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Semicheva A, Ersoy U, Vasilaki A, Myrtziou I, Kanakis I. Defining the Most Potent Osteoinductive Culture Conditions for MC3T3-E1 Cells Reveals No Implication of Oxidative Stress or Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4180. [PMID: 38673767 PMCID: PMC11050066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line is widely utilised as a reliable in vitro system to assess bone formation. However, the experimental growth conditions for these cells hugely diverge, and, particularly, the osteogenic medium (OSM)'s composition varies in research studies. Therefore, we aimed to define the ideal culture conditions for MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cells with regard to their mineralization capacity and explore if oxidative stress or the cellular metabolism processes are implicated. Cells were treated with nine different combinations of long-lasting ascorbate (Asc) and β-glycerophosphate (βGP), and osteogenesis/calcification was evaluated at three different time-points by qPCR, Western blotting, and bone nodule staining. Key molecules of the oxidative and metabolic pathways were also assessed. It was found that sufficient mineral deposition was achieved only in the 150 μg.mL-1/2 mM Asc/βGP combination on day 21 in OSM, and this was supported by Runx2, Alpl, Bglap, and Col1a1 expression level increases. NOX2 and SOD2 as well as PGC1α and Tfam were also monitored as indicators of redox and metabolic processes, respectively, where no differences were observed. Elevation in OCN protein levels and ALP activity showed that mineralisation comes as a result of these differences. This work defines the most appropriate culture conditions for MC3T3-E1 cells and could be used by other research laboratories in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Semicheva
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ufuk Ersoy
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
| | - Ioanna Myrtziou
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
| | - Ioannis Kanakis
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.S.); (I.M.)
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (U.E.); (A.V.)
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Jiang T, Xiao H, Li B, He H, Wang H, Chen L. LOX overexpression programming mediates the osteoclast mechanism of low peak bone mass in female offspring rats caused by pregnant dexamethasone exposure. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 37095518 PMCID: PMC10124047 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease characterized by reduced bone mass, with low peak bone mass being the predominant manifestation during development and having an intrauterine origin. Pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery are commonly treated with dexamethasone to promote fetal lung development. However, pregnant dexamethasone exposure (PDE) can lead to reduced peak bone mass and susceptibility to osteoporosis in offspring. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of PDE-induced low peak bone mass in female offspring from the perspective of altered osteoclast developmental programming. METHODS 0.2 mg/kg.d dexamethasone was injected subcutaneously into rats on gestation days (GDs) 9-20. Some pregnant rats were killed at GD20 to remove fetal rat long bones, the rest were delivered naturally, and some adult offspring rats were given ice water swimming stimulation for two weeks. RESULTS The results showed that the fetal rat osteoclast development was inhibited in the PDE group compared with the control group. In contrast, the adult rat osteoclast function was hyperactivation with reduced peak bone mass. We further found that the promoter region methylation levels of lysyl oxidase (LOX) were decreased, the expression was increased, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was raised in PDE offspring rat long bone before and after birth. Combined in vivo and in vitro experiments, we confirmed that intrauterine dexamethasone promoted the expression and binding of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in osteoclasts and mediated the decrease of LOX methylation level and increase of expression through upregulation of 10-11 translocator protein 3 (Tet3). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we confirm that dexamethasone causes osteoclast LOX hypomethylation and high expression through the GR/ERβ/Tet3 pathway, leading to elevated ROS production and that this intrauterine epigenetic programming effect can be carried over to postnatal mediating hyperactivation in osteoclast and reduced peak bone mass in adult offspring. This study provides an experimental basis for elucidating the mechanism of osteoclast-mediated intrauterine programming of low peak bone mass in female offspring of PDE and for exploring its early targets for prevention and treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hangyuan He
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Zhao X, Chen C, Luo Y, Li D, Wang Q, Fang Y, Kang P. Connexin43 overexpression promotes bone regeneration by osteogenesis and angiogenesis in rat glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Dev Biol 2023; 496:73-86. [PMID: 36805498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GIONFH) is a devastating orthopedic disease. Previous studies suggested that connexin43 is involved in the process of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the role of Cx43 potentiates in the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells (BMSCs) in GIONFH is still not investigated. In this study, BMSCs were isolated and transfected with green fluorescent protein or the fusion gene encoding GFP and Cx43. The osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were detected after transfected with Cx43. In addition, the migration abilities and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were been detected after induced by transfected BMSCs supernatants in vitro. Finally, we established GC-ONFH rat model, then, a certain amount of transfected or controlled BMSCs were injected into the tibia of the rats. Immunohistological staining and micro-CT scanning results showed that the transplanted experiment group had significantly promoted more bone regeneration and vessel volume when compared with the effects of the negative or control groups. This study demonstrated for the first time that the Cx43 overexpression in BMSCs could promote bone regeneration as seen in the osteogenesis and angiogenesis process, suggesting that Cx43 may serve as a therapeutic gene target for GIONFH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuru Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Fang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengde Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Gutgesell RM, Jamshed L, Frank RA, Hewitt LM, Thomas PJ, Holloway AC. Naphthenic acid fraction components from oil sands process-affected water from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region impair murine osteoblast differentiation and function. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:2005-2015. [PMID: 35894097 PMCID: PMC9804983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of bitumen from surface mining in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) produces large quantities of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) that needs to be stored in settling basins near extraction sites. Chemical constituents of OSPW are known to impair bone health in some organisms, which can lead to increased fracture risk and lower reproductive fitness. Naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs) are thought to be among the most toxic class of compounds in OSPW; however, the effect of NAFCs on osteoblast development is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that NAFCs from OSPW inhibit osteoblast differentiation and deposition of extracellular matrix, which is required for bone formation. Extracellular matrix deposition was inhibited in osteoblasts exposed to 12.5-125 mg/L of NAFC for 21 days. We also show that components within NAFCs inhibit the expression of gene markers of osteoblast differentiation and function, namely, alkaline phosphatase (Alp), osteocalcin, and collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1). These effects were partially mediated by the induction of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity; NAFC induces the expression of the GR activity marker genes Sgk1 (12.5 mg/L) and p85a (125 mg/L) and inhibits GR protein (125 mg/L) and Opg RNA (12.5 mg/L) expression. This study provides evidence that NAFC concentrations of 12.5 mg/L and above can directly act on osteoblasts to inhibit bone formation and suggests that NAFCs contain components that can act as GR agonists, which may have further endocrine disrupting effects on exposed wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laiba Jamshed
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Richard A. Frank
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonONCanada
| | - L. Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonONCanada
| | - Philippe J. Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change CanadaNational Wildlife Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Alison C. Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
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Abstract
While most tissues exhibit their greatest growth during development, adipose tissue is capable of additional massive expansion in adults. Adipose tissue expandability is advantageous when temporarily storing fuel for use during fasting, but becomes pathological upon continuous food intake, leading to obesity and its many comorbidities. The dense vasculature of adipose tissue provides necessary oxygen and nutrients, and supports delivery of fuel to and from adipocytes under fed or fasting conditions. Moreover, the vasculature of adipose tissue comprises a major niche for multipotent progenitor cells, which give rise to new adipocytes and are necessary for tissue repair. Given the multiple, pivotal roles of the adipose tissue vasculature, impairments in angiogenic capacity may underlie obesity-associated diseases such as diabetes and cardiometabolic disease. Exciting new studies on the single-cell and single-nuclei composition of adipose tissues in mouse and humans are providing new insights into mechanisms of adipose tissue angiogenesis. Moreover, new modes of intercellular communication involving micro vesicle and exosome transfer of proteins, nucleic acids and organelles are also being recognized to play key roles. This review focuses on new insights on the cellular and signaling mechanisms underlying adipose tissue angiogenesis, and on their impact on obesity and its pathophysiological consequences.
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Kennedy DC, Coen B, Wheatley AM, McCullagh KJA. Microvascular Experimentation in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Model for Screening Angiogenic Agents including from Gene-Modified Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:452. [PMID: 35008876 PMCID: PMC8745510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay model of angiogenesis has been highlighted as a relatively quick, low cost and effective model for the study of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The chick CAM is a highly vascularised extraembryonic membrane which functions for gas exchange, nutrient exchange and waste removal for the growing chick embryo. It is beneficial as it can function as a treatment screening tool, which bridges the gap between cell based in vitro studies and in vivo animal experimentation. In this review, we explore the benefits and drawbacks of the CAM assay to study microcirculation, by the investigation of each distinct stage of the CAM assay procedure, including cultivation techniques, treatment applications and methods of determining an angiogenic response using this assay. We detail the angiogenic effect of treatments, including drugs, metabolites, genes and cells used in conjunction with the CAM assay, while also highlighting the testing of genetically modified cells. We also present a detailed exploration of the advantages and limitations of different CAM analysis techniques, including visual assessment, histological and molecular analysis along with vascular casting methods and live blood flow observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antony M. Wheatley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (D.C.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Karl J. A. McCullagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (D.C.K.); (B.C.)
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Liu X, Qian F, Fan Q, Lin L, He M, Li P, Cai H, Ma L, Cheng X, Yang X. NF-κB activation impedes the transdifferentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes at the growth plate of mouse embryos in diabetic pregnancy. J Orthop Translat 2021; 31:52-61. [PMID: 34934622 PMCID: PMC8648796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus could cause numerous complications and health problems including abnormality of endochondral bone formation during embryogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain obscure. METHODS Streptozotoci (STZ) was injected to induce pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) mouse model. The femurs of E18.5 mouse embryos from control and PGDM groups were harvested. Morphological staining was implemented to determine the abnormality of the bone development. The expressions of the key genes participating in osteogenesis (e.g., Sox9, Runx2, and Osterix), the NF-κB signaling molecules (e.g., P50, P65, IκBα), and the corresponding regulatory factors (e.g., Bmp2, phospho-p38) were evaluated by immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR and western blot. Finally, in vitro chondrocyte differentiation model was employed to verify the role of NF-κB on the expressions of chondro-osteogenic markers. RESULTS Alcian blue/alizarin red double staining and H&E staining demonstrated the restriction of skeletal development and relatively extended hypertrophic zone at growth plate in E18.5 STZ-induced diabetic mouse embryos compared to the control. Immunofluorescent staining and qPCR showed that Sox9 expression increased, while Runx2 and Osterix expressions decreased in the growth plate of the offspring of PGDM mice. Immunofluorescence of P65 manifested the activation of NF-κB signaling in growth plate in PGDM mouse embryos. Furthermore, the relatively extended hypertrophic zone was also observed in the growth plate of the NF-κB-activated transgenic mice, as well as the activated p65 up-regulated the expression of Bmp2 and p-p38. In ATDC5 cells, we could observe the high glucose up-regulated the P50 and P65 expressions and down-regulated IκBα expression, but the high glucose-activated NF-κB signaling could be reversed by addition of Bay (inhibitor of NF-κB signaling). The expression changes of Bmp2, Sox9 and Runx2 in presence of high glucose were resumed too. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that NF-κB signaling was involved in mediation effects of dysfunctional trans-differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the embryonic growth plate induced by maternal diabetic mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fan Qian
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiwei Fan
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li Lin
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Meiyao He
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peizhi Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hongmei Cai
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lisha Ma
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Man K, Brunet MY, Fernandez‐Rhodes M, Williams S, Heaney LM, Gethings LA, Federici A, Davies OG, Hoey D, Cox SC. Epigenetic reprogramming enhances the therapeutic efficacy of osteoblast-derived extracellular vesicles to promote human bone marrow stem cell osteogenic differentiation. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12118. [PMID: 34262674 PMCID: PMC8263905 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging in tissue engineering as promising acellular tools, circumventing many of the limitations associated with cell-based therapies. Epigenetic regulation through histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has been shown to increase differentiation capacity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of augmenting osteoblast epigenetic functionality using the HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of osteoblast-derived EVs for bone regeneration. TSA was found to substantially alter osteoblast epigenetic function through reduced HDAC activity and increased histone acetylation. Treatment with TSA also significantly enhanced osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity (1.35-fold), collagen production (2.8-fold) and calcium deposition (1.55-fold) during osteogenic culture (P ≤ 0.001). EVs derived from TSA-treated osteoblasts (TSA-EVs) exhibited reduced particle size (1-05-fold) (P > 0.05), concentration (1.4-fold) (P > 0.05) and protein content (1.16-fold) (P ≤ 0.001) when compared to untreated EVs. TSA-EVs significantly enhanced the proliferation (1.13-fold) and migration (1.3-fold) of human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) when compared to untreated EVs (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, TSA-EVs upregulated hBMSCs osteoblast-related gene and protein expression (ALP, Col1a, BSP1 and OCN) when compared to cells cultured with untreated EVs. Importantly, TSA-EVs elicited a time-dose dependent increase in hBMSCs extracellular matrix mineralisation. MicroRNA profiling revealed a set of differentially expressed microRNAs from TSA-EVs, which were osteogenic-related. Target prediction demonstrated these microRNAs were involved in regulating pathways such as 'endocytosis' and 'Wnt signalling pathway'. Moreover, proteomics analysis identified the enrichment of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation within TSA-EVs. Taken together, our findings suggest that altering osteoblasts' epigenome accelerates their mineralisation and promotes the osteoinductive potency of secreted EVs partly due to the delivery of pro-osteogenic microRNAs and transcriptional regulating proteins. As such, for the first time we demonstrate the potential to harness epigenetic regulation as a novel engineering approach to enhance EVs therapeutic efficacy for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | | | - Soraya Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Lee A. Gethings
- Waters CorporationStamford AvenueWilmslowUK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory MedicineFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Angelica Federici
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity CollegeTrinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringDublinIreland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringTrinity College DublinIreland
- Trinity College Dublin & RCSIAdvanced Materials and Bioengineering Research CentreDublinIreland
| | - Owen G. Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - David Hoey
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity CollegeTrinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringDublinIreland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of EngineeringTrinity College DublinIreland
- Trinity College Dublin & RCSIAdvanced Materials and Bioengineering Research CentreDublinIreland
| | - Sophie C. Cox
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Fraguas-Sánchez AI, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model: a research approach for ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1702-1717. [PMID: 34176455 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210625105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model has attracted a great deal of interest in pharmaceutical and biological research as an alternative or complementary in vivo assay to animal models. Traditionally, CAM assay has been widely used to perform some toxicological studies, specifically to evaluate the skin, ocular and embryo toxicity of new drugs and formulations, and perform angiogenesis studies. Due to the possibility to generate the tumors onto the CAM, this model has also become an excellent strategy to evaluate the metastatic potential of different tumours and test the efficacy of novel anticancer therapies in vivo. Moreover, in the recent years, its use has considerably grown in other research areas, including the evaluation of new anti-infective agents, the development of biodistribution studies and tissue engineering research. OBJECTIVES This manuscript provides a critical overview of the use of CAM model in pharmaceutical and biological research, especially to test the toxicity of new drugs and formulations and the biodistribution and the efficacy of novel anticancer and anti-infective therapies, analyzing its advantages and disadvantages compared to animal models. CONCLUSION The chick chorioallantoic membrane model shows great utility in several research areas, such as cancer, toxicology, biodistribution studies and anti-infective therapies. In fact, it has become an intermediate stage between in vitro experiments and animal studies, and, in the case of toxicological studies (skin and ocular toxicity), has even replaced the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Fraguas-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Chai M, Gu C, Shen Q, Liu J, Zhou Y, Jin Z, Xiong W, Zhou Y, Tan W. Hypoxia alleviates dexamethasone-induced inhibition of angiogenesis in cocultures of HUVECs and rBMSCs via HIF-1α. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:343. [PMID: 32762747 PMCID: PMC7409505 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Inadequate vascularization is a challenge in bone tissue engineering because internal cells are prone to necrosis due to a lack of nutrient supply. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cocultured to construct prevascularized bone tissue in osteogenic induction medium (OIM) in vitro. The angiogenic capacity of HUVECs was limited in the coculture system. In this study, the effects of the components in the medium on HUVEC angiogenesis were analyzed. METHODS The coculture system was established in OIM. Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase staining were used to assess the osteogenic ability of MSCs. A Matrigel tube assay was used to assess the angiogenic ability of HUVECs in vitro. The proliferation of HUVECs was evaluated by cell counting and CCK-8 assays, and migration was evaluated by the streaked plate assay. The expression levels of angiogenesis-associated genes and proteins in HUVECs were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Dexamethasone in the OIM suppressed the proliferation and migration of HUVECs, inhibiting the formation of capillary-like structures. Our research showed that dexamethasone stimulated HUVECs to secrete tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-3), which competed with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) to bind to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, KDR). This effect was related to inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT, which are two downstream targets of KDR. However, under hypoxia, the enhanced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) decreased the expression of TIMP-3 and promoted the phosphorylation of KDR, improving HUVEC angiogenesis in the coculture system. CONCLUSION Coculture of hypoxia-preconditioned HUVECs and MSCs showed robust angiogenesis and osteogenesis in OIM, which has important implications for prevascularization in bone tissue engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanli Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wensong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhang M, Shi J. Diethylstilbestrol mediates vascular endothelial inflammatory injury in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e47. [PMID: 32508017 PMCID: PMC7403659 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Cai H, Lin L, Wang G, Berman Z, Yang X, Cheng X. Folic acid rescues corticosteroid-induced vertebral malformations in chick embryos through targeting TGF-β signaling. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8626-8639. [PMID: 32324263 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) is routinely supplemented in the food of pregnant women or women planning a pregnancy, but whether FA exerts a positive effect on preventing fetal bone malformation remains obscure. In this study, we first exposed chick embryos with different concentrations of FA (1-10,000 pmol/egg) and studied vertebral mineralization and ossification through alcian blue and alizarin red as well as hematoxylin and eosin staining. Morphological measurements of the thoracic vertebral bodies demonstrated that 100 pmol/egg FA exhibited the tendency of shortening the growth plate, extended the ossification center, and increased the amount of Type I collagen. Second, we suggested that FA treatment promotes osteogenesis by demonstrating increased RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix expressions in MC3T3-E1 and ATDC5 cells. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling was also upregulated by FA exposure, and addition of smad2/3 small interfering RNA knocks down FA-induced increased p-smad2/3, Runx2, and Osterix expression in vitro during chondrogenesis induction. Third, we employed dexamethasone (Dex), exposed chick embryos as an animal model of skeletal developmental retardation, to explore whether FA could rescue the loss of embryonic bone mass. Micro-computed tomography imaging showed that the addition of FA improved the reduction of bone mass in our model. Histological analysis of the vertebral bodies revealed that FA dramatically improved the delayed turnover of the zones of growth plate caused by Dex exposure. Immunofluorescence on the chick embryonic vertebrae and chondrocytes showed that FA supplementation upregulated the expression of TGF-β1, p-smad2/3, and improved Runx2 as well as Osterix expression in the Dex + FA group compared with the Dex group. Lastly, we found that supplementation with TGF-β1 (1 ng/egg) rescued bone mass loss caused by Dex as was also seen in FA exposure. Taken together these results, our data revealed that FA supplementation was able to rescue Dex exposure-induced inhibitive osteogenesis through targeting on the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cai
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zachary Berman
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development and Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Dysbacteriosis-Derived Lipopolysaccharide Causes Embryonic Osteopenia through Retinoic-Acid-Regulated DLX5 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072518. [PMID: 32260461 PMCID: PMC7177785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests an adverse impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis on human health. However, it remains unclear whether embryonic osteogenesis is affected by maternal gut dysbacteriosis. In this study, we observed that elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels led to skeletal developmental retardation in an established mouse model of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Using chick embryos exposed to dysbacteriosis-derived LPS, we found restriction in the development of long bones as demonstrated by Alcian blue and alizarin red staining. Micro-CT and histological analysis exhibited decreased trabecular volume, bone mineral density, and collagen production, as well as suppressed osteoblastic gene expression (Ocn, Runx2, Osx, and Dlx5) in chick embryonic phalanges following LPS treatment. Atomic force microscopy manifested decreased roughness of MC3T3-E1 cells and poorly developed matrix vesicles (MVs) in presence of LPS. The expression of the aforementioned osteoblastic genes was suppressed in MC3T3-E1 cells as well. High-throughput RNA sequencing indicated that retinoic acid (RA) may play an important role in LPS-induced osteopenia. The addition of RA suppressed Dlx5 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells, as was also seen when exposed to LPS. Quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining showed that retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) was upregulated by LPS or RA treatment, while the expression of DLX5 was downregulated. CYP1B1 expression was increased by LPS treatment in MC3T3-E1 cells, which might be attributed to the increased inflammatory factors and subsequently activated NF-κB signaling. Eventually, blocking RA signals with AGN193109 successfully restored LPS-inhibited osteoblastic gene expression. Taken together, our data reveals that maternal gut microbiota dysbiosis can interfere with bone ossification, in which Dlx5 expression regulated by RA signaling plays an important role.
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Xing L, Zhang X, Feng H, Liu S, Li D, Hasegawa T, Guo J, Li M. Silencing FOXO1 attenuates dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:1019-1026. [PMID: 31010677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX), a widely used glucocorticoid with strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, has been reported to induce apoptosis in osteoblasts, but the underlying mechanisms are still not comprehensively investigated. FOXO1 plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Our study aims to explore the role of FOXO1 in DEX-induced apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells through bioinformatics and experiments. We first employed bioinformatics to identify DEX-related genes and revealed their functions by GO enrichment analysis including FOXO1 associated biological processes. Expression level of FOXO1 was validated by GEO data. Then, experiments were performed to verify the hypothesis. CCK8 was used to detect cell viability and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. SiRNA was used to silence FOXO1 and western-blot was employed to detect protein expression. Results demonstrated DEX-related genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis and FOXO1 was a regulator of apoptosis. DEX could up-regulate FOXO1 expression, inhibit cell viability, promote apoptosis. SiRNA-FOXO1 could attenuate DEX-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1. These findings suggested DEX could affect some vital biological processes of MC3T3-E1 and FOXO1 played an essential role in DEX-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Jie Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Minqi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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