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Lee KW, Hong YJ, Yang EJ, Lee SB, Kim SH, Na S, Kim YD, Park JW. Feasibility and usefulness of cognitive monitoring using a new home-based cognitive test in mild cognitive impairment: a prospective single arm study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:241. [PMID: 38459495 PMCID: PMC10924318 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of dementia is increased in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Despite the plethora of in-person cognitive tests, those that can be administered over the phone are lacking. We hypothesized that a home-based cognitive test (HCT) using phone calls would be feasible and useful in non-demented elderly. We aimed to assess feasibility and validity of a new HCT as an optional cognitive monitoring tool without visiting hospitals. METHODS Our study was conducted in a prospective design during 24 weeks. We developed a new HCT consisting of 20 questions (score range 0-30). Participants with MCI (n = 38) were consecutively enrolled and underwent regular HCTs during 24 weeks. Associations between HCT scores and in-person cognitive scores and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers were evaluated. In addition, HCT scores in MCI participants were cross-sectionally compared with age-matched cognitively normal (n = 30) and mild AD dementia (n = 17) participants for discriminative ability of the HCT. RESULTS HCT had good intra-class reliability (test-retest Cronbach's alpha 0.839). HCT scores were correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), verbal memory delayed recall, and Stroop test scores but not associated with AD biomarkers. HCT scores significantly differed among cognitively normal, MCI, and mild dementia participants, indicating its discriminative ability. Finally, 32 MCI participants completed follow-up evaluations, and 8 progressed to dementia. Baseline HCT scores in dementia progressors were lower than those in non-progressors (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The feasibility and usefulness of the HCT were demonstrated in elderly subjects with MCI. HCT could be an alternative option to monitor cognitive decline in early stages without dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 11765, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 11765, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 11765, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Baek Lee
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 11765, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 11765, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghee Na
- Department of Neurology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Do Kim
- Department of Neurology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Park
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 11765, Seoul, Korea
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Xu G, Wang F, Yang EJ, Lee Y, Jung J, Kang SH. Insight into the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity based on spatial variations in pelagic ciliate communities along the western Arctic Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 200:116118. [PMID: 38325200 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The latitudinal dynamics of biodiversity has been the focus of global attention. This study is based on the latitude gradient of biodiversity in the spatial changes of pelagic ciliate communities in the western Arctic Ocean. The gradient pattern of pelagic ciliate communities across four latitudes were investigated from the water surface at 22 sampling station in the northern Bering Sea of the western Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea from August 5 to August 24, 2016. Based on multivariate analyses, the results showed that (1) the spatial patterns of pelagic ciliates represented a significant latitudinal gradient along the western Arctic Ocean; (2) the species number and abundance of pelagic ciliate communities declined from 64°N to 80°N; (3) variations in the horizontal distribution of ciliates were significantly correlated with changes in physicochemical variables, especially water temperature and Chl a; Thus it is suggested that the expected latitudinal decline of biodiversity was evident along the western Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China; Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Fayuan Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngju Lee
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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Vipindas PV, Venkatachalam S, Jabir T, Yang EJ, Jung J, Jain A, Krishnan KP. Salinity-controlled distribution of prokaryotic communities in the Arctic sea-ice melt ponds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:25. [PMID: 38057653 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The thawing of snow and sea ice produces distinctive melt ponds on the surface of the Arctic sea ice, which covers a significant portion of the surface sea ice during summer. Melt-pond salinity impacts heat transfer to the ice below and the melting rate. It is widely known that melt ponds play a significant role in heat fluxes, ice-albedo feedback, and sea-ice energy balance. However, not much attention has been given to the fact that melt ponds also serve as a unique microbial ecosystem where microbial production begins as soon as they are formed. Here, we investigated the role of melt pond salinity in controlling the diversity and distribution of prokaryotic communities using culture-dependent and -independent approaches. The 16 S rRNA gene amplicon based next generation sequencing analysis retrieved a total of 14 bacterial phyla, consisting of 146 genera, in addition to two archaeal phyla. Further, the culture-dependent approaches of the study allowed for the isolation and identification of twenty-four bacterial genera in pure culture. Flavobacterium, Candidatus_Aquiluna, SAR11 clade, Polaribacter, Glaciecola, and Nonlabens were the dominant genera observed in the amplicon analysis. Whereas Actimicrobium, Rhodoglobus, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas were dominated in the culturable fraction. Our results also demonstrated that salinity, chlorophyll a, and dissolved organic carbon were the significant environmental variables controlling the prokaryotic community distribution in melt ponds. A significant community shift was observed in melt ponds when the salinity changed with the progression of melting and deepening of ponds. Different communities were found to be dominant in melt ponds with different salinity ranges. It was also observed that melt pond prokaryotic communities significantly differed from the surface ocean microbial community. Our observations suggest that complex prokaryotic communities develop in melt ponds immediately after its formation using dissolved organic carbon generated through primary production in the oligotrophic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthiya Veettil Vipindas
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India.
| | - Siddarthan Venkatachalam
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Thajudeen Jabir
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Jain
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
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Yang EJ, Lee SH. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Chaenomeles sinensis Extract in an ALS Animal Model. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2023; 28:326. [PMID: 38179776 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2812326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a systemic disease with multiple pathological effects, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Despite many studies seeking to identify and develop effective therapies, effective ALS treatment has yet to be approved. Hence, patients with ALS ultimately experience muscle atrophy and loss of motor neurons. Herbal medicines have been used to treat numerous diseases by modulating multiple biological processes and exerting pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In particular, Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (CS) exhibits anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects and is used to treat anaphylaxis, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. This study monitored the effects of CS supplementation on muscle function and motor neurons in hSOD1G93A mice, an established ALS animal model. METHODS Body weight measurements and behavioral tests were performed; additionally, western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were conducted using the mice gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and spinal cord. RESULTS CS augmented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the muscle and spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. Furthermore, CS improved motor function and regulated autophagy in the muscles of the hSOD1G93A mice. CONCLUSIONS CS might represent a promising supplement for improving motor function and delaying ALS progression. However, its development for clinical use warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Yang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 34054 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 34054 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Cai M, Park HR, Yang EJ. Electroacupuncture modulates glutamate neurotransmission to alleviate PTSD-like behaviors in a PTSD animal model. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:357. [PMID: 37993441 PMCID: PMC10665470 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Owing to the relatively low rates of response and remission with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the primary treatment for PTSD, there is a recognized need for alternative strategies to effectively address the symptoms of PTSD. Dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission plays a critical role in various disorders, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the regulation of glutamate levels holds great promise as a therapeutic target for the treatment of mental disorders. Electroacupuncture (EA) has become increasingly popular as a complementary and alternative medicine approach. It maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS) function and alleviates symptoms associated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia. This study investigated the effects of EA at the GV29 (Yintang) acupoint three times per week for 2 weeks in an animal model of PTSD. PTSD was induced using single prolonged stress/shock (SPSS) in mice, that is, SPS with additional foot shock stimulation. EA treatment significantly reduced PTSD-like behavior and effectively regulated serum corticosterone and serotonin levels in the PTSD model. Additionally, EA treatment decreased glutamate levels and glutamate neurotransmission-related proteins (pNR1 and NR2B) in the hippocampus of a PTSD model. In addition, neuronal activity and the number of Golgi-impregnated dendritic spines were significantly lower in the EA treatment group than in the SPSS group. Notably, EA treatment effectively reduced glutamate-induced excitotoxicity (caspase-3, Bax, and pJNK). These findings suggest that EA treatment at the GV29 acupoint holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach for PTSD, possibly through the regulation of NR2B receptor-mediated glutamate neurotransmission to reduce PTSD-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Hee Ra Park
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea.
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Nishino S, Jung J, Cho KH, Williams WJ, Fujiwara A, Murata A, Itoh M, Watanabe E, Aoyama M, Yamamoto-Kawai M, Kikuchi T, Yang EJ, Kang SH. Atlantic-origin water extension into the Pacific Arctic induced an anomalous biogeochemical event. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6235. [PMID: 37919271 PMCID: PMC10622542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean is facing dramatic environmental and ecosystem changes. In this context, an international multiship survey project was undertaken in 2020 to obtain current baseline data. During the survey, unusually low dissolved oxygen and acidified water were found in a high-seas fishable area of the western (Pacific-side) Arctic Ocean. Herein, we show that the Beaufort Gyre shrinks to the east of an ocean ridge and forms a front between the water within the gyre and the water from the eastern (Atlantic-side) Arctic. That phenomenon triggers a frontal northward flow along the ocean ridge. This flow likely transports the low oxygen and acidified water toward the high-seas fishable area; similar biogeochemical properties had previously been observed only on the shelf-slope north of the East Siberian Sea.
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Grants
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JPMXD1420318865 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- KOPRI1525011760 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF)
- KOPRI1525011760 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF)
- KOPRI1525011760 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF)
- KOPRI1525011760 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF)
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Nishino
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - William J Williams
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
| | - Amane Fujiwara
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Murata
- Global Ocean Observation Research Center, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Motoyo Itoh
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Eiji Watanabe
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Michio Aoyama
- Global Ocean Observation Research Center, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Yang EJ. Combined Treatment with Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhong Yiqi Decoction) and Riluzole Attenuates Cell Death in TDP-43-Expressing Cells. Chin J Integr Med 2023:10.1007/s11655-023-3557-8. [PMID: 37695446 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of combined treatment with Bojungikgi-tang (BJIGT, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction) and riluzole (RZ) in transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) stress granule (SG) cells, a amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cell line using transcriptomic and molecular techniques. METHODS TDP-43 SG cells were pretreated with BJIGT (100 µg/mL), RZ (50 µmol/L), and combined BJIGT (100 µg/mL)/RZ (50 µmol/L) for 6 h before treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200 µmol/L). Cell viability assay was performed to elucidate cell toxicity in TDP-43 SC cells using a cell-counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay kit. The expression levels of cell death-related proteins, including Bax, caspase 1, cleaved caspase 3 and DJ1 in TDP-43 SG cells were examined by Western blot analysis. The autophagy-related proteins, including pmTOR/mTOR, LC3b, P62, ATG7 and Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (Bag3) were investigated using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays. RESULTS Cell viability assay and Western blot analysis showed that combined treatment with BJIGT and RZ suppressed LPS-induced cell death and expression of cell death-related proteins, including Bax, caspase 1, and DJ1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays showed that combined treatment with BJIGT and RZ reduced LPS-induced formation of TDP-43 aggregates and regulated autophagy-related protein levels, including p62, light chain 3b, Bag3, and ATG7, in TDP-43-expressing cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION The combined treatment of BJIGT and RZ might reduce inflammation and regulate autophagy dysfunction in TDP-43-induced ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Yang
- Department of KM Science Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Vipindas PV, Jabir T, Venkatachalam S, Yang EJ, Jain A, Krishnan KP. Vertical segregation and phylogenetic characterization of archaea and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase gene in the water column of the western Arctic Ocean. Extremophiles 2023; 27:24. [PMID: 37668803 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-023-01310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Archaea constitute a substantial fraction of marine microbial biomass and play critical roles in the biogeochemistry of oceans. However, studies on their distribution and ecology in the Arctic Ocean are relatively scarce. Here, we studied the distributions of archaea and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene in the western Arctic Ocean, using the amplicon sequencing approach from the sea surface to deep waters up to 3040 m depth. A total of five archaeal phyla, Nitrososphaerota, "Euryarchaeota", "Halobacteriota," "Nanoarchaeota", and Candidatus Thermoplasmatota, were detected. We observed a clear, depth-dependent vertical segregation among archaeal communities. Ca. Thermoplasmatota (66.8%) was the most dominant phylum in the surface waters. At the same time, Nitrososphaerota (55.9%) was dominant in the deep waters. Most of the amoA gene OTUs (99%) belonged to the Nitrosopumilales and were further clustered into five subclades ("NP-Alpha", "NP-Delta", "NP-Epsilon", "NP-Gamma", and "NP-Theta"). "NP-Epsilon" was the most dominant clade throughout the water column and "NP_Alpha" showed higher abundance only in the deeper water. Salinity and inorganic nutrient concentrations were the major factors that determined the vertical segregation of archaea. We anticipate that the observed differences in the vertical distribution of archaea might contribute to the compartmentalization of dark carbon fixation and nitrification in deeper water and organic matter degradation in surface waters of the Arctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthiya Veettil Vipindas
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, Ministry of Earth Sciences, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India.
| | - Thajudeen Jabir
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, Ministry of Earth Sciences, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Siddarthan Venkatachalam
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, Ministry of Earth Sciences, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Jain
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, Ministry of Earth Sciences, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, Ministry of Earth Sciences, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
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Park HR, Cai M, Yang EJ. Novel Psychopharmacological Herbs Relieve Behavioral Abnormalities and Hippocampal Dysfunctions in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Nutrients 2023; 15:3815. [PMID: 37686847 PMCID: PMC10490282 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by traumatic or frightening events, with intensified anxiety, fear memories, and cognitive impairment caused by a dysfunctional hippocampus. Owing to its complex phenotype, currently prescribed treatments for PTSD are limited. This study investigated the psychopharmacological effects of novel COMBINATION herbal medicines on the hippocampus of a PTSD murine model induced by combining single prolonged stress (SPS) and foot shock (FS). We designed a novel herbal formula extract (HFE) from Chaenomeles sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Atractylodes macrocephala. SPS+FS mice were administered HFE (500 and 1000 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days. The effects of HFE of HFE on the hippocampus were analyzed using behavioral tests, immunostaining, Golgi staining, and Western blotting. HFE alleviated anxiety-like behavior and fear response, improved short-term memory, and restored hippocampal dysfunction, including hippocampal neurogenesis alteration and aberrant migration and hyperactivation of dentate granule cells in SPS+FS mice. HFE increased phosphorylation of the Kv4.2 potassium channel, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and cAMP response element-binding protein, which were reduced in the hippocampus of SPS+FS mice. Therefore, our study suggests HFE as a potential therapeutic drug for PTSD by improving behavioral impairment and hippocampal dysfunction and regulating Kv4.2 potassium channel-related pathways in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of KM Science Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (H.R.P.); (M.C.)
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Kim SK, Kim JS, Kim SY, Song NS, La HS, Yang EJ. Arctic Ocean sediments as important current and future sinks for marine microplastics missing in the global microplastic budget. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadd2348. [PMID: 37406127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
To better understand unexpectedly low plastic loads at the ocean's surface compared with inputs, unidentified sinks must be located. Here, we present the microplastic (MP) budget for multi-compartments in the western Arctic Ocean (WAO) and demonstrate that Arctic sediments serve as important current and future sinks for MPs missing from the global budget. We identified an increase of 3% year-1 in MP deposition from sediment core observations. Relatively elevated MP abundances were found in seawater and surface sediments around the summer sea ice retreat region, implying enhanced MP accumulation and deposition facilitated by the ice barrier. We estimate 15.7 ± 2.30 × 1016 N and 0.21 ± 0.14 MT as total MP loads in the WAO with 90% (by mass) buried in the post-1930 sediments, which exceeds the global average of the current marine MP load. The slower increase in plastic burial versus production implies a lag in plastic delivery to the Arctic, indicating more pollution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Seon Song
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Sul La
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
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Mo A, Park K, Yang EJ, Park J, Kim TW. Seasonal variation of inorganic carbon parameters and air-sea exchange of CO 2 in Marian Cove, King George Island, Western Antarctic Peninsula. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 193:115185. [PMID: 37364337 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic carbon parameters were observed in Marian Cove, King George Island, Western Antarctic Peninsula, to assess the impact of the Antarctic coastal regions on air-sea CO2 exchange. The variations in total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were caused by ice melting, formation, and biological activities. The net annual air-sea CO2 flux (5.6 ± 11.8 mmol m-2 d-1) indicated that Marian Cove was a CO2 source in the atmosphere, suggesting the opposite role of the Antarctic coastal regions to the Southern Ocean in CO2 flux estimates. Finally, this study identified the controlling factors of the annual variation of TA and DIC for the first time through direct field observations in King George Island. This study indicated that Antarctic coastal regions can act as a CO2 source to the atmosphere. Thus, further investigations and continuous monitoring are required in the coastal areas to improve our understanding of global carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahra Mo
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keyhong Park
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Vipindas PV, Venkatachalam S, Jabir T, Yang EJ, Cho KH, Jung J, Lee Y, Krishnan KP. Water Mass Controlled Vertical Stratification of Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in the Western Arctic Ocean During Summer Sea-Ice Melting. Microb Ecol 2023; 85:1150-1163. [PMID: 35347370 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The environmental variations and their interactions with the biosphere are vital in the Arctic Ocean during the summer sea-ice melting period in the current scenario of climate change. Hence, we analysed the vertical distribution of bacterial and archaeal communities in the western Arctic Ocean from sea surface melt-ponds to deep water up to a 3040 m depth. The distribution of microbial communities showed a clear stratification with significant differences among different water depths, and the water masses in the Arctic Ocean - surface mixed layer, Atlantic water mass and deep Arctic water - appeared as a major factor explaining their distribution in the water column. A total of 34 bacterial phyla were detected in the seawater and 10 bacterial phyla in melt-ponds. Proteobacteria was the dominant phyla in the seawater irrespective of depth, whereas Bacteroidota was the dominant phyla in the melt-ponds. A fast expectation-maximization microbial source tracking analysis revealed that only limited dispersion of the bacterial community was possible across the stratified water column. The surface water mass contributed 21% of the microbial community to the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), while the DCM waters contributed only 3% of the microbial communities to the deeper water masses. Atlantic water mass contributed 37% to the microbial community of the deep Arctic water. Oligotrophic heterotrophic bacteria were dominant in the melt-ponds and surface waters, whereas chemoautotrophic and mixotrophic bacterial and archaeal communities were abundant in deeper waters. Chlorophyll and ammonium were the major environmental factors that determined the surface microbial communities, whereas inorganic nutrient concentrations controlled the deep-water communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthiya Veettil Vipindas
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Siddarthan Venkatachalam
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Thajudeen Jabir
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Lee
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India.
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Mo A, Kim D, Yang EJ, Jung J, Ko YH, Kang SH, Cho KH, Park K, Kim TW. Factors affecting the subsurface aragonite undersaturation layer in the Pacific Arctic region. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 183:114060. [PMID: 36027628 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated interannual variation in the subsurface aragonite undersaturation zone (ΩAr<1 layer) in the Pacific Arctic Ocean, using data from the 2016-2019 period. The upper boundary (DEPΩ<1UB) of the ΩAr<1 layer generally formed at a depth where the contribution of corrosive Pacific water was approximately 98 %. The intensity of the Beaufort Gyre associated with freshwater accumulation mainly determined interannual variation in DEPΩ<1UB, but the direction of its effect was opposite west and east of ~166°W. The lower boundary (DEPΩ<1LB) of the ΩAr<1 layer was generally found at a depth range where equal contributions of Pacific and Atlantic water were expected. An Atlantic-origin cold saline water intrusion event in 2017 caused by an anomalous atmospheric circulation pattern significantly lifted the DEPΩ<1LB, thus the thickness of the ΩAr<1 layer decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahra Mo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseon Kim
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Keyhong Park
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Yu X, Li X, Liu Q, Yang M, Wang X, Guan Z, Yang J, Liu M, Yang EJ, Jiang Y. Community assembly and co-occurrence network complexity of pelagic ciliates in response to environmental heterogeneity affected by sea ice melting in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Sci Total Environ 2022; 836:155695. [PMID: 35525347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the Southern Ocean, the living environment of organisms has changed due to the dramatic increase in melting sea ice and the loss of glaciers, which have consequently caused substantial changes in biodiversity. Samples of pelagic ciliates from 13 sites were collected as bioindicators to demonstrate the relationship between spatial distribution patterns and environmental heterogeneity affected by sea ice melting and to reveal the community assembly mechanisms in the Ross Sea. Univariate analyses and multivariate analyses were effective tools demonstrating clear spatial patterns and providing a sufficient explanation to interpret strong correlations between pelagic ciliate communities and environmental variations, especially the distribution pattern of nutrients and Chl a. Moreover, environmental heterogeneity might affect the co-occurrence network complexity of ciliate communities. Furthermore, our results also indicated that stochastic processes play a significant role in the community assembly of pelagic ciliates. This study examined the controlling mechanisms of environmental heterogeneity affected by sea ice melting on pelagic ciliate communities and provided explanations for the community assembly of pelagic ciliates in polar marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- College of Marine Life Science & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xianrong Li
- College of Marine Life Science & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mengyao Yang
- College of Marine Life Science & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- College of Marine Life Science & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenyu Guan
- College of Marine Life Science & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jinpeng Yang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Mingjian Liu
- College of Marine Life Science & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 213-3 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Marine Life Science & Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Cai M, Park HR, Yang EJ. Nutraceutical Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Animal Models: A Focus on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070898. [PMID: 35890196 PMCID: PMC9324528 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after exposure to traumatic events and is characterized by overwhelming fear and anxiety. Disturbances in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, including anxiety, PTSD, and major depressive disorders. Studies have demonstrated the relationship between the HPA axis response and stress vulnerability, indicating that the HPA axis regulates the immune system, fear memory, and neurotransmission. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), sertraline and paroxetine, are the only drugs that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of PTSD. However, SSRIs require long treatment times and are associated with lower response and remission rates; therefore, additional pharmacological interventions are required. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies ameliorate HPA axis disturbances through regulation of gut dysbiosis, insomnia, chronic stress, and depression. We have described the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which the HPA axis is involved in PTSD pathogenesis and have evaluated the potential of herbal medicines for PTSD treatment. Herbal medicines could comprise a good therapeutic strategy for HPA axis regulation and can simultaneously improve PTSD-related symptoms. Finally, herbal medicines may lead to novel biologically driven approaches for the treatment and prevention of PTSD.
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16
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Lee Y, Jung J, Kim TW, Yang EJ, Park J. Phytoplankton growth rates in the Amundsen Sea (Antarctica) during summer: The role of light. Environ Res 2022; 207:112165. [PMID: 34619128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the Amundsen Sea, significant global warming accelerates ice melt, and is consequently altering many ocean properties such as sea ice concentration, surface freshening, water column stratification, and underwater light properties. To examine the influence of light, which is one of the fundamental factors for phytoplankton growth, incubation experiments and field surveys were performed during the austral summer of 2016. In the incubation experiments, phytoplankton abundance and carbon biomass significantly increased with increasing light levels, probably indicating light limitation. Growth rates of the small pennates (mean 0.42 d-1) increased most rapidly with an increase in light, followed by those of Phaeocystis antarctica (0.31 d-1), and the large diatoms (0.16 d-1). A short-term study during the field survey showed that phytoplankton distribution in the surface layer was likely controlled by different responses to light and the sinking rate of each species. These results suggest that the approach adopted by previous studies of explaining phytoplankton ecology as a characteristic of two major taxa, namely diatoms and P. antarctica, in the coastal Antarctic waters might cause errors owing to oversimplification and misunderstanding, since diatoms comprise several species that have different ecophysiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Lee
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisoo Park
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
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17
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Chun S, La HS, Son W, Kim YC, Cho K, Yang EJ. Detection method for diel vertical migration. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehwa Chun
- Division of Ocean Sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon, 21990 Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Technology, Policy, and Environment, Institute of Industrial Science University of Tokyo Tokyo, 153 – 8505 Japan
| | - Hyoung Sul La
- Division of Ocean Sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon, 21990 Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Science University of Science and Technology Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Wuju Son
- Division of Ocean Sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon, 21990 Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Science University of Science and Technology Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Division of Ocean Sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon, 21990 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung‐Ho Cho
- Division of Ocean Sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon, 21990 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Ocean Sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon, 21990 Republic of Korea
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18
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Kim BK, Park MO, Min JO, Kang SH, Shin KH, Yang EJ, Ha SY. The Interplay of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids between Phytoplankton Groups and Northern Krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in a High-Latitude Fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040238. [PMID: 35447908 PMCID: PMC9028281 DOI: 10.3390/md20040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated pigment and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) concentrations of phytoplankton and Northern krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations in the surface and middle-layer water were 0.44 μg L−1 (±0.17 μg L−1) and 0.63 μg L−1 (±0.25 μg L−1), respectively. Alloxanthin (Allo, a marker of cryptophytes) was observed at all stations, and its mean values for surface and middle-layer water were 0.09 μg L−1 (±0.05 μg L−1) and 0.05 (±0.02 μg L−1), respectively. The mean MAA-to-Chl-a ratios at the surface (3.31 ± 2.58 μg (μg Chl-a)−1) were significantly higher than those in the middle-layer water (0.88 ± 0.49 μg (μg Chl-a)−1), suggesting that these compounds play an important role in reducing UV photodamage. In gut pigment levels of Northern krill, the most abundant accessory pigment was Allo (2.79 ± 0.33 μg g−1 dry weight; d.w.), as was the accumulation of Chl-a (8.29 ± 1.13 μg g−1 d.w.). The average concentration of MAAs was 1.87 mg g−1 d.w. (±0.88 mg g−1 d.w.) in krill eyes, which was higher than that in all other body parts (0.99 ± 0.41 mg g−1 d.w.), except for the gut. Thysanoessa sp. was found to contain five identified MAAs (shinorine, palythine, porphyra-334, mycosporine-glycine, and M-332) in the krill eye, whereas shinorine and porphyra-334 were only observed in the krill body, not the eyes and gut. These findings suggest that Northern krill accumulate MAAs of various compositions through the diet (mainly cryptophytes) and translocate them among their body parts as an adaptation for photoprotection and physiological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Kim
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Mi-Ok Park
- Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Jun-Oh Min
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Sun-Yong Ha
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-760-5341
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Park HR, Yang EJ. Combined Treatment with Herbal Medicine and Drug Ameliorates Inflammation and Metabolic Abnormalities in the Liver of an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010173. [PMID: 35052677 PMCID: PMC8773307 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no effective drugs exist for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although riluzole (RZ) and edaravone have been approved for treatment. We previously reported that Bojungikgi-tang (BJIGT) improved motor activity through anti-inflammatory effects in the muscle and spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. Therefore, whether combined treatment with BJIGT and RZ synergistically affects liver function in hSOD1G93A mice was investigated. Two-month-old male hSOD1G93A mice were treated with BJIGT (1 mg/g) and RZ (8 μg/g) administered orally for 5 weeks. Drug metabolism and liver function tests of serum and liver homogenates were conducted. mRNA expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, inflammatory cytokines, metabolic factors, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits were examined using qPCR and Western blotting. Combined administration of BJIGT and RZ did not alter mRNA expression levels of drug-metabolism-related isozymes (CYP1A2 and CYP3A4) but significantly decreased the activity of liver-function-related enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH). Increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and of intracellular stress-related proteins (Bax, AMPKα, JNK, and p38) was reduced by the combined treatment in hSOD1G93A mice compared to that in control mice. Combined administration reduced the mRNA expression of metabolism-related factors and the expression of OXPHOS subunits. Elevated ATP levels and mitochondrial-fusion-associated protein were decreased after co-administration. Co-administration of BJIGT and RZ did not cause liver damage or toxicity but rather restored liver function in hSOD1G93A mice. This suggests that this combination can be considered a candidate therapeutic agent for ALS.
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Lee SH, Cai M, Yang EJ. Anti-inflammatory Effects of a Novel Herbal Extract in the Muscle and Spinal Cord of an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Animal Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:743705. [PMID: 34858128 PMCID: PMC8632027 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.743705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease characterized by motor neuron loss and muscle atrophy. There is no prominent treatment for ALS as the pathogenic process in the skeletal muscle and spinal cord is complex and multifactorial. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a herbal formula on the multi-target effects in the skeletal muscle and spinal cord in hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. We prepared a herbal extract (HE) from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Panax ginseng, and Astragalus membranaceus. Control and HE-treated mice underwent rotarod and footprint tests. We also performed immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses to assess expression of inflammation-related and oxidative stress-related proteins in the muscle and spinal cord tissues. We found that the HE increased motor activity and reduced motor neuron loss in hSOD1G93A mice. In addition, the HE significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory proteins and oxidative stress-related proteins in the skeletal muscles and spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the HE regulated autophagy function and augmented neuromuscular junction in the muscle of hSOD1G93A mice. Based on these results, we propose that the HE formula may be a potential therapeutic strategy for multi-target treatment in complex and multifactorial pathological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwa Lee
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mudan Cai
- Department of Korea Medicine (KM) Science Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Korea Medicine (KM) Science Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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21
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Park HR, Yang EJ. Oxidative Stress as a Therapeutic Target in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Opportunities and Limitations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091546. [PMID: 34573888 PMCID: PMC8465946 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) and Lou Gehrig’s disease, is characterized by a loss of the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and the upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex. Due to the complex and multifactorial nature of the various risk factors and mechanisms that are related to motor neuronal degeneration, the pathological mechanisms of ALS are not fully understood. Oxidative stress is one of the known causes of ALS pathogenesis. This has been observed in patients as well as in cellular and animal models, and is known to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and the loss of motor neurons. Numerous therapeutic agents have been developed to inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the role of oxidative stress in ALS pathogenesis, and discuss several anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents as potential therapeutics for ALS. Although oxidative stress and antioxidant fields are meaningful approaches to delay disease progression and prolong the survival in ALS, it is necessary to investigate various animal models or humans with different subtypes of sporadic and familial ALS.
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22
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Jeon M, Iriarte JL, Yang EJ, Kang SH, Lee Y, Joo HM, Ahn IY, Park J, Min GS, Park SJ. Phytoplankton succession during a massive coastal diatom bloom at Marian Cove, King George Island, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Heo JM, Kim SS, Kang SH, Yang EJ, Park KT, Jung J, Cho KH, Kim JH, Macdonald AM, Yoon JE, Kim HR, Eom SM, Lim JH, Kim IN. N 2O dynamics in the western Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2017. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12589. [PMID: 34131240 PMCID: PMC8206351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The western Arctic Ocean (WAO) has experienced increased heat transport into the region, sea-ice reduction, and changes to the WAO nitrous oxide (N2O) cycles from greenhouse gases. We investigated WAO N2O dynamics through an intensive and precise N2O survey during the open-water season of summer 2017. The effects of physical processes (i.e., solubility and advection) were dominant in both the surface (0–50 m) and deep layers (200–2200 m) of the northern Chukchi Sea with an under-saturation of N2O. By contrast, both the surface layer (0–50 m) of the southern Chukchi Sea and the intermediate (50–200 m) layer of the northern Chukchi Sea were significantly influenced by biogeochemically derived N2O production (i.e., through nitrification), with N2O over-saturation. During summer 2017, the southern region acted as a source of atmospheric N2O (mean: + 2.3 ± 2.7 μmol N2O m−2 day−1), whereas the northern region acted as a sink (mean − 1.3 ± 1.5 μmol N2O m−2 day−1). If Arctic environmental changes continue to accelerate and consequently drive the productivity of the Arctic Ocean, the WAO may become a N2O “hot spot”, and therefore, a key region requiring continued observations to both understand N2O dynamics and possibly predict their future changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Mu Heo
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Seong-Su Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyoung Kim
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, 54150, South Korea
| | - Alison M Macdonald
- Physical Oceanography Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS 21, 266 Woods Hold Rd., Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Joo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Ryeon Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Sang-Min Eom
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lim
- Fisheries Resources and Environmental Research Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gangneung, 25435, South Korea
| | - Il-Nam Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea.
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Jung J, Son JE, Lee YK, Cho KH, Lee Y, Yang EJ, Kang SH, Hur J. Tracing riverine dissolved organic carbon and its transport to the halocline layer in the Chukchi Sea (western Arctic Ocean) using humic-like fluorescence fingerprinting. Sci Total Environ 2021; 772:145542. [PMID: 33581529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter (FDOM) were investigated using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) for seawater samples collected in the Chukchi Sea (65°N-78°N, 170°E-160°W) during summer 2017. River water (friver) and sea-ice meltwater (fsea ice melt) fractions were also derived using oxygen isotopes ratios (δ18O) to examine the influence of sea ice on riverine DOM. The spatial distributions of friver, riverine DOC, and the humic-like fluorescent component (C1) showed an overall south-north gradient, with higher values in the northern Chukchi Sea in summer. Pronounced accumulation of river water and riverine DOM was also observed in the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre at the eastern stations of the northern Chukchi Sea in association with a long water residence time. Estimated riverine DOC in the surface layer accounted for 27 ± 9% (range: 17-47%) of the total DOC in the southern Chukchi Sea, and 39 ± 6% (range: 32-49%) and 31 ± 4% (range: 25-37%) for the eastern and western stations of the northern Chukchi Sea, respectively. Humic-like C1 showed negative and positive relationships with sea-ice meltwater-corrected salinity (Ssim_corrected) and friver, respectively. However, Arctic river waters with distinct humic-like C1 characteristics were likely mixed in the northern Chukchi Sea. The vertical distributions of riverine DOC, humic-like C1 fluorescence, and friver generally decreased with water depth, reflecting the strong influence of riverine DOM in the surface layer. Although riverine DOM and friver were dominant in the upper 50 m of the water column, they were also pronounced in the upper halocline (50-200 m), in which fsea ice melt dropped below zero. Our results indicated the existence of brine rejected from growing sea ice, and that sea-ice formation was a key factor for the transport of riverine DOM to the upper halocline layer in the northern Chukchi Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Jung
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Eui Son
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment & Energy, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Department of Environment & Energy, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Cho
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Lee
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Q, Zhao Q, McMinn A, Yang EJ, Jiang Y. Planktonic microbial eukaryotes in polar surface waters: recent advances in high-throughput sequencing. Mar Life Sci Technol 2021; 3:94-102. [PMID: 37073396 PMCID: PMC10064379 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine microbial eukaryotes are important primary producers and play critical roles in key biogeochemical cycles. Recent advances in sequencing technology have focused attention on the extent of microbial biodiversity, revealing a huge, previously underestimated phylogenetic diversity with many new lineages. This technology has now become the most important tool to understand the ecological significance of this huge and novel diversity in polar oceans. In particular, high-throughput sequencing technologies have been successfully applied to enumerate and compare marine microbial diversity in polar environments. Here, a brief overview of polar microbial eukaryote diversity, as revealed by in-situ surveys of the high-throughput sequencing on 18S rRNA gene, is presented. Using these 'omic' approaches, further attention still needs to be focused on differences between specific locations and/or entire polar oceans and on bipolar comparisons of diversity and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute, 213-3 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840 Korea
| | - Yong Jiang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Dolan JR, Moon JK, Yang EJ. Notes on the Occurrence of Tintinnid Ciliates, and the Nasselarian Radiolarian Amphimelissa setosa of the Marine Microzooplankton, in the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean) Sampled each August from 2011 to 2020. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.21.001.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we summarize the results from 10 cruises in the Chukchi Sea, in August, each year from 2011 to 2020. Samples for the qualitative analysis of the microzooplankton were obtained from stations located across the Chukchi Sea using a 20μm plankton net. Conditions encountered, in terms of sea ice coverage and chlorophyll concentrations, varied widely from year to year without any obvious relationship with the composition of the microzooplankton assemblage. Examining a total of 242 samples gathered, we found a total of 44 tintinnid species (morphologically distinct forms). Plotting cumulative number of tintinnid species encountered vs cumulative number of samplings gave a typical species accumulation curve showing no sign of saturation suggesting that continued sampling in the Chukchi Sea will likely yield increases in the tintinnid species catalogue. The tintinnid species found ranged widely in lorica opening diameters (LOD) from about 11 μm to 80 μm in diameter. However, the median size of the LOD of the tintinnid assemblages varied little from year to year ranging only from about 30 μm to 40 μm. Most of the forms encountered were found in samples from only 1 or 2 cruises. Very few forms were found every year throughout the 10 years of sampling. These were 5 species of tintinnids (Acanthostomella norvegica, Leprotintinnus pellucidus, Pytchocylis obtusa, Salpingella acuminata, Salpingella faurei) and the nasselarian radiolarian Amphimelissa setosa. Examples of the morphological variability observed among individuals of Acanthostomella norvegica and Pytchocylis obtusa within single samples are shown with some individuals easily confused with forms described as other species are shown. To our knowledge, our data are the most extensive data set on Chukchi Sea microplankton. We provide all of the data recorded, which may serve as a baseline from which to assess changes projected in Arctic Sea systems, in a supplementary data file.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Dolan
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, CNRS and Sorbonne Université UMR 7093, Station Zoologique
| | - Jong-Kuk Moon
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute
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Cai M, Yang EJ. Effect of Combined Electroacupuncture and Selegiline Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: An Animal Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:606480. [PMID: 33362561 PMCID: PMC7758426 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of pathological mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses significant challenges to the development of corresponding drugs. Symptom-specific pharmacological interventions and alternative treatments provide promising treatment possibilities. Therefore, we considered a combination of selegiline (SEL) and electroacupuncture (EA). We used an animal model with AD to investigate the effect of a combination of these treatments on cognitive function. 5XFAD mice received a week of SEL treatment and 2 weeks of EA. Novel object recognition and Y-maze tests were subsequently performed to assess their cognitive functions. To determine the molecular action of the combination treatment, Western blots, Aβ1-42 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and micro-positron-emission tomography were also performed to assess pathological markers and processes. The results were assessed based on the difference between untreated transgenic, SEL-treated, and SEL- and EA-treated groups of mice. Mice in the combined treatment group demonstrated significantly better cognitive functions, and lesser neuroinflammation than the comparative groups. In addition, mice treated with a combination of SEL and EA did not demonstrate a direct modulation of insoluble Aβ but demonstrated greater glucose metabolism. Our findings demonstrated that SEL combined with EA treatment was associated with better cognitive functioning due to inhibition of neuroinflammation and increased glucose metabolism relative to the comparative groups in a mouse model with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Xu G, Yang EJ, Lee Y, Kang SH. Use of a broad β-diversity measure of pelagic ciliate communities for assessing vertical heterogeneity of water columns in the Pacific Arctic Ocean. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:38769-38775. [PMID: 32632674 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multivariate dispersion has proven to be a broad β-diversity measure that shows the heterogeneity of environmental conditions. The dispersion patterns of pelagic ciliate communities were investigated at eight water depths in the northern Bering Sea of the western Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea. Multivariate analysis indicated that (1) pelagic ciliates showed significant variability in multivariate dispersion on a vertical scale, (2) dispersion patterns were shaped by both the species composition and individual abundance, (3) vertical variation in species occurrence was significantly related to nutrients and chlorophyll a, and (4) the dispersion measures at both species occurrence and species abundance resolutions were significantly negatively related to salinity and dissolved oxygen. This suggests that multivariate dispersion measures driven by both species composition and the individual abundance of pelagic ciliates may be a useful indicator of environmental heterogeneity in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Xu
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngju Lee
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea
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Cai M, Lee JH, Yang EJ. Electroacupuncture attenuates cognition impairment via anti-neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:264. [PMID: 31836020 PMCID: PMC6909515 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of cognitive abilities and memory leading to dementia. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a complementary alternative medicine approach, applying an electrical current to acupuncture points. In clinical and animal studies, EA causes cognitive improvements in AD and vascular dementia. However, EA-induced changes in cognition and microglia-mediated amyloid β (Aβ) degradation have not been determined yet in AD animals. Therefore, this study investigated the EA-induced molecular mechanisms causing cognitive improvement and anti-inflammatory activity in five familial mutation (5XFAD) mice, an animal model of AD. Methods 5XFAD mice were bilaterally treated with EA at the Taegye (KI3) acupoints three times per week for 2 weeks. To evaluate the effects of EA treatment on cognitive functions, novel object recognition and Y-maze tests were performed with non-Tg, 5XFAD (Tg), and EA-treated 5XFAD (Tg + KI3) mice. To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying EA effects, western blots, immunohistochemistry, and micro-positron emission tomography scans were performed. Furthermore, we studied synapse ultrastructures with transmission electron microscopy and used electrophysiology to investigate EA effects on synaptic plasticity in 5XFAD mice. Results EA treatment significantly improved working memory and synaptic plasticity, alleviated neuroinflammation, and reduced ultrastructural degradation of synapses via upregulation of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95 protein in 5XFAD mice. Furthermore, microglia-mediated Aβ deposition was reduced after EA treatment and coincided with a reduction in amyloid precursor protein. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that EA treatment ameliorates cognitive impairment via inhibition of synaptic degeneration and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea.
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Cai M, Yang EJ. Hochu-Ekki-To Improves Motor Function in an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Animal Model. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112644. [PMID: 31689925 PMCID: PMC6893748 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hochu-ekki-to (Bojungikgi-Tang (BJIGT) in Korea; Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi Tang in Chinese), a traditional herbal prescription, has been widely used in Asia. Hochu-ekki-to (HET) is used to enhance the immune system in respiratory disorders, improve the nutritional status associated with chronic diseases, enhance the mucosal immune system, and improve learning and memory. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is pathologically characterized by motor neuron cell death and muscle paralysis, and is an adult-onset motor neuron disease. Several pathological mechanisms of ALS have been reported by clinical and in vitro/in vivo studies using ALS models. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, and the critical pathological target needs to be identified before effective drugs can be developed for patients with ALS. Since ALS is a disease involving both motor neuron death and skeletal muscle paralysis, suitable therapy with optimal treatment effects would involve a motor neuron target combined with a skeletal muscle target. Herbal medicine is effective for complex diseases because it consists of multiple components for multiple targets. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the herbal medicine HET on motor function and survival in hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. HET was orally administered once a day for 6 weeks from the age of 2 months (the pre-symptomatic stage) of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. We used the rota-rod test and foot printing test to examine motor activity, and Western blotting and H&E staining for evaluation of the effects of HET in the gastrocnemius muscle and lumbar (L4–5) spinal cord of mice. We found that HET treatment dramatically inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress both in the spinal cord and gastrocnemius of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. Furthermore, HET treatment improved motor function and extended the survival of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. Our findings suggest that HET treatment may modulate the immune reaction in muscles and neurons to delay disease progression in a model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Herbal medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
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Cai M, Yang EJ. Complementary and alternative medicine for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A narrative review. Integr Med Res 2019; 8:234-239. [PMID: 31692669 PMCID: PMC6806396 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by selective motor neuron cell death in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Two drugs for ALS, riluzole and edaravone, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of ALS patients. However, they have many side effects, and riluzole extends the patient's life by only 2-3 months. Therefore, ALS patients seek an effective therapy for treating the symptoms or delaying the progression of ALS. Based on this, we review the effects of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in ALS animals or patients to verify the efficacy of CAM in incurable diseases. For this review, we searched published papers focusing on the effect of CAM in pre-clinical and clinical study in ALS. Methods The search keywords included amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, acupuncture, herbal medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine, CAM, animals, and clinical study through electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar from their inception until March 2019. Results In the ALS animal model, CAM modulated the immune system to increase motor function by reducing the expression levels of neuroinflammatory proteins in the spinal cord. Besides this, ALS patients treated with herbal medicine showed improved disease symptoms, but clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to develop a treatment with this herbal medicine. Conclusion This review shows that CAM may be useful for ALS treatment, but more evidence regarding the efficacy and molecular mechanisms is required to establish CAM as a good therapy for the treatment of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed this study to identify factors related to intact incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We cross-sectionally analyzed 336 patients with T2DM. Intact glucagon-like peptide 1 (iGLP-1) and intact glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (iGIP) levels were measured in a fasted state and 30 minutes after ingestion of a standard mixed meal. The differences between 30 and 0 minute iGLP-1 and iGIP levels were indicated as ΔiGLP-1 and ΔiGIP. RESULTS In simple correlation analyses, fasting iGLP-1 was positively correlated with glucose, C-peptide, creatinine, and triglyceride levels, and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. ΔiGLP-1 was positively correlated only with ΔC-peptide levels. Fasting iGIP showed positive correlations with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose levels, and negative correlations with ΔC-peptide levels. ΔiGIP was negatively correlated with diabetes duration and HbA1c levels, and positively correlated with Δglucose and ΔC-peptide levels. In multivariate analyses adjusting for age, sex, and covariates, fasting iGLP-1 levels were significantly related to fasting glucose levels, ΔiGLP-1 levels were positively related to ΔC-peptide levels, fasting iGIP levels were related to fasting C-peptide levels, and ΔiGIP levels were positively related to ΔC-peptide and Δglucose levels. CONCLUSION Taken together, intact incretin levels are primarily related to C-peptide and glucose levels. This result suggests that glycemia and insulin secretion are the main factors associated with intact incretin levels in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Gwanpyo Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea.
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La HS, Park K, Wåhlin A, Arrigo KR, Kim DS, Yang EJ, Atkinson A, Fielding S, Im J, Kim TW, Shin HC, Lee S, Ha HK. Zooplankton and micronekton respond to climate fluctuations in the Amundsen Sea polynya, Antarctica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10087. [PMID: 31300750 PMCID: PMC6626131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertical migration of zooplankton and micronekton (hereafter ‘zooplankton’) has ramifications throughout the food web. Here, we present the first evidence that climate fluctuations affect the vertical migration of zooplankton in the Southern Ocean, based on multi-year acoustic backscatter data from one of the deep troughs in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. High net primary productivity (NPP) and the annual variation in seasonal ice cover make the Amundsen Sea coastal polynya an ideal site in which to examine how zooplankton behavior responds to climate fluctuations. Our observations show that the timing of the seasonal vertical migration and abundance of zooplankton in the seasonally varying sea ice is correlated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Zooplankton in this region migrate seasonally and overwinter at depth, returning to the surface in spring. During +SAM/La Niña periods, the at-depth overwintering period is shorter compared to −SAM/El Niño periods, and return to the surface layers starts earlier in the year. These differences may result from the higher sea ice cover and decreased NPP during +SAM/La Niña periods. This observation points to a new link between global climate fluctuations and the polar marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Wåhlin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin R Arrigo
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Dong Seon Kim
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jungho Im
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Tae-Wan Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | - Ho Kyung Ha
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea. .,Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.
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Yang EJ, Murase JE. Recalcitrant anal and genital pruritus treated with dupilumab. Int J Womens Dermatol 2018; 4:223-226. [PMID: 30627621 PMCID: PMC6322158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic anogenital pruritus can significantly impair affected patients’ quality of life by disrupting their sleep, mood, sexual function, and personal relationships. Although a significant portion of these patients can be managed with hygiene measures, topical therapy, oral anti-pruritics, and allergen avoidance after patch testing, guidelines to treat patients who do not respond to standard therapy have yet to be established. We describe the therapeutic response of a case of anogenital pruritus recalcitrant to multiple topical and systemic therapies. Treatment of this patient with dupilumab, an interleukin-4 receptor alpha blocker, resulted in clinical remission at 1 year from the initiation of the therapy, without significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - J E Murase
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Dermatology, Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group, Mountain View, California
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Jung JH, Moon JH, Park KM, Kim S, Dolan JR, Yang EJ. Novel insights into the genetic diversity of Parafavella
based on mitochondrial CO1 sequences. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jung
- Department of Biology; Gangneung-Wonju National University; Gangneung South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Moon
- Department of Biology; Gangneung-Wonju National University; Gangneung South Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Park
- Division of Polar Life Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Incheon South Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Incheon South Korea
| | - John R. Dolan
- CNRS UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Station Zoologique; Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06; Villefranche-sur-Mer France
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Incheon South Korea
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Cai M, Yang EJ. Gamisoyo-San Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in the Spinal Cord of hSOD1 G93A Transgenic Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5897817. [PMID: 30046279 PMCID: PMC6036813 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5897817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive disorder, causes motor neuron degeneration and neuromuscular synapse denervation. Because this is a complex disease, there are no effective drugs for the treatment of patients with ALS. For example, riluzole is used in many countries but has many side effects and only increases the lifespan of patients by approximately 2-3 months. Therefore, patients with ALS often turn to complementary and alternative medicine, such as acupuncture, homeopathy, and herbal medicine, with the hope and belief of recovery, despite the lack of definite evidence on the efficacy of these methods. Gamisoyo-San (GSS), a herbal medicine known to improve health, has been used for stress-related neuropsychological disorders, including anorexia, in Asian countries, such as China, Korea, and Japan. To evaluate the effects of GSS on the spinal cord, we investigated the expression of neuroinflammatory and metabolic proteins in symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice. We observed that GSS reduces the expression of glial markers, including those for microglia and astrocytes, and prevents neuronal loss. Moreover, we found that GSS inhibits the expression of proteins related to Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and oxidative stress, known to cause neuroinflammation. Notably, GSS also regulates metabolism in the spinal cord of transgenic mice. These results suggest that GSS could be used for improving the immune system and increasing the life quality of patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- MuDan Cai
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Potvin É, Kim SY, Yang EJ, Head MJ, Kim HC, Nam SI, Yim JH, Kang SH. Islandinium minutum
subsp. barbatum
subsp. nov. (Dinoflagellata), a New Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cyst from the Western Arctic: Morphology, Phylogenetic Position Based on SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA, and Distribution. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:750-772. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éric Potvin
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Songdo Incheon 406-840 South Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Songdo Incheon 406-840 South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Songdo Incheon 406-840 South Korea
| | - Martin J. Head
- Department of Earth Sciences; Brock University; St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Hyun-cheol Kim
- Unit of Arctic Sea-Ice Prediction; Korea Polar Research Institute; Songdo Incheon 406-840 South Korea
| | - Seung-Il Nam
- Division of Polar Paleoenvironment; Korea Polar Research Institute; Songdo Incheon 406-840 South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Songdo Incheon 406-840 South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Songdo Incheon 406-840 South Korea
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Park S, Yang EJ. Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Taklisodok-um in a Spinal Cord Injury Model. Neuroimmunomodulation 2018; 25:73-79. [PMID: 30045027 DOI: 10.1159/000490705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with spinal cord damage and functional impairment. In patients, SCI is associated with severe disability, an extensive rehabilitation requirement, and high cost burden. Moreover, there is no effective treatment for SCI. Taklisodok-um (TLSDU) is a traditional herbal medicine used in Korea and China to facilitate detoxification and drainage. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of TLSDU after SCI. METHODS Seven-week-old ICR mice (male, 20-30 g) underwent hemi-transection in the T9-10 segment of the spinal cord and were divided into 3 groups: sham, SCI + control treatment, and SCI + TLSDU treatment. TLSDU treatment was initiated the day after SCI surgery and administered once daily for 3 weeks at an oral dose of 1.2 mg/g. The mice were weighed for 3 weeks. At the age of 10 weeks, all mice were sacrificed and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed. RESULTS We found that TLSDU facilitated healthy weight gain and attenuated the expression of neuroinflammatory markers. GFAP and Iba-1 expression levels were downregulated in the spinal cords of TLSDU-treated SCI mice as compared to control SCI mice. Additionally, pro-inflammatory proteins CD11b and BAX were induced in control SCI mice, but their expression was attenuated in TLSDU-treated SCI mice. Finally, we found that the expression of TLR4 signaling pathway-related proteins was downregulated in TLSDU-treated SCI mice as compared to control SCI mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TLSDU attenuates neuroinflammation after SCI in part by regulating TLR4 signaling at the injury site.
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Abstract
Cancer is the principal cause of human death and occurs through highly complex processes that involve the multiple coordinated mechanisms of tumorigenesis. A number of studies have indicated that the microalgae extracts showed anticancer activity in a variety of human cancer cells and can provide a new insight in the development of novel anti-cancer therapy. Here, in order to investigate molecular mechanisms of anticancer activity in the Antarctic freshwater microalga, Chloromonas sp., we prepared ethanol extract of Chloromonas sp. (ETCH) and performed several in vitro assays using human normal keratinocyte (HaCaT) and different types of cancer cells including cervical, melanoma, and breast cancer cells (HeLa, A375 and Hs578T, respectively). We revealed that ETCH had the antioxidant capacity, and caused significant cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it showed no anti-proliferation to normal cells. In addition, ETCH had a significant inhibitory effect on cell invasion without the cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, ETCH-induced apoptosis was mediated by increase in pro-apoptotic proteins including cleaved caspase-3 and p53, and by decrease in anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 in ETCH-treated cancer cells. Taken together, this work firstly explored the antioxidant and anticancer activities of an Antarctic freshwater microalga, and ETCH could be a potential therapeutic candidate in the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Suk Suh
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institution, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui Joung Youn
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jong Han
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons, which cause paralysis and respiratory dysfunction. There is currently no permanently effective drug for patients with ALS. Ginsenoside Re (G-Re), one of the most active ingredients of ginseng, has pharmacological activities that affect a number of targets. To investigate the effects of G-Re on neuroinflammation, we used G-Re (2.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/g) at the Joksamni acupressure point (ST36) once every other day for one week. To evaluate G-Re function in symptomatic human-superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1[Formula: see text] transgenic mice, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed with the spinal cord of symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. Here, we report that G-Re exhibits potent neuroprotective effects against neuroinflammation in a murine model of ALS. G-Re treatment reduced the loss of motor neurons and active-microglia-related expression of Iba-1 in the spinal cord of symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. In addition, compared with age-matched hSOD1(G93A) mice, G-Re-treated hSOD1(G93A) mice showed a significant reduction in expression of pro-inflammatory proteins such as CD14 and TNF-[Formula: see text] protein related to TLR4 signaling pathway. G-Re administration also led to a decrease in cell death-related phospho-p38 protein levels, and had an antioxidative effect by reducing HO1 expression. Together, our data suggest that G-Re could have potent anti-neuroinflammatory effects on ALS by inhibiting the TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- 1 Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro Daejeon, Yuseong-gu 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- 1 Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro Daejeon, Yuseong-gu 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Lee SN, Choi IS, Kim HJ, Yang EJ, Min HJ, Yoon JH. Proprotein convertase inhibition promotes ciliated cell differentiation - a potential mechanism for the inhibition of Notch1 signalling by decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2667-2680. [PMID: 27878968 PMCID: PMC6214225 DOI: 10.1002/term.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic repetitive rounds of injury and repair in the airway lead to airway remodelling, including ciliated cell loss and mucous cell hyperplasia. Airway remodelling is mediated by many growth and differentiation factors including Notch1, which are proteolytically processed by proprotein convertases (PCs). The present study evaluated a novel approach for controlling basal cell‐type determination based on the inhibition of PCs. It was found that decanoyl‐RVKR‐chloromethylketone (CMK), a PC inhibitor, promotes ciliated cell differentiation and has no effect on the ciliary beat frequency in air–liquid interface (ALI) cultures of human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). Comparative microarray analysis revealed that CMK considerably increases ciliogenesis‐related gene expression. Use of cell‐permeable and cell‐impermeable PC inhibitors suggests that intracellular PCs regulate basal cell‐type determination in ALI culture. Furthermore, CMK effect on ciliated cell differentiation was reversed by a Notch inhibitor N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐l‐alanyl]‐S‐phenylglycine t‐butyl ester (DAPT). CMK inhibited the processing of Notch1, a key regulator of basal cell differentiation toward secretory cell lineages in the airway epithelium, and down‐regulated the expression of Notch1 target genes together with furin, a PC. Specific lentiviral shRNA‐mediated knockdown of furin resulted in reduced Notch1 processing and increased numbers of ciliated cells in HNECs. Moreover, CMK inhibited Notch1 processing and promoted regeneration and ciliogenesis of the mouse nasal respiratory epithelium after ZnSO4 injury. These observations suggest that PC inhibition promotes airway ciliated cell differentiation, possibly through suppression of furin‐mediated Notch1 processing. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Nam Lee
- Research Centre for Human Natural Defence System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Suk Choi
- Research Centre for Human Natural Defence System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Min
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Research Centre for Human Natural Defence System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yang EJ, Cai M, Lee JH. Neuroprotective Effects of Electroacupuncture on an Animal Model of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7228-7236. [PMID: 26687230 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered as an intermediate zone between normal aging and dementia. The most prominent feature of MCI is an isolated mild decline in memory, whereas other cognitive functions remain intact. The symptoms of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) range from MCI to dementia, and an animal model of VCI has been established in a gerbil by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). In the current study, we set out to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) could improve memory in gerbils with BCCAO-induced MCI. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: sham-operated group (n = 17) and a model group that was subdivided into BCCAO, n = 17, and EA-treated BCCAO, n = 28. Gerbils were treated with EA at KI3 or GV20 four times every other day using a set of electrical stimulus pulses (1 mA, 2 Hz) that were applied for 20 min. For investigation of cognitive function, we performed a Y-maze test and Western blotting to identify the expression of neuroinflammatory proteins. EA treatment at KI3 ("Taegye" acupoint) improved cognitive function and reduced the expression of neuroinflammatory proteins including ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the hippocampus of gerbils that had undergone BCCAO. Furthermore, using micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography, we demonstrated that EA treatment increased glucose metabolism in the hippocampus of these animals. The present study highlights the neuroprotective effect of EA treatment against BCCAO-induced memory dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and glucose metabolism. Our findings suggest that EA, which has previously been used in complementary and alternative medicine, might also be considered as a therapy that can improve memory and reduce neuroinflammation associated with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Yang
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - MuDan Cai
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Jiang Y, Liu Q, Yang EJ, Wang M, Lee Y, Lee S. An approach to bioassess pelagic ciliate biodiversity at different taxonomic resolutions in response to various habitats in the Amundsen Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Jung JH, Park KM, Yang EJ, Joo HM, Jeon M, Kang SH, Choi HG, Park MH, Min GS, Kim S. Patchy-distributed ciliate (Protozoa) diversity of eight polar communities as determined by 454 amplicon pyrosequencing. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2015.1082931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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45
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Jung J, Kim HS, Lee MG, Yang EJ, Choi JY. NovelCOCHp.V123E Mutation, Causative of DFNA9 Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Vestibular Disorder, Shows Impaired Cochlin Post-Translational Cleavage and Secretion. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:1168-75. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsei Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Clinical Research Division; Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Choi SM, Yang EJ. Bee Venom Acupuncture Augments Anti-Inflammation in the Peripheral Organs of hSOD1G93A Transgenic Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2835-44. [PMID: 26230709 PMCID: PMC4549727 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) includes progressively degenerated motor neurons in the brainstem, motor cortex, and spinal cord. Recent reports demonstrate the dysfunction of multiple organs, including the lungs, spleen, and liver, in ALS animals and patients. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA) has been used for treating inflammatory diseases in Oriental Medicine. In a previous study, we demonstrated that BV prevented motor neuron death and increased anti-inflammation in the spinal cord of symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. In this study, we examined whether BVA's effects depend on acupuncture point (ST36) in the organs, including the liver, spleen and kidney, of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. We found that BV treatment at ST36 reduces inflammation in the liver, spleen, and kidney compared with saline-treatment at ST36 and BV injected intraperitoneally in symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. Those findings suggest that BV treatment combined with acupuncture stimulation is more effective at reducing inflammation and increasing immune responses compared with only BV treatment, at least in an ALS animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- Division of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Executive Director of R&D, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
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Cai M, Choi SM, Yang EJ. The effects of bee venom acupuncture on the central nervous system and muscle in an animal hSOD1G93A mutant. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:846-58. [PMID: 25781653 PMCID: PMC4379529 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by the degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons, leading to muscle paralysis and respiratory failure. However, there is no effective drug or therapy to treat ALS. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, herbal medicine, and massage is popular due to the significant limitations of conventional therapy. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA), also known as one of pharmacopunctures, has been used in Oriental medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of BVA on the central nervous system (CNS) and muscle in symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice, an animal model of ALS. Our findings show that BVA at ST36 enhanced motor function and decreased motor neuron death in the spinal cord compared to that observed in hSOD1G93A transgenic mice injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with BV. Furthermore, BV treatment at ST36 eliminated signaling downstream of inflammatory proteins such as TLR4 in the spinal cords of symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. However, i.p. treatment with BV reduced the levels of TNF-α and Bcl-2 expression in the muscle hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that BV pharmacopuncture into certain acupoints may act as a chemical stimulant to activate those acupoints and subsequently engage the endogenous immune modulatory system in the CNS in an animal model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- MuDan Cai
- Department of KM Fundamental Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu 305-811, Korea.
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Executive Director of R&D, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu 305-811, Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of KM Fundamental Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu 305-811, Korea.
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult onset disease that produces gradual motor neuron cell death in the spinal cord (SP). Recently, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43), a critical component of insoluble ubiquitinated inclusions, has received attention in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and ALS. TDP-43 modifications, including hyperphosphorylation, truncation, and ubiquitination, have been reported in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, the pathogenic mechanism of TDP-43 in ALS is unclear. To determine the association between TDP-43 and neurotoxicity in an ALS model, we characterized TDP-43 expression in hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice (Tg) as an ALS animal model. TDP-43 was expressed by astrocytes and microglial cells in the SP of hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated and truncated TDP-43 increased in the SP of ALS mice compared with age-matched non-Tg. Furthermore, the serum iron concentration and expression of transferrin, a homeostasis-related iron protein, in the SP were increased relative to non-Tg. The protein expression level of HO-1 related to oxidative stress was increased in the SP of hSOD1(G93A) Tg relative to non-Tg. We show that an increase of TDP-43 modification, including phosphorylation or truncation, associates with dysfunctional iron homeostasis and an increase in oxidative stress in the SP of symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) Tg. These findings suggest that modified TDP-43 may be involved in motor neuron death in the SP of a SOD1(G93A)-expressing familial ALS (fALS) animal model.
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Park KT, Lee K, Shin K, Yang EJ, Hyun B, Kim JM, Noh JH, Kim M, Kong B, Choi DH, Choi SJ, Jang PG, Jeong HJ. Direct linkage between dimethyl sulfide production and microzooplankton grazing, resulting from prey composition change under high partial pressure of carbon dioxide conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:4750-4756. [PMID: 24724561 DOI: 10.1021/es403351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the enzymatic cleavage product of the algal metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and is the most abundant form of sulfur released into the atmosphere. To investigate the effects of two emerging environmental threats (ocean acidification and warming) on marine DMS production, we performed a large-scale perturbation experiment in a coastal environment. At both ambient temperature and ∼ 2 °C warmer, an increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in seawater (160-830 ppmv pCO2) favored the growth of large diatoms, which outcompeted other phytoplankton species in a natural phytoplankton assemblage and reduced the growth rate of smaller, DMSP-rich phototrophic dinoflagellates. This decreased the grazing rate of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (ubiquitous micrograzers), resulting in reduced DMS production via grazing activity. Both the magnitude and sign of the effect of pCO2 on possible future oceanic DMS production were strongly linked to pCO2-induced alterations to the phytoplankton community and the cellular DMSP content of the dominant species and its association with micrograzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Park
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Lee SH, Choi SM, Yang EJ. Melittin ameliorates the inflammation of organs in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis animal model. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:86-92. [PMID: 24737943 PMCID: PMC3984960 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex, leading to weakness of the limb and bulbar muscles. Although the immediate cause of death in ALS is the destruction of motor neurons, ALS is a multi-organ disease that also affects the lungs, spleen, and liver. Melittin is one of components of bee venom and has anti-neuroinflammatory effects in the spinal cord, as shown in an ALS animal model. To investigate the effects of melittin on inflammation in the lungs and spleen, we used hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice that are mimic for ALS. Melittin treatment reduced the expression of inflammatory proteins, including Iba-1 and CD14 by 1.9- and 1.3-fold (p<0.05), respectively, in the lungs of symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. In the spleen, the expression of CD14 and COX2 that are related to inflammation were decreased by 1.4 fold (p<0.05) and cell survival proteins such as pERK and Bcl2 were increased by 1.3- and 1.5-fold (p<0.05) in the melittin-treated hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. These findings suggest that melittin could be a candidate to regulate the immune system in organs affected by ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Choi
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
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