cip1 and downregulating cyclin D2 (CCND2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) expression. 8-OHD also induced autophagy, caspase-7-dependent apoptosis, and the degradation of BCR-ABL oncoprotein. 8-OHD promoted Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1)-mediated megakaryocytic differentiation as an increased expression of marker genes, CD61 and CD42b, and the formation of multi-lobulated nuclei in enlarged K562 cells. A microarray-based transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 3174 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after 8-OHD (100 μM) treatment for 48 h. Bioinformatics analysis of DEGs showed that hemopoiesis, cell cycle regulation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT)-mediated apoptosis/anti-apoptosis networks were significantly regulated by 8-OHD. Western blot analysis confirmed that 8-OHD significantly induced the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, both of which may be responsible, at least in part, for the stimulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and differentiation in K562 cells. This is the first report on the anti-CML effects of 8-OHD and the combination of experimental and in silico analyses could provide a better understanding for the development of 8-OHD on CML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (J.-H.Y.); (P.-Y.C.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (J.-H.Y.); (P.-Y.C.)
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan;
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Kuang Y, Han X, Cao P, Xiong D, Peng Y, Liu Z, Xu Z, Liang L, Roy M, Liu J, Nie L, Zhang J. p19 INK4d inhibits proliferation and enhances imatinib efficacy through BCR-ABL signaling pathway in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 85:102477. [PMID: 32711219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a kind of myeloproliferative disorder caused by a constitutively active BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib and its derivatives, have achieved great progress in the treatment of CML. However, many CML patients do not respond to TKIs alone. p19INK4d, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, plays important roles in proliferation, DNA damage repair, apoptosis and cell differentiation, but its role in CML is unknown. Herein, we found that the expression of p19INK4d in CML patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls. p19INK4d overexpression inhibits cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest, and cooperates with imatinib to inhibit CML more effectively in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, p19INK4d decreased the expression of BCR-ABL and its downstream molecules p-Mek1/2, moreover, the expression of Gli-1, c-myc, MUC1, Shh and TC48 also reduced significantly. Collectively, p19INK4d inhibits proliferation and enhances imatinib efficacy in the treatment of CML. These findings maybe have implications for developing potential targets to increase imatinib sensitivity for CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Kuang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xu Han
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dehui Xiong
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yuanliang Peng
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Zhenru Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Long Liang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mridul Roy
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Erythropoiesis Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang 421000, China.
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