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Sarikidi A, Kefalakes E, Falk CS, Esser R, Ganser A, Thau-Habermann N, Petri S. Altered Immunomodulatory Responses in the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis Mediated by hMSCs in an Early In Vitro SOD1 G93A Model of ALS. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112916. [PMID: 36428484 PMCID: PMC9688016 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron (MN) disease characterized by progressive MN loss and muscular atrophy resulting in rapidly progressive paralysis and respiratory failure. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (hMSC)-based therapy has been suggested to prolong MN survival via secretion of growth factors and modulation of cytokines/chemokines. We investigated the effects of hMSCs and a hMSC-conditioned medium (CM) on Cu/Zn superoxidase dismutase 1G93A (SOD1G93A) transgenic primary MNs. We found that co-culture of hMSCs and MNs resulted in slightly higher MN numbers, but did not protect against staurosporine (STS)-induced toxicity, implying marginal direct trophic effects of hMSCs. Aiming to elucidate the crosstalk between hMSCs and MNs in vitro, we found high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and C-X3-C motif chemokine 1 (CX3CL1) in the hMSC secretome. Co-culture of hMSCs and MNs resulted in altered gene expression of growth factors and cytokines/chemokines in both MNs and hMSCs. hMSCs showed upregulation of CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 and downregulation of interleukin-1 β (IL1β) and interleukin-8 (IL8) when co-cultured with SOD1G93A MNs. MNs, on the other hand, showed upregulation of growth factors as well as CX3CR1 upon hMSC co-culture. Our results indicate that hMSCs only provide moderate trophic support to MNs by growth factor gene regulation and may mediate anti-inflammatory responses through the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis, but also increase expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which limits their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Sarikidi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ekaterini Kefalakes
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Institute of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-3740
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Xu G, Huang Z, Sheng J, Gao X, Wang X, Garcia JQ, Wei G, Liu D, Gong J. FGF binding protein 3 is required for spinal cord motor neuron development and regeneration in zebrafish. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113944. [PMID: 34896115 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor binding protein 3 (Fgfbp3) have been known to be crucial for the process of neural proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion. However, the specific role and the molecular mechanisms of fgfbp3 in regulating the development of motor neurons remain unclear. In this study, we have investigated the function of fgfbp3 in morphogenesis and regeneration of motor neuron in zebrafish. Firstly, we found that fgfbp3 was localized in the motor neurons and loss of fgfbp3 caused the significant decrease of the length and branching number of the motor neuron axons, which could be partially rescued by fgfbp3 mRNA injection. Moreover, the fgfbp3 knockdown (KD) embryos demonstrated similar defects of motor neurons as identified in fgfbp3 knockout (KO) embryos. Furthermore, we revealed that the locomotion and startle response of fgfbp3 KO embryos were significantly restricted, which were partially rescued by the fgfbp3 overexpression. In addition, fgfbp3 KO remarkably compromised axonal regeneration of motor neurons after injury. Lastly, the malformation of motor neurons in fgfbp3 KO embryos was rescued by overexpressing drd1b or neurod6a, respectively, which were screened by transcriptome sequencing. Taken together, our results provide strong cellular and molecular evidence that fgfbp3 is crucial for the axonal morphogenesis and regeneration of motor neurons in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Xu
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zigang Huang
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiajing Sheng
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jason Q Garcia
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Guanyun Wei
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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New insights into the role of fibroblast growth factors in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1413-1427. [PMID: 34731369 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), acknowledged as the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The characteristic pathologic hallmarks of AD-including the deposition of extracellular senile plaques (SP) formation, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss, along with prominent vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment-have been observed in patients. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), originally characterized as angiogenic factors, are a large family of signaling molecules that are implicated in a wide range of biological functions in brain development, maintenance and repair, as well as in the pathogenesis of brain-related disorders including AD. Many studies have focused on the implication of FGFs in AD pathophysiology. In this review, we will provide a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the pathogenesis of AD, and discuss the possible opportunities for targeting these molecules as novel treatment strategies in AD.
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Park HR, Yang EJ. Oxidative Stress as a Therapeutic Target in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Opportunities and Limitations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091546. [PMID: 34573888 PMCID: PMC8465946 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) and Lou Gehrig’s disease, is characterized by a loss of the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and the upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex. Due to the complex and multifactorial nature of the various risk factors and mechanisms that are related to motor neuronal degeneration, the pathological mechanisms of ALS are not fully understood. Oxidative stress is one of the known causes of ALS pathogenesis. This has been observed in patients as well as in cellular and animal models, and is known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and the loss of motor neurons. Numerous therapeutic agents have been developed to inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the role of oxidative stress in ALS pathogenesis, and discuss several anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents as potential therapeutics for ALS. Although oxidative stress and antioxidant fields are meaningful approaches to delay disease progression and prolong the survival in ALS, it is necessary to investigate various animal models or humans with different subtypes of sporadic and familial ALS.
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Freiin von Hövel F, Kefalakes E, Grothe C. What Can We Learn from FGF-2 Isoform-Specific Mouse Mutants? Differential Insights into FGF-2 Physiology In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010390. [PMID: 33396566 PMCID: PMC7795026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), ubiquitously expressed in humans and mice, is functionally involved in cell growth, migration and maturation in vitro and in vivo. Based on the same mRNA, an 18-kilo Dalton (kDa) FGF-2 isoform named FGF-2 low molecular weight (FGF-2LMW) isoform is translated in humans and rodents. Additionally, two larger isoforms weighing 21 and 22 kDa also exist, summarized as the FGF-2 high molecular weight (FGF-2HMW) isoform. Meanwhile, the human FGF-2HMW comprises a 22, 23, 24 and 34 kDa protein. Independent studies verified a specific intracellular localization, mode of action and tissue-specific spatiotemporal expression of the FGF-2 isoforms, increasing the complexity of their physiological and pathophysiological roles. In order to analyze their spectrum of effects, FGF-2LMW knock out (ko) and FGF-2HMWko mice have been generated, as well as mice specifically overexpressing either FGF-2LMW or FGF-2HMW. So far, the development and functionality of the cardiovascular system, bone formation and regeneration as well as their impact on the central nervous system including disease models of neurodegeneration, have been examined. This review provides a summary of the studies characterizing the in vivo effects modulated by the FGF-2 isoforms and, thus, offers a comprehensive overview of its actions in the aforementioned organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Freiin von Hövel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ekaterini Kefalakes
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-2897; Fax: +49-511-532-2880
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Kefalakes E, Sarikidi A, Bursch F, Ettcheto M, Schmuck M, Rumpel R, Grothe C, Petri S. Isoform-selective as opposed to complete depletion of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) has no major impact on survival and gene expression in SOD1 G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3028-3045. [PMID: 30883949 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that total knockout of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) results in prolonged survival and improved motor performance in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A ) mutant mice, the most widely used animal model of the fatal adult onset motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Moreover, we found differential expression of growth factors in SOD1G93A mice, with distinct regulation patterns of FGF-2 in spinal cord and muscle tissue. Within the present study we aimed to characterize FGF-2-isoform specific effects on survival, motor performance as well as gene expression patterns predominantly in muscle tissue by generating double mutant SOD1G93A FGF-2 high molecular weight- and SOD1G93A FGF-2 low molecular weight-knockout mice. While isoform specific depletion was not beneficial regarding survival or motor performance of double mutant mice, we found isoform-dependent differential gene expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the muscle of SOD1G93A FGF-2 low molecular weight knockout mice compared to single mutant SOD1G93A mice. This significant downregulation of EGF in the muscle tissue of double mutant SOD1G93A FGF-2 low molecular weight knockout mice implies that FGF-2 low molecular weight knockout (or the presence of the FGF-2 high molecular weight isoform) selectively impacts EGF gene expression in ALS muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Kefalakes
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Bursch
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Martin Schmuck
- University of California, DAVIS School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Regina Rumpel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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