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Wu M, Wu S, Chen W, Li YP. The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease. Cell Res 2024; 34:101-123. [PMID: 38267638 PMCID: PMC10837209 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals through SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways; specifically, they recruit different receptor heterotetramers and R-Smad complexes, resulting in unique biological readouts. BMPs promote osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and chondrogenesis at all differentiation stages, while TGF-βs play different roles in a stage-dependent manner. BMPs and TGF-β have opposite functions in articular cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, TGF-β has a specific role in maintaining the osteocyte network. The precise activation of BMP and TGF-β signaling requires regulatory machinery at multiple levels, including latency control in the matrix, extracellular antagonists, ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, nucleus-cytoplasm transportation, and transcriptional co-regulation in the nuclei. This review weaves the background information with the latest advances in the signaling facilitated by TGF-βs and BMPs, and the advanced understanding of their diverse physiological functions and regulations. This review also summarizes the human diseases and mouse models associated with disordered TGF-β and BMP signaling. A more precise understanding of the BMP and TGF-β signaling could facilitate the development of bona fide clinical applications in treating bone and cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shali Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Chen MY, Zhao FL, Chu WL, Bai MR, Zhang DM. A review of tamoxifen administration regimen optimization for Cre/loxp system in mouse bone study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115045. [PMID: 37379643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene knockout is a technique routinely used in basic experimental research, particularly in mouse skeletal and developmental studies. Tamoxifen-induced Cre/loxp system is known for its temporal and spatial precision and commonly utilized by researchers. However, tamoxifen has been shown its side effects on affecting the phenotype of mouse bone directly. This review aimed to optimize tamoxifen administration regimens including its dosage and duration, to identify an optimal induction strategy that minimizes potential side effects while maintaining recombination efficacy. This study will help researchers in designing gene knockout experiments in bone when using tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Lin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Ru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - De-Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Iijima H, Gilmer G, Wang K, Sivakumar S, Evans C, Matsui Y, Ambrosio F. Meta-analysis Integrated With Multi-omics Data Analysis to Elucidate Pathogenic Mechanisms of Age-Related Knee Osteoarthritis in Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1321-1334. [PMID: 34979545 PMCID: PMC9255692 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is needed to develop efficacious disease-modifying treatments. Though age-related pathogenic mechanisms are most relevant to the majority of clinically presenting KOA, the bulk of our mechanistic understanding of KOA has been derived using surgically induced posttraumatic OA (PTOA) models. Here, we took an integrated approach of meta-analysis and multi-omics data analysis to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of age-related KOA in mice. Protein-level data were integrated with transcriptomic profiling to reveal inflammation, autophagy, and cellular senescence as primary hallmarks of age-related KOA. Importantly, the molecular profiles of cartilage aging were unique from those observed following PTOA, with less than 3% overlap between the 2 models. At the nexus of the 3 aging hallmarks, advanced glycation end product (AGE)/receptor for AGE (RAGE) emerged as the most statistically robust pathway associated with age-related KOA. This pathway was further supported by analysis of mass spectrometry data. Notably, the change in AGE-RAGE signaling over time was exclusively observed in male mice, suggesting sexual dimorphism in the pathogenesis of age-induced KOA in murine models. Collectively, these findings implicate dysregulation of AGE-RAGE signaling as a sex-dependent driver of age-related KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Iijima
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gabrielle Gilmer
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sruthi Sivakumar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Evans
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yusuke Matsui
- Biomedical and Health Informatics Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Xie Z, McGrath C, Sankaran J, Styner M, Little-Letsinger S, Dudakovic A, van Wijnen AJ, Rubin J, Sen B. Low-Dose Tamoxifen Induces Significant Bone Formation in Mice. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10450. [PMID: 33778320 PMCID: PMC7990151 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of the selective estrogen receptor modulator Tamoxifen (TAM) is a mainstay to induce conditional expression of Cre recombinase in transgenic laboratory mice. To excise β‐cateninfl/fl in 28‐day‐old male and female Prrx1‐CreER/β‐cateninfl/fl mice (C57BL/6), we utilized TAM at 150 mg/kg; despite β‐catenin knockout in MSC, we found a significant increase in trabecular and cortical bone volume in all genders. Because TAM was similarly anabolic in KO and control mice, we investigated a dose effect on bone formation by treating wild‐type mice (WT C57BL/6, 4 weeks) with TAM (total dose 0, 20, 40, 200 mg/kg via four injections). TAM increased bone in a dose‐dependent manner analyzed by micro–computed tomography (μCT), which showed that, compared to control, 20 mg/kg TAM increased femoral bone volume fraction (bone volume/total volume [BV/TV]) (21.6% ± 1.5% to 33% ± 2.5%; 153%, p < 0.005). With TAM 40 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, BV/TV increased to 48.1% ± 4.4% (223%, p < 0.0005) and 58% ± 3.8% (269%, p < 0.0001) respectively, compared to control. Osteoblast markers increased with 200 mg/kg TAM: Dlx5 (224%, p < 0.0001), Alp (166%, p < 0.0001), Bglap (223%, p < 0.0001), and Sp7 (228%, p < 0.0001). Osteoclasts per bone surface (Oc#/BS) nearly doubled at the lowest TAM dose (20 mg/kg), but decreased to <20% control with 200 mg/kg TAM. Our data establish that use of TAM at even very low doses to excise a floxed target in postnatal mice has profound effects on trabecular and cortical bone formation. As such, TAM treatment is a major confounder in the interpretation of bone phenotypes in conditional gene knockout mouse models. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Cody McGrath
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Jeyantt Sankaran
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | | | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
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Sun H, Wen X, Li H, Wu P, Gu M, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Hu S, Mao G, Ma R, Liao W, Zhang Z. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis identifies meniscus progenitors and reveals the progression of meniscus degeneration. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 79:408-417. [PMID: 31871141 PMCID: PMC7034356 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The heterogeneity of meniscus cells and the mechanism of meniscus degeneration is not well understood. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to identify various meniscus cell subsets and investigate the mechanism of meniscus degeneration. Methods scRNA-seq was used to identify cell subsets and their gene signatures in healthy human and degenerated meniscus cells to determine their differentiation relationships and characterise the diversity within specific cell types. Colony-forming, multi-differentiation assays and a mice meniscus injury model were used to identify meniscus progenitor cells. We investigated the role of degenerated meniscus progenitor (DegP) cell clusters during meniscus degeneration using computational analysis and experimental verification. Results We identified seven clusters in healthy human meniscus, including five empirically defined populations and two novel populations. Pseudotime analysis showed endothelial cells and fibrochondrocyte progenitors (FCP) existed at the pseudospace trajectory start. Melanoma cell adhesion molecule ((MCAM)/CD146) was highly expressed in two clusters. CD146+ meniscus cells differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes and formed colonies. We identified changes in the proportions of degenerated meniscus cell clusters and found a cluster specific to degenerative meniscus with progenitor cell characteristics. The reconstruction of four progenitor cell clusters indicated that FCP differentiation into DegP was an aberrant process. Interleukin 1β stimulation in healthy human meniscus cells increased CD318+ cells, while TGFβ1 attenuated the increase in CD318+ cells in degenerated meniscus cells. Conclusions The identification of meniscus progenitor cells provided new insights into cell-based meniscus tissue engineering, demonstrating a novel mechanism of meniscus degeneration, which contributes to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhao Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihui Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Gu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziji Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Hu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guping Mao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruofan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Liao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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