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Moyano P, Flores A, Fernández MDLC, García J, Sanjuan J, Plaza JC, Del Pino J. Increased Levels of Phosphorylated-P38α Induce WNT/β-Catenin and NGF/P75NTR/TrkA Pathways Disruption and SN56 Cell Death following Single and Repeated Chlorpyrifos Treatment. Foods 2024; 13:2427. [PMID: 39123618 PMCID: PMC11311586 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) biocide, exposure to which is mainly produced in the human population through diet, induces several neurotoxic effects. CPF single and repeated exposure induces memory and learning disorders, although the mechanisms that produce these outcomes are complex and not well understood. CPF treatment (single and repeated) of cholinergic septal SN56 cells induced an increase in phosphorylated-P38α levels that led to WNT/β-Catenin and NGF/P75NTR/TrkA pathways disruption and cell death. These results provide new knowledge on the mechanisms that mediate CPF basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss induced by CPF single and repeated exposure and can help unravel the way through which this compound produces cognitive decline and develop efficient treatments against these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain (J.D.P.)
| | - Andrea Flores
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain (J.D.P.)
| | | | - Jimena García
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain (J.D.P.)
| | - Javier Sanjuan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain (J.D.P.)
| | - José Carlos Plaza
- Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology Department, Medicine School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain (J.D.P.)
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Soroudi S, Mousavi G, Jafari F, Elyasi S. Prevention of colistin-induced neurotoxicity: a narrative review of preclinical data. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3709-3727. [PMID: 38091077 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Polymyxin E or colistin is an effective antibiotic against MDR Gram-negative bacteria. Due to unwanted side effects, the use of this antibiotic has been limited for a long time, but in recent years, the widespread of MDR Gram-negative bacteria infections has led to its reintroduction. Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are the significant dose-limiting adverse effects of colistin. Several agents with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have been used for the prevention of colistin-induced neurotoxicity. This study aims to review the preclinical studies in this field to prepare guidance for future human studies. The data was achieved by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. All eligible pre-clinical studies performed on neuroprotective agents against colistin-induced neurotoxicity, which were published up to September 2023, were included. Finally, 16 studies (ten in vitro and eight in vivo) are reviewed. Apoptosis (in 13 studies), inflammatory (in four studies), and oxidative stress (in 14 studies) pathways are the most commonly reported pathways involved in colistin-induced neurotoxicity. The assessed compounds include non-herbal (e.g., ascorbic acid, rapamycin, and minocycline) and herbal (e.g., curcumin, rutin, baicalein, salidroside, and ginsenoside) agents. Besides these compounds, some other measures like transplantation of mitochondria and the use of nerve growth factor and mesenchymal stem cells could be motivating subjects for future research. Based on the data from experimental (in vitro and animal) studies, a combination of colistin with neuroprotective agents could prevent or decrease colistin-induced neurotoxicity. However, well-designed randomized clinical trials and human studies are essential for demonstrating efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Soroudi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, Mashhad, 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Ghazal Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, Mashhad, 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jafari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, Mashhad, 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Sepideh Elyasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box, Mashhad, 91775-1365, Iran.
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Shayan M, Mehri S, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Minocycline as a Neuroprotective Agent in Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2955-2962. [PMID: 35939230 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid that exists in water, soil, food, and air. Humans can be exposed to arsenic through occupational, medical, or nutritional routes. Both acute and chronic forms of toxicity with severe outcomes are likely following arsenic exposure. Neurotoxicity is one of the serious manifestations of arsenic toxicity. In our study, the effect of minocycline, a widely used antimicrobial agent with antioxidant aspects and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, was evaluated against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity. PC12 cell line was used as the cellular model of this study. Cells were pre-treated with minocycline (50 nM-1 µM) for 2 h, and then incubated for 24 h after adding sodium arsenite (10 µM). The MTT assay and fluorimetry were performed to study cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation, respectively. Finally, Western blotting was done to determine the levels of caspase-8, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Once exposed to arsenic, the cell viability was significantly reduced, the intracellular oxidative balance was significantly disrupted, and the levels of proteins caspase-8, Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were significantly increased. Minocycline not only attenuated arsenic-induced cytotoxicity and reduced oxidative stress, but also led to lower levels of caspase-8, Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins compared with the arsenic-treated cells. Minocycline can significantly protect cells against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity by antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties via both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways; therefore, at this point, it's worth considering it as a promising agent for the treatment of arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersedeh Shayan
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Shayan M, Barangi S, Hosseinzadeh H, Mehri S. The protective effect of natural or chemical compounds against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113691. [PMID: 36871878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a notorious metalloid that exists in the earth's crust and is considered toxic for humans and the environment. Both cancerous and non-cancerous complications are possible after arsenic exposure. Target organs include the liver, lungs, kidney, heart, and brain. Arsenic-induced neurotoxicity, the main focus of our study, can occur in central and peripheral nervous systems. Symptoms can develop in a few hours, weeks, or years depending on the quantity of arsenic and the duration of exposure. In this review, we aimed to gather all the compounds, natural and chemical, that have been studied as protective agents in cellular, animal, and human reports. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation are frequently described as destructive mechanisms in heavy metal toxicity. Moreover, reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase, the altered release of monoamine neurotransmitters, down-regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor are important underlying mechanisms of arsenic-induced neurotoxicity. As for neuroprotection, though some compounds have yet limited data, there are others, such as curcumin, resveratrol, taurine, or melatonin which have been studied more deeply and might be closer to a reliable protective agent. We collected the available information on all protective agents and the mechanisms by which they fight against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersedeh Shayan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samira Barangi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ahmadian R, Heidari MR, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Alpha-mangostin Protects PC12 Cells Against Neurotoxicity Induced by Cadmium and Arsenic. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03498-8. [PMID: 36445559 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic and cadmium are nonessential elements that are of importance in public health due to their high toxicity. Contact with these toxic elements, even in very small amounts, can induce various side effects, including neurotoxicity. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are part of the main mechanisms of arsenic- and cadmium-induced toxicity. Alpha-mangostin is the main xanthone derived from mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, with anti-oxidative properties.In this study, PC12 cells were selected as a nerve cell model, and the protective effects of alpha-mangostin against neurotoxicity induced by arsenic and cadmium were investigated. PC12 cells were exposed to cadmium (5-80 µM) and arsenic (2.5-180 µM) for 24 h. Cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the protein expression of Bax, Bcl2, and cleaved caspase 3 were determined using MTT assay, fluorimetry, and western blot, respectively.Arsenic (10-180 µM) and cadmium (50-80 µM) significantly reduced cell viability. IC50 values were 10.3 ± 1.09 and 45 ± 4.63 µM, respectively. Significant increases in ROS, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and cleaved caspase-3 were observed after arsenic and cadmium exposures. Cell viability increased and ROS production decreased when cells were pretreated with alpha-mangostin for 2 h. Alpha-mangostin reduced the increased level of cleaved caspase-3 induced by cadmium and decreased the elevated level of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio after arsenic exposure.Alpha-mangostin significantly increased cell viability and reduced oxidative stress caused by cadmium and arsenic in PC12 cells. Moreover, alpha-mangostin reduced cadmium-induced apoptosis through the reduction in the level of cleaved caspase 3. Further studies are required to determine the different mechanisms of alpha-mangostin against neurotoxicity induced by these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Ahmadian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Heidari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman Univercity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Piperine Provides Neuroprotection against Kainic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity via Maintaining NGF Signalling Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092638. [PMID: 35565989 PMCID: PMC9104445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective properties of piperine, the major alkaloid extracted from black pepper, have been under investigation, but its mechanism of action in excitotoxicity is still poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of piperine with a focus on nerve growth factor (NGF) signalling in a kainic acid (KA) rat model of excitotoxicity. Rats were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) piperine (10 or 50 mg/kg) before KA injection (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Our results show that KA exposure in rats caused seizure behaviour, intrinsic neuronal hyperactivity, glutamate elevation, hippocampal neuronal damage, and cognitive impairment. These KA-induced alterations could be restored to the normal state by piperine treatment. In addition, piperine decreased the expression of the NGF precursor proNGF and NGF-degrading protease matrix metalloproteinase 9, whereas it increased the expression of proNGF processing enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 7, NGF, and NGF-activated receptor TrkA in the hippocampus of KA-treated rats. Furthermore, KA decreased phosphorylation of the protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in the hippocampus, and piperine reversed these changes. Our data suggest that piperine protects hippocampal neurons against KA-induced excitotoxicity by upregulating the NGF/TrkA/Akt/GSK3β signalling pathways.
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薛 晓, 李 忠, 赵 明. [Metformin and lipopolysaccharide regulate transcription of NFATc2 gene via the transcription factor RUNX2]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:425-431. [PMID: 35426808 PMCID: PMC9010990 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.03.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a luciferase reporter gene vector carrying human nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATc2) gene promoter and examine the effects of metformin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the transcriptional activity of NFATc2 gene. METHODS The promoter sequence of human NFATc2 gene was acquired from UCSC website for PCR amplification. NFATc2 promoter fragment was inserted into pGL3-basic plasmid double cleaved with Kpn Ⅰ and Hind Ⅲ. The resultant recombinant plasmid pGL3-NFATC2-promoter was co-transfected with the internal reference plasmid pRL-TK in 293F cells, and luciferase activity in the cells was detected. Reporter gene vectors of human NFATc2 gene promoter with different fragment lengths were also constructed and assayed for luciferase activity. The changes in transcription activity of NFATc2 gene were assessed after treatment with different concentrations of metformin and LPS for 24 h. We also examined the effect of mutation in RUNX2-binding site in NFATC2 gene promoter on the regulatory effects of metformin and LPS on NFATc2 transcription. RESULTS We successfully constructed pGL3-NFATc2-promoter plasmids carrying different lengths (2170 bp, 2077 bp, 1802 bp, 1651 bp, 1083 bp, 323 bp) of NFATc2 promoter sequences as verified by enzymatic digestion and sequencing. Transfection of 293F cells with the plasmid carrying a 1651 bp NFATc2 promoter (pGL3-1651 bp) resulted in the highest transcriptional activity of NFATc2 gene, and the luciferase activity was approximately 3.3 times that of pGL3-2170 bp (1.843 ± 0.146 vs 0.547 ± 0.085). Moderate (5 mmol/L) and high (10 mmol/L) concentrations of metformin significantly upregulated the transcriptional activity of pGL3-1651 bp by up to 2.5 and 3 folds, respectively. LPS at different doses also upregulated the transcriptional activity of pGL3-1651 bp by at least 1.6 folds. The mutation in the RUNX2 binding site on pGL3-1651 bp obviously reduced metformin- and LPS-induced enhancement of pGL3-1651bp transcription by 1.7 and 2 folds, respectively. CONCLUSION pGL3-NFATc2-promoter can be transcribed and activated in 293F cells, and LPS and metformin can activate the transcription of pGL3- NFATc2-promoter in a RUNX2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- 晓阳 薛
- 南方医科大学第二临床医学院,广东 广州 510515Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 忠豪 李
- 广东省医学休克微循环重点实验室,南方医科大学基础医学院病理生理学教研室,广东 广州 510515Key Lab of Medical Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 明 赵
- 广东省医学休克微循环重点实验室,南方医科大学基础医学院病理生理学教研室,广东 广州 510515Key Lab of Medical Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Gao X, Deng B, Ran S, Li S. The effect of GSK-3β in arsenic-induced apoptosis of malignant tumor cells: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:477-487. [PMID: 35272572 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2051654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Arsenic has been reported to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. Therefore, it may be regarded as a treatment for cancers. The mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, mediated by GSK-3β, plays an important role in tumor cell apoptosis. Nonetheless, the regulation of GSK-3β by arsenic remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 19 articles, which conducts the role of GSK-3β in the process of arsenic-induced tumor cell apoptosis by the meta-analysis. RESULTS Compared with that of control group, the expression of GSK-3β (SMD= -0.92, 95% CI (-1.78, -0.06)), p-Akt (SMD= -5.46,95% CI (-8.67, -2.24)) were increased in the arsenic intervention group. Meanwhile, the combined treatment of arsenic and Akt agonists can inhibit p-GSK-3β. Using the dose and time subgroup analysis, it was shown that the low-dose (<5 μmol/L) and sub-chronic (>24 h) arsenic exposure could inhibit the expression of p-Akt (P < 0.05). In the subgroup analysis of GSK-3β sites, arsenic could inhibit p-Akt and GSK-3β (Ser9) (SMD = -0.95, 95% CI (-1.56, -0.33)). There was a positive dose-response relationship between arsenic and p-GSK-3β when the dose of arsenic was less than 8 μmol/L. The expression of Mcl-1 and pro-caspase-3 were decreased, while the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cleaved-caspase-3 increased significantly when arsenic stimulated GSK-3β (Ser9) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The study revealed that arsenic could induce tumor cell apoptosis, by inhibiting p-Akt/GSK-3β, and triggering the Mcl-1-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shanshan Ran
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China.,School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Bahrami A, Sathyapalan T, Moallem SA, Sahebkar A. Counteracting arsenic toxicity: Curcumin to the rescue? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123160. [PMID: 32574880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenicosis leads to various irreversible damages in several organs and is considered to be a carcinogen. The effects of chronic arsenic poisoning are a result of an imbalance between pro- and antioxidant homeostasis, oxidative stress, as well as DNA and protein damage. Curcumin, the polyphenolic pigment extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, is well-known for its pleiotropic medicinal effects. Curcumin has been shown to have ameliorative effects in arsenic-induced genotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, angiogenesis, skin diseases, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. This review aims to summarize the scientific evidence on arsenic toxicity in various organs and the ameliorative effects of curcumin on the arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sun NY, Liu XL, Gao J, Wu XH, Dou B. Astragaloside‑IV modulates NGF‑induced osteoblast differentiation via the GSK3β/β‑catenin signalling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:19. [PMID: 33179111 PMCID: PMC7673321 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside (AST) is derived from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus, and studies have demonstrated that it promotes differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). To the best of our knowledge, however, the functions of the component AST-IV in osteogenesis have not previously been elucidated. The present study aimed to verify the effects of AST-IV in osteogenesis. First, the proliferation and differentiation status of human BMSCs incubated with AST-IV were analysed and compared with a control (no AST-IV treatment). In order to determine the involvement of the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β signalling pathway in AST-IV, overexpression and inhibition of GSK3β was induced during incubation of BMSCs with AST-IV. In order to investigate how neuronal growth factor (NGF) contributes to BMSCs differentiation, BMSCs were co-incubated with an anti-NGF antibody and AST IV, and then levels of osteogenesis markers were assessed. The results demonstrated for the first time that AST-IV contributed to BMSCs differentiation. Furthermore, the GSK3β/β-catenin signalling pathway was revealed to be involved in AST-IV-induced osteogenesis; moreover, AST-IV accelerated differentiation by enhancing the expression levels of NGF. In summary, the present study demonstrated that AST-IV promotes BMSCs differentiation, thus providing a potential target for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Yang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Ben Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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Dai C, Xiong J, Wang Y, Shen J, Velkov T, Xiao X. Nerve Growth Factor Confers Neuroprotection against Colistin-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1451-1459. [PMID: 32422040 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is an unwanted side effect for patients when receiving parenteral colistin therapy. The development of effective neuroprotective agents that can be coadministered during colistin therapy remains a priority area in antimicrobial chemotherapy. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) against colistin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity using a murine model. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the following 6 groups: (i) untreated control, (ii) NGF alone (36 μg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally), (iii) colistin alone (18 mg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally), and (iv-vi) colistin (18 mg/kg/day) plus NGF (9, 18, and 36 μg/kg/day). After treatment for 7 days, neurobehavioral and electrophysiology changes, histopathological assessments of sciatic nerve damage, and oxidative stress biomarkers were examined. The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, Akt, Bax, and caspase-3 and -9 were assessed using quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that, across all the groups wherein NGF was coadministered with colistin, a marked attenuation of colistin-induced sciatic nerve damage and improved sensory and motor function were observed. In comparison to the colistin only treatment group, animals that received NGF displayed upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expression levels and downregulated Bax and caspase-3 and -9 mRNA expression levels. In summary, our study reveals that NGF coadministration protects against colistin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity via the activation of Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways and inhibition of oxidative stress. This study highlights the potential clinical application of NGF as a neuroprotective agent for coadministration during colistin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xilong Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Ding XW, Li R, Geetha T, Tao YX, Babu JR. Nerve growth factor in metabolic complications and Alzheimer's disease: Physiology and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165858. [PMID: 32531260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, obesity and metabolic complications as well as neurological disorders are becoming more prevalent, with huge economic burdens on both societies and families. New therapeutics are urgently needed. Nerve growth factor (NGF), first discovered in 1950s, is a neurotrophic factor involved in regulating cell proliferation, growth, survival, and apoptosis in both central and peripheral nervous systems. NGF and its precursor, proNGF, bind to TrkA and p75 receptors and initiate protein phosphorylation cascades, resulting in changes of cellular functions, and are associated with obesity, diabetes and its complications, and Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we summarize changes in NGF levels in metabolic and neuronal disorders, the signal transduction initiated by NGF and proNGF, the physiological and pathophysiological relevance, and therapeutic potential in treating chronic metabolic diseases and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Rongzi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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13
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Sogi C, Takeshita N, Jiang W, Kim S, Maeda T, Yoshida M, Oyanagi T, Ito A, Kimura S, Seki D, Takano I, Sakai Y, Fujiwara I, Kure S, Takano-Yamamoto T. Methionine Enkephalin Suppresses Osteocyte Apoptosis Induced by Compressive Force through Regulation of Nuclear Translocation of NFATc1. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10369. [PMID: 32666020 PMCID: PMC7340448 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress stimulates bone remodeling, which occurs through bone formation and resorption, resulting in bone adaptation in response to the mechanical stress. Osteocytes perceive mechanical stress loaded to bones and promote bone remodeling through various cellular processes. Osteocyte apoptosis is considered a cellular process to induce bone resorption during mechanical stress-induced bone remodeling, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuropeptides play crucial roles in bone metabolism. The neuropeptide, methionine enkephalin (MENK) regulates apoptosis positively and negatively depending on cell type, but the role of MENK in osteocyte apoptosis, followed by bone resorption, in response to mechanical stress is still unknown. Here, we examined the roles and mechanisms of MENK in osteocyte apoptosis induced by compressive force. We loaded compressive force to mouse parietal bones, resulting in a reduction of MENK expression in osteocytes. A neutralizing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) antibody inhibited the compressive force-induced reduction of MENK. An increase in osteocyte apoptosis in the compressive force-loaded parietal bones was inhibited by MENK administration. Nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in osteocytes in the parietal bones was enhanced by compressive force. INCA-6, which inhibits NFAT translocation into nuclei, suppressed the increase in osteocyte apoptosis in the compressive force-loaded parietal bones. NFATc1-overexpressing MLO-Y4 cells showed increased expression of apoptosis-related genes. MENK administration reduced the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in osteocytes in the compressive force-loaded parietal bones. Moreover, MENK suppressed Ca2+ influx and calcineurin and calmodulin expression, which are known to induce the nuclear translocation of NFAT in MLO-Y4 cells. In summary, this study shows that osteocytes expressed MENK, whereas the MENK expression was suppressed by compressive force via CTGF signaling. MENK downregulated nuclear translocation of NFATc1 probably by suppressing Ca2+ signaling in osteocytes and consequently inhibiting compressive force-induced osteocyte apoptosis, followed by bone resorption. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisumi Sogi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Nobuo Takeshita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Wei Jiang
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Maeda
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Michiko Yoshida
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Toshihito Oyanagi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Arata Ito
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Seiji Kimura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Daisuke Seki
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Ikuko Takano
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakai
- Minamihara Sakai Orthodontic Office Nagano Japan
| | - Ikuma Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics Sendai City Hospital Sendai Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai Japan.,Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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Yang G, Liu L, Zhang R, Li J, Leung CK, Huang J, Li Y, Shen B, Zeng X, Zhang D. Cannabidiol attenuates methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference via the Sigma1R/AKT/GSK-3β/CREB signaling pathway in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:202-211. [PMID: 32670551 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant. Cannabidiol (CBD) is an exogenous cannabinoid without psychostimulating activity, which has potential therapeutic effects on opioid addiction. However, it is unclear whether CBD has therapeutic effects on METH-induced motivational effects. The present study examines whether CBD has a protective effect on METH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats by regulating the Sigma1R and AKT-GSK3β-CREB signaling pathway. Seventy rats were equally and randomly divided into seven groups. The rat CPP model was established via the intraperitoneal injection (IP) of 2 mg/kg of METH. Next, the intraperitoneal injection of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg CBD was performed 1 h prior to the injection of saline or METH. The protein expression levels of Sigma1R, AKT, p-AKT, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, CREB, and p-CREB in the rats' prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus and ventral tegmental were detected using western blot analysis. CBD was found to inhibit METH-induced CPP in a dose-dependent fashion. The expression levels of Sigma1R, p-AKT, p-GSK3β, and p-CREB increased significantly in the METH-induced CPP model. Treatment involving different doses of CBD caused differential inhibitory responses in the cellular protein abundance of Sigma1R, p-AKT, p-GSK3β, and p-CREB across various brain regions. The present study found that METH can induce CPP in rats. When a pretreatment of CBD is applied, the CBD can weaken CPP in METH-induced rats by regulating the SigmaR1/AKT/GSK-3β/CREB signaling pathway. The results of this study indicate that CBD has a potential therapeutic effect on METH-induced rewarding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genmeng Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chi-Kwan Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Baoyu Shen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Li S, Ren Q. Effects of Arsenic on wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1458-1467. [PMID: 32307979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to systematically evaluate the regulatory effect of arsenic on wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and to provide theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of the relationship between arsenic and cell proliferation. The meta-analysis was carried out using Revman5.2 and Stata13.0 to describe the differences between groups with standard mean difference. We found in normal cells that the levels of wnt3a, β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylated at serine 9 (p-GSK-3β(Ser9)), cyclinD1, proto-oncogene c-myc, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the arsenic intervention group were higher than those in the control group, and the level of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that for a long time period (>24 h), the level of β-catenin in the arsenic intervention group was higher than that in the control group, and the level of GSK-3β of the same long-time period (>24 h) with low-dose (≤5 μM) intervention was lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). In cancer cells, the levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1, c-myc, and VEGF in the arsenic intervention group were lower than those in the control group, while the level of GSK-3β in the arsenic intervention group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that the levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1, and c-myc in the high-dose (>5 μM) arsenic intervention group were lower than those in the control group, and the levels of β-catenin and cyclinD1 in the high-dose (>5 μM) arsenic intervention group were lower than those in the low-dose (≤5 μM) arsenic intervention group (P < 0.05, respectively). In addition, the regulation of arsenic on β-catenin was dose-dependent in the range of arsenic concentration from 0 to 7.5 μM. This study revealed that arsenic could upregulate wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in normal cells and downregulate it in cancer cells, and its effect was affected by time and dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugang Li
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qingxin Ren
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang China
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Increased Fibronectin Impairs the Function of Excitatory/Inhibitory Synapses in Hirschsprung Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:617-628. [PMID: 31760535 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although approximately 50% of cases have a known genetic defect, the precise pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is still unclear. We recently reported that expression of fibronectin (FN), which is involved in the migration, colonization, and differentiation of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs), is increased in aganglionic colonic segments obtained from patients. We hypothesized that abnormally high levels of FN might play a role in the etiology of HSCR. Here, to test this hypothesis, we investigated aganglionic, transitional, and ganglionic colon segments from 63 children with HSCR and distal colon from thirty healthy Wistar rats at embryonic day 20, in addition to in vitro studies with PC12 Adh neural crest cells. We measured the protein and mRNA expression levels of FN, together with a panel of excitatory (VGLUT1, GluA1, GluN1, PSD-95, and NL-1) and inhibitory (GAD67, GABA AR-α1, NL-2, and SLC32) synaptic markers. Expression of all these synaptic markers was significantly decreased in aganglionic colon, compared to ganglionic colon, whereas expression of FN was significantly increased. In a neural crest cell line, PC12 Adh, knockdown of FN with small-interfering RNA increased the expression of synaptic markers. Co-culture of colons from embryonic day 20 rats with RGD recombinant protein, which contains the RGD motif of FN, reduced the expression of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic markers. These results are consistent with the idea that the etiology of HSCR involves aberrant overexpression of FN, which may impair synaptic function and enteric nervous system development, leading to motor dysfunction of intestinal muscles.
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Gang W, Yu-Zhu W, Yang Y, Feng S, Xing-Li F, Heng Z. The critical role of calcineurin/NFAT (C/N) pathways and effective antitumor prospect for colorectal cancers. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19254-19273. [PMID: 31489709 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) like a nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and its controller calcineurin are highly expressed in primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) due to delamination, damage by tumor-associated flora and selective activation in the intestinal tract tumor are crucial in the progression and growth of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study sought to summarize the current findings concerning the dysregulated calcineurin/NFAT (C/N) signaling involved in CRC initiation and progression. These signalings include proliferation, T-cell functions, and glycolysis with high lactate production that remodels the acidosis, which genes in tumor cells provide an evolutionary advantage, or even increased their attack phenotype. Moreover, the relationship between C/N and gut microbiome in CRC, especially role of NFAT and toll-like receptor signaling in regulating intestinal microbiota are also discussed. Furthermore, this review will discuss the proteins and genes relating to C/N induced acidosis in CRC, which includes ASIC2 regulated C/N1 and TFs associated with the glycolytic by-product that affect T-cell functions and CRC cell growth. It is revealed that calcineurin or NFAT targeting to antitumor, selective calcineurin inhibition or targets in NFAT signaling may be useful for clinical treatment of CRC. This can further aid in the identification of specific targets via cancer patient-personalized approach. Future studies should be focused on targeting to C/N or TLR signaling by the combination of therapeutic agents to regulate T-cell functions and gut microbiome for activating potent anticancer property with the prospect of potentiating the antitumor therapy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Gang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eight People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Yu-Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fu Xing-Li
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Heng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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